How we can make crops survive without water | Jill Farrant

221,156 views ใƒป 2016-02-09

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Zeeva Livshitz
00:12
I believe that the secret to producing extremely drought-tolerant crops,
0
12840
4216
ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื”ืกื•ื“ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืฆื•ืจืช,
00:17
which should go some way to providing food security in the world,
1
17080
3216
ืฉื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืœืกืคืง ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
00:20
lies in resurrection plants,
2
20320
2696
ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื,
00:23
pictured here, in an extremely droughted state.
3
23040
3136
ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืคื”, ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช.
00:26
You might think that these plants look dead,
4
26200
2856
ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืžืชื™ื,
00:29
but they're not.
5
29080
1296
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื.
00:30
Give them water,
6
30400
1456
ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืžื™ื,
00:31
and they will resurrect, green up, start growing, in 12 to 48 hours.
7
31880
5440
ื•ื”ื ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื, ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื™ืจื•ืงื™ื, ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืชื•ืš 12 ืขื“ 48 ืฉืขื•ืช.
00:38
Now, why would I suggest
8
38320
1296
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืขื”
00:39
that producing drought-tolerant crops will go towards providing food security?
9
39640
4440
ืฉืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืœืกืคืง ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™?
00:45
Well, the current world population is around 7 billion.
10
45040
3896
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 7 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“.
00:48
And it's estimated that by 2050,
11
48960
2496
ื•ืžื•ืขืจืš ืฉืขื“ 2050,
00:51
we'll be between 9 and 10 billion people,
12
51480
2696
ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 9 ืœ 10 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื,
00:54
with the bulk of this growth happening in Africa.
13
54200
2880
ืขื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืฉืชืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
00:57
The food and agricultural organizations of the world
14
57880
2456
ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื
01:00
have suggested that we need a 70 percent increase
15
60360
3136
ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ 70 ืื—ื•ื–
01:03
in current agricultural practice
16
63520
2176
ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช
01:05
to meet that demand.
17
65720
1240
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื”.
01:07
Given that plants are at the base of the food chain,
18
67720
2696
ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
01:10
most of that's going to have to come from plants.
19
70440
2320
ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื™ื’ื™ืข ืžืฆืžื—ื™ื.
01:13
That percentage of 70 percent
20
73360
2696
ื”ืื—ื•ื– ืฉืœ 70 ืื—ื•ื–
01:16
does not take into consideration the potential effects of climate change.
21
76080
4216
ืœื ืœื•ืงื— ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
01:20
This is taken from a study by Dai published in 2011,
22
80320
4240
ื–ื” ื ืœืงื— ืžืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื“ืื™ ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ 2011,
01:25
where he took into consideration
23
85240
1936
ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืœืงื— ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ
01:27
all the potential effects of climate change
24
87200
2376
ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ื
01:29
and expressed them -- amongst other things --
25
89600
2136
ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืื•ืชื -- ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื --
01:31
increased aridity due to lack of rain or infrequent rain.
26
91760
4616
ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ืฉ ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื’ืฉื ืื• ื’ืฉื ื ื“ื™ืจ.
01:36
The areas in red shown here,
27
96400
1776
ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ืคื”,
01:38
are areas that until recently
28
98200
2056
ื”ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืขื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
01:40
have been very successfully used for agriculture,
29
100280
3176
ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช,
01:43
but cannot anymore because of lack of rainfall.
30
103480
2400
ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื’ืฉื.
01:46
This is the situation that's predicted to happen in 2050.
31
106640
2920
ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ 2050.
01:50
Much of Africa, in fact, much of the world,
32
110840
2176
ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
01:53
is going to be in trouble.
33
113040
1896
ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื”.
01:54
We're going to have to think of some very smart ways of producing food.
34
114960
3656
ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ืœื™ืฆืจ ืื•ื›ืœ.
01:58
And preferably among them, some drought-tolerant crops.
35
118640
3296
ื•ืจืฆื•ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆื•ืจืช.
02:01
The other thing to remember about Africa is
36
121960
2056
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื–ื”
02:04
that most of their agriculture is rainfed.
37
124040
2800
ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžื•ื–ื ืช ื’ืฉื.
02:08
Now, making drought-tolerant crops is not the easiest thing in the world.
38
128080
3456
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืงืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
02:11
And the reason for this is water.
39
131560
2416
ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื.
02:14
Water is essential to life on this planet.
40
134000
3136
ืžื™ื ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”.
02:17
All living, actively metabolizing organisms,
41
137160
4135
ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžื˜ืื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ื ืคืขื™ืœ,
02:21
from microbes to you and I,
42
141320
2056
ืžืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืขื“ ืœื›ื ื•ืœื™,
02:23
are comprised predominately of water.
43
143400
2336
ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืžื™ื,
02:25
All life reactions happen in water.
44
145760
2536
ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื.
02:28
And loss of a small amount of water results in death.
45
148320
3016
ื•ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืชื•ืฆืืชื” ืžื•ื•ืช.
02:31
You and I are 65 percent water --
46
151360
2056
ืืชื ื•ืื ื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื 65 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื™ื --
02:33
we lose one percent of that, we die.
47
153440
1720
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ืžื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื™ื.
02:35
But we can make behavioral changes to avoid that.
48
155840
2720
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื›ืš.
02:39
Plants can't.
49
159920
1576
ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื.
02:41
They're stuck in the ground.
50
161520
1616
ื”ื ืชืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืื“ืžื”.
02:43
And so in the first instance they have a little bit more water than us,
51
163160
3376
ื•ื›ืš ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื ืžืœื ื•,
02:46
about 95 percent water,
52
166560
1256
ื‘ืขืจืš 95 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื™ื,
02:47
and they can lose a little bit more than us,
53
167840
2096
ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื‘ื“ ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ืชื ื•,
02:49
like 10 to about 70 percent, depending on the species,
54
169960
2960
ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• 10 ืขื“ ื‘ืขืจืš 70 ืื—ื•ื– ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ื,
02:54
but for short periods only.
55
174000
1360
ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืœืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช.
02:56
Most of them will either try to resist or avoid water loss.
56
176680
4176
ืจื•ื‘ื ืื• ื™ื ืกื• ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืื• ื™ืžื ืขื• ืžืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื.
03:00
So extreme examples of resistors can be found in succulents.
57
180880
3936
ืื– ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืžืฆื ื‘ืกืงื•ืœื ื˜ื™ื.
03:04
They tend to be small, very attractive,
58
184840
2816
ื”ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื,
03:07
but they hold onto their water at such great cost
59
187680
2736
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื›ื–ื• ืขืœื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
03:10
that they grow extremely slowly.
60
190440
2000
ืฉื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืœืื˜.
03:13
Examples of avoidance of water loss are found in trees and shrubs.
61
193440
4576
ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื—ื™ื.
03:18
They send down very deep roots,
62
198040
1576
ื”ื ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืขืžื•ืงื™ื,
03:19
mine subterranean water supplies
63
199640
1696
ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืžืื’ืจื™ ืžื™ื ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื
03:21
and just keep flushing it through them at all times,
64
201360
2456
ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื ื“ืจื›ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
03:23
keeping themselves hydrated.
65
203840
1856
ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื.
03:25
The one on the right is called a baobab.
66
205720
1976
ื–ื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืงืจื ื‘ืื•ื‘ื‘.
03:27
It's also called the upside-down tree,
67
207720
2056
ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื ืงืจื ื”ืขืฅ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš,
03:29
simply because the proportion of roots to shoots is so great
68
209800
3776
ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืœื’ื‘ืขื•ืœื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ
03:33
that it looks like the tree has been planted upside down.
69
213600
2696
ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉืขืฅ ื ืฉืชืœ ื”ืคื•ืš.
03:36
And of course the roots are required for hydration of that plant.
70
216320
3240
ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื—.
03:40
And probably the most common strategy of avoidance is found in annuals.
71
220760
4520
ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืžื ืขื•ืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืขื•ื ืชื™ื™ื.
03:45
Annuals make up the bulk of our plant food supplies.
72
225840
3176
ืขื•ื ืชื™ื™ื™ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
03:49
Up the west coast of my country,
73
229040
1696
ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื™
03:50
for much of the year you don't see much vegetation growth.
74
230760
3536
ื‘ืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื” ืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื”.
03:54
But come the spring rains, you get this:
75
234320
2656
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื‘ื•ื ื’ืฉืžื™ ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื–ื”:
03:57
flowering of the desert.
76
237000
1240
ืคืจื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ.
03:59
The strategy in annuals,
77
239000
1856
ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ืชื™ื™ื,
04:00
is to grow only in the rainy season.
78
240880
2360
ื”ื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืจืง ื‘ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉื•ืžื•ืช.
04:03
At the end of that season they produce a seed,
79
243960
2296
ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื–ืจืขื™ื,
04:06
which is dry, eight to 10 percent water,
80
246280
2816
ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื, ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขื“ ืขืฉืจื” ืื—ื•ื– ืžื™ื,
04:09
but very much alive.
81
249120
1656
ืื‘ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:10
And anything that is that dry and still alive,
82
250800
2896
ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื‘ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื—ื™,
04:13
we call desiccation-tolerant.
83
253720
1480
ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืขืžื™ื“ -ืœื™ื•ื‘ืฉ.
04:15
In the desiccated state,
84
255840
1416
ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉ,
04:17
what seeds can do is lie in extremes of environment
85
257280
2656
ืžื” ืฉื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื
04:19
for prolonged periods of time.
86
259960
1656
ืœืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช.
04:21
The next time the rainy season comes,
87
261640
2216
ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉื”ืขื•ื ื” ื”ื’ืฉื•ืžื” ืชื’ื™ืข,
04:23
they germinate and grow,
88
263880
1496
ื”ื ื ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื•ื’ื“ืœื™ื,
04:25
and the whole cycle just starts again.
89
265400
1880
ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืฉื•ื‘.
04:28
It's widely believed that the evolution of desiccation-tolerant seeds
90
268120
4056
ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื–ืจืขื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื‘ืฉ
04:32
allowed the colonization and the radiation
91
272200
2176
ืืคืฉืจื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ืคืฆื”
04:34
of flowering plants, or angiosperms, onto land.
92
274400
3520
ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืคื•ืจื—ื™ื, ืื• ืื ื’'ื™ื•ืกืคืจืžืก, ืœืื“ืžื”.
04:38
But back to annuals as our major form of food supplies.
93
278960
3160
ืื‘ืœ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืขื•ื ืชื™ื™ื ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœืืกืคืงืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื ื•.
04:42
Wheat, rice and maize form 95 percent of our plant food supplies.
94
282800
4720
ื—ื™ื˜ื”, ืื•ืจื– ื•ืชื™ืจืก ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื 95 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
04:48
And it's been a great strategy
95
288480
1536
ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืœื”
04:50
because in a short space of time you can produce a lot of seed.
96
290040
3176
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืจืขื™ื.
04:53
Seeds are energy-rich so there's a lot of food calories,
97
293240
2620
ื–ืจืขื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
04:55
you can store it in times of plenty for times of famine,
98
295884
3920
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื’ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืคืข ืœื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืขื‘,
05:00
but there's a downside.
99
300480
1240
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ.
05:02
The vegetative tissues,
100
302560
1376
ื”ืจืงืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื’ื˜ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
05:03
the roots and leaves of annuals,
101
303960
2176
ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ืชื™ื™ื,
05:06
do not have much
102
306160
1256
ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื”
05:07
by way of inherent resistance, avoidance or tolerance characteristics.
103
307440
4096
ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืช, ื”ืžื ืขื•ืช ืื• ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช.
05:11
They just don't need them.
104
311560
1296
ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืข ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ.
05:12
They grow in the rainy season
105
312880
1416
ื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ื”ื’ืฉื•ืžื”
05:14
and they've got a seed to help them survive the rest of the year.
106
314320
3376
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื–ืจืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืฉื ื”.
05:17
And so despite concerted efforts in agriculture
107
317720
2696
ื•ื›ืš ืœืžืจื•ืช ืžืืžืฅ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช
05:20
to make crops with improved properties
108
320440
2536
ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืคืจื•ืช
05:23
of resistance, avoidance and tolerance --
109
323000
2176
ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช, ื”ืžื ืขื•ืช ื•ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช --
05:25
particularly resistance and avoidance
110
325200
1896
ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื ืขื•ืช
05:27
because we've had good models to understand how those work --
111
327120
2896
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืœื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื --
05:30
we still get images like this.
112
330040
2336
ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื•.
05:32
Maize crop in Africa,
113
332400
1456
ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ ืชื™ืจืก ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
05:33
two weeks without rain
114
333880
1416
ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ื’ืฉื
05:35
and it's dead.
115
335320
1200
ื•ื”ื ืžืชื™ื.
05:37
There is a solution:
116
337560
1240
ื™ืฉ ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ:
05:39
resurrection plants.
117
339520
1240
ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
05:41
These plants can lose 95 percent of their cellular water,
118
341320
3776
ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื‘ื“ 95 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืžื™ื ื”ืชืื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
05:45
remain in a dry, dead-like state for months to years,
119
345120
3856
ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื“ืžื•ื™ ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื ื™ื,
05:49
and give them water,
120
349000
1736
ื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืžื™ื,
05:50
they green up and start growing again.
121
350760
1880
ื”ื ืžื•ืจื™ืงื™ื ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื•ื‘.
05:53
Like seeds, these are desiccation-tolerant.
122
353560
3296
ื›ืžื• ื–ืจืขื™ื, ื”ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื•ื‘ืฉ.
05:56
Like seeds, these can withstand extremes of environmental conditions.
123
356880
4120
ื›ืžื• ื–ืจืขื™ื, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื.
06:01
And this is a really rare phenomenon.
124
361760
2016
ื•ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืชื•ืคืขื” ื ื“ื™ืจื”.
06:03
There are only 135 flowering plant species that can do this.
125
363800
4376
ื™ืฉ ืจืง 135 ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืคื•ืจื—ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
06:08
I'm going to show you a video
126
368200
1416
ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ
06:09
of the resurrection process of these three species
127
369640
2616
ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•
06:12
in that order.
128
372280
1216
ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
06:13
And at the bottom,
129
373520
1256
ื•ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช,
06:14
there's a time axis so you can see how quickly it happens.
130
374800
2736
ื™ืฉ ืฆื™ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจ ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ.
06:56
(Applause)
131
416160
2040
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื)
07:02
Pretty amazing, huh?
132
422240
1536
ื“ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื, ื”ื?
07:03
So I've spent the last 21 years trying to understand how they do this.
133
423800
4216
ืื– ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช 21 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
07:08
How do these plants dry without dying?
134
428040
2400
ืื™ืš ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืžืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืœืžื•ืช?
07:11
And I work on a variety of different resurrection plants,
135
431080
2776
ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆืžื—ื™ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
07:13
shown here in the hydrated and dry states,
136
433880
2416
ืฉื ืจืื™ื ืคื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
07:16
for a number of reasons.
137
436320
1456
ืžืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
07:17
One of them is that each of these plants serves as a model
138
437800
2856
ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืฉืจืช ื›ืžื•ื“ืœ
07:20
for a crop that I'd like to make drought-tolerant.
139
440680
2376
ืœื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืขืžื™ื“ ืœื‘ืฆื•ืจืช.
07:23
So on the extreme top left, for example, is a grass,
140
443080
2936
ืื– ื‘ืฉืžืืœ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื‘,
07:26
it's called Eragrostis nindensis,
141
446040
2256
ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ืืจื’ืจื•ืกื˜ื™ืก ื ื™ื ื“ื ืกื™ืก,
07:28
it's got a close relative called Eragrostis tef --
142
448320
2376
ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ืฉื ืงืจื ืืจื’ืจื•ืกื˜ื™ืก ื˜ืฃ --
07:30
a lot of you might know it as "teff" --
143
450720
2016
ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื› "ื˜ืฃ" --
07:32
it's a staple food in Ethiopia,
144
452760
1736
ื–ื” ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”,
07:34
it's gluten-free,
145
454520
1256
ื”ื•ื ื ื˜ื•ืœ ื’ืœื•ื˜ืŸ,
07:35
and it's something we would like to make drought-tolerant.
146
455800
3016
ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช.
07:38
The other reason for looking at a number of plants,
147
458840
2416
ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
07:41
is that, at least initially,
148
461280
1376
ืฉื”ื™ื, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
07:42
I wanted to find out: do they do the same thing?
149
462680
2256
ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช: ื”ืื ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ?
07:44
Do they all use the same mechanisms
150
464960
1696
ื”ืื ื›ื•ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื
07:46
to be able to lose all that water and not die?
151
466680
2576
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืœื ืœืžื•ืช?
07:49
So I undertook what we call a systems biology approach
152
469280
2696
ืื– ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
07:52
in order to get a comprehensive understanding
153
472000
2176
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืขืžื™ืงื”
07:54
of desiccation tolerance,
154
474200
2016
ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื‘ืฉ,
07:56
in which we look at everything
155
476240
1456
ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ืœ
07:57
from the molecular to the whole plant, ecophysiological level.
156
477720
2912
ืžื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฆืžื—, ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืืงื•ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
08:00
For example we look at things like
157
480657
1634
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื•
08:02
changes in the plant anatomy as they dried out
158
482316
2197
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื™ืช ื”ืฆืžื— ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื
08:04
and their ultrastructure.
159
484537
1239
ื•ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืขืœ ืฉืœื”ื.
08:05
We look at the transcriptome, which is just a term for a technology
160
485800
3176
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืจื ืกืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
08:09
in which we look at the genes
161
489000
1416
ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื’ื ื™ื
08:10
that are switched on or off, in response to drying.
162
490440
2416
ืฉืžื•ื“ืœืงื™ื ื•ืžื›ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช.
08:12
Most genes will code for proteins, so we look at the proteome.
163
492880
3216
ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื“ื“ื• ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ืื•ื.
08:16
What are the proteins made in response to drying?
164
496120
2400
ืžื” ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืขืฉื• ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื™ื•ื‘ืฉ?
08:19
Some proteins would code for enzymes which make metabolites,
165
499480
3896
ื›ืžื” ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื“ื“ื• ืœืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ื”,
08:23
so we look at the metabolome.
166
503400
1576
ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื•ื.
08:25
Now, this is important because plants are stuck in the ground.
167
505000
3296
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืฆืžื—ื™ื ืชืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืื“ืžื”.
08:28
They use what I call a highly tuned chemical arsenal
168
508320
4096
ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื• ืืจืกื ืœ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืŸ ืžืื•ื“
08:32
to protect themselves from all the stresses of their environment.
169
512440
3416
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
08:35
So it's important that we look
170
515880
1496
ืื– ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื ื‘ื™ื˜
08:37
at the chemical changes involved in drying.
171
517400
2440
ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช.
08:40
And at the last study that we do at the molecular level,
172
520520
2656
ื•ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช,
08:43
we look at the lipidome --
173
523200
1256
ื”ื‘ื˜ื ื• ื‘ืœื™ืคื•ื“ื•ื --
08:44
the lipid changes in response to drying.
174
524480
2055
ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืœื™ืคื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช.
08:46
And that's also important
175
526559
1257
ื•ื–ื” ื’ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘
08:47
because all biological membranes are made of lipids.
176
527840
2815
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืคื™ื“ื™ื.
08:50
They're held as membranes because they're in water.
177
530679
2577
ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื›ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื.
08:53
Take away the water, those membranes fall apart.
178
533280
2240
ืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื, ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžืชืคืจืงื•ืช.
08:56
Lipids also act as signals to turn on genes.
179
536240
3040
ืœื™ืคื™ื“ื™ื ื’ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›ืื•ืชื•ืช ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื.
09:00
Then we use physiological and biochemical studies
180
540200
2696
ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื
09:02
to try and understand the function of the putative protectants
181
542920
3216
ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื
09:06
that we've actually discovered in our other studies.
182
546160
2936
ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™.
09:09
And then use all of that to try and understand
183
549120
2176
ื•ืื– ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
09:11
how the plant copes with its natural environment.
184
551320
2320
ืื™ืš ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
09:15
I've always had the philosophy that I needed a comprehensive understanding
185
555480
4336
ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืขืžื™ืงื”
09:19
of the mechanisms of desiccation tolerance
186
559840
2256
ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื‘ืฉ
09:22
in order to make a meaningful suggestion for a biotic application.
187
562120
3840
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฆืขื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™.
09:27
I'm sure some of you are thinking,
188
567000
1656
ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
09:28
"By biotic application,
189
568680
1256
"ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™,
09:29
does she mean she's going to make genetically modified crops?"
190
569960
2920
ื”ืื ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช?"
09:34
And the answer to that question is:
191
574240
1696
ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื:
09:35
depends on your definition of genetic modification.
192
575960
2381
ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื ื˜ื™.
09:39
All of the crops that we eat today, wheat, rice and maize,
193
579200
2816
ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ื—ื™ื˜ื”, ืื•ืจื– ื•ืชื™ืจืก,
09:42
are highly genetically modified from their ancestors,
194
582040
3216
ื”ื ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื‘ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื,
09:45
but we don't consider them GM
195
585280
1976
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
09:47
because they're being produced by conventional breeding.
196
587280
2640
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื” ืจื’ื™ืœื”.
09:50
If you mean, am I going to put resurrection plant genes into crops,
197
590880
3776
ืื ืืชื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืื ืื ื™ ืืฉื™ื ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื,
09:54
your answer is yes.
198
594680
1296
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ.
09:56
In the essence of time, we have tried that approach.
199
596000
3136
ื‘ืชืžืฆื™ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ื•.
09:59
More appropriately, some of my collaborators at UCT,
200
599160
2856
ื•ืžืชืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ UCT,
10:02
Jennifer Thomson, Suhail Rafudeen,
201
602040
1936
ื’'ื ื™ืคืจ ื˜ื•ืžืคืกื•ืŸ, ืกื•ื”ื™ื™ืœ ืจืคื•ื“ื™ื™ืŸ,
10:04
have spearheaded that approach
202
604000
1616
ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ื•
10:05
and I'm going to show you some data soon.
203
605640
1953
ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘.
10:09
But we're about to embark upon an extremely ambitious approach,
204
609200
4016
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืคืฆื•ื— ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืืคืชื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:13
in which we aim to turn on whole suites of genes
205
613240
3456
ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื’ื ื™ื
10:16
that are already present in every crop.
206
616720
2696
ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื‘ื•ืœ.
10:19
They're just never turned on under extreme drought conditions.
207
619440
2905
ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ืชื—ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื.
10:22
I leave it up to you to decide
208
622800
1456
ืื ื™ ืžืฉืื™ืจื” ืืช ื–ื” ืœื›ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜
10:24
whether those should be called GM or not.
209
624280
1953
ืื ืืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืงืจื ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื ื’ื ื ื˜ื™ืช ืื• ืœื.
10:27
I'm going to now just give you some of the data from that first approach.
210
627560
3456
ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•.
10:31
And in order to do that
211
631040
1256
ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”
10:32
I have to explain a little bit about how genes work.
212
632320
2656
ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื’ื ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
10:35
So you probably all know
213
635000
1256
ืื– ื›ื ืจืื” ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
10:36
that genes are made of double-stranded DNA.
214
636280
2056
ืฉื’ื ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืž DNA ื‘ืกืœื™ืœ ื›ืคื•ืœ.
10:38
It's wound very tightly into chromosomes
215
638360
1936
ื”ื•ื ืžืœื•ืคืฃ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื” ืœืชื•ืš ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื
10:40
that are present in every cell of your body or in a plant's body.
216
640320
3160
ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืื• ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืฆืžื—.
10:44
If you unwind that DNA, you get genes.
217
644080
3080
ืื ืืชื ืคื•ืจืžื™ื ืืช ื” DNA, ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื’ื ื™ื.
10:47
And each gene has a promoter,
218
647840
2456
ื•ืœื›ืœ ื’ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืงื“ื,
10:50
which is just an on-off switch,
219
650320
2376
ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืชื’ ื”ืคืขืœื”-ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™,
10:52
the gene coding region,
220
652720
1416
ืื–ื•ืจ ืงื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื’ื ื™ื,
10:54
and then a terminator,
221
654160
1256
ื•ืื– ืงืฆื”,
10:55
which indicates that this is the end of this gene, the next gene will start.
222
655440
3600
ืฉืžืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืŸ, ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ.
10:59
Now, promoters are not simple on-off switches.
223
659720
2896
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžืงื“ืžื™ื ื”ื ืœื ืžืชื’ื™ ื”ืคืขืœื”-ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื.
11:02
They normally require a lot of fine-tuning,
224
662640
2696
ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืขื“ื™ืŸ.
11:05
lots of things to be present and correct before that gene is switched on.
225
665360
4040
ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื•ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื’ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ืคืขืœ.
11:10
So what's typically done in biotech studies
226
670240
3056
ืื– ืžื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื‘ื™ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
11:13
is that we use an inducible promoter,
227
673320
1816
ื–ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืงื“ืžื™ื ืžืฉืจื™ื,
11:15
we know how to switch it on.
228
675160
1576
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืื•ืชื•.
11:16
We couple that to genes of interest
229
676760
2016
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœื’ื ื™ื ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
11:18
and put that into a plant and see how the plant responds.
230
678800
2680
ื•ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฆืžื— ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืฆืžื— ืžื’ื™ื‘.
11:22
In the study that I'm going to talk to you about,
231
682120
2576
ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืื™ืชื›ื,
11:24
my collaborators used a drought-induced promoter,
232
684720
2456
ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžืงื“ื ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช,
11:27
which we discovered in a resurrection plant.
233
687200
2416
ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืฆืžื— ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
11:29
The nice thing about this promoter is that we do nothing.
234
689640
3136
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื—ืžื“ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืงื“ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืœื•ื.
11:32
The plant itself senses drought.
235
692800
2080
ื”ืฆืžื— ืขืฆืžื• ื—ืฉ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช.
11:35
And we've used it to drive antioxidant genes from resurrection plants.
236
695600
5096
ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื’ื ื™ื ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ ืžืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืชื—ื™ื”.
11:40
Why antioxidant genes?
237
700720
1856
ืœืžื” ื’ื ื™ื ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ?
11:42
Well, all stresses, particularly drought stress,
238
702600
3056
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืœ ื”ืœื—ืฆื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื—ืฅ ืฉืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช,
11:45
results in the formation of free radicals,
239
705680
2296
ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื,
11:48
or reactive oxygen species,
240
708000
2336
ืื• ืžื™ื ื™ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื,
11:50
which are highly damaging and can cause crop death.
241
710360
2720
ืฉื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื•ืช ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื.
11:53
What antioxidants do is stop that damage.
242
713680
2600
ืžื” ืฉืื ื˜ื™ ืื•ืงืกื™ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื–ืง ื”ื–ื”.
11:57
So here's some data from a maize strain that's very popularly used in Africa.
243
717360
3896
ืื– ื”ื ื” ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื–ืŸ ื”ืชื™ืจืก ืฉืžืื•ื“ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
12:01
To the left of the arrow are plants without the genes,
244
721280
3296
ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœื—ืฅ ื™ืฉ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื’ื ื™ื,
12:04
to the right --
245
724600
1256
ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ --
12:05
plants with the antioxidant genes.
246
725880
2056
ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืขื ื’ื ื™ื ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ.
12:07
After three weeks without watering,
247
727960
1816
ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืฉืงื™ื”,
12:09
the ones with the genes do a hell of a lot better.
248
729800
2480
ืืœื” ืขื ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:13
Now to the final approach.
249
733720
1336
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช.
12:15
My research has shown that there's considerable similarity
250
735080
3536
ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™ ื”ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
12:18
in the mechanisms of desiccation tolerance in seeds and resurrection plants.
251
738640
4416
ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื‘ืฉ ื‘ื–ืจืขื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
12:23
So I ask the question,
252
743080
1416
ืื– ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœืช ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”,
12:24
are they using the same genes?
253
744520
1440
ื”ืื ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื ื’ื ื™ื?
12:26
Or slightly differently phrased,
254
746480
2256
ืื• ืžื ื•ืกื— ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ื ื”,
12:28
are resurrection plants using genes evolved in seed desiccation tolerance
255
748760
4496
ื”ืื ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช
12:33
in their roots and leaves?
256
753280
1256
ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื?
12:34
Have they retasked these seed genes
257
754560
2056
ื”ืื ื”ื ื ืชื ื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื
12:36
in roots and leaves of resurrection plants?
258
756640
2040
ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื?
12:39
And I answer that question,
259
759760
1856
ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื•,
12:41
as a consequence of a lot of research from my group
260
761640
2416
ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื™
12:44
and recent collaborations from a group of Henk Hilhorst in the Netherlands,
261
764080
3536
ื•ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืง ื”ื™ืœื”ื•ืจืกื˜ ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“,
12:47
Mel Oliver in the United States
262
767640
1576
ืžืœ ืื•ืœื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
12:49
and Julia Buitink in France.
263
769240
2600
ื•ื’'ื•ืœื™ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื ื™ืง ื‘ืฆืจืคืช.
12:51
The answer is yes,
264
771880
1416
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ,
12:53
that there is a core set of genes that are involved in both.
265
773320
2856
ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื˜ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”ื.
12:56
And I'm going to illustrate this very crudely for maize,
266
776200
3416
ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืชืืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื’ืกื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื™ืจืก,
12:59
where the chromosomes below the off switch
267
779640
2416
ืฉื ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™
13:02
represent all the genes that are required for desiccation tolerance.
268
782080
3575
ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื‘ืฉ.
13:05
So as maize seeds dried out at the end of their period of development,
269
785680
4256
ืื– ื›ืฉื–ืจืขื™ ื”ืชื™ืจืก ืžืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
13:09
they switch these genes on.
270
789960
1360
ื”ื ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
13:12
Resurrection plants switch on the same genes
271
792680
2896
ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื ื”ื’ื ื™ื
13:15
when they dry out.
272
795600
1656
ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื.
13:17
All modern crops, therefore,
273
797280
1776
ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื, ืœื›ืŸ,
13:19
have these genes in their roots and leaves,
274
799080
2056
ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
13:21
they just never switch them on.
275
801160
1736
ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžื“ื™ืœืงื™ื ืื•ืชื.
13:22
They only switch them on in seed tissues.
276
802920
1960
ื”ื ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื ืจืง ื‘ืจืงืžืช ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื.
13:25
So what we're trying to do right now
277
805440
1736
ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
13:27
is to understand the environmental and cellular signals
278
807200
2616
ื–ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืื™ื™ื
13:29
that switch on these genes in resurrection plants,
279
809840
2440
ืฉืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื,
13:33
to mimic the process in crops.
280
813280
1760
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื.
13:35
And just a final thought.
281
815680
1736
ื•ืจืง ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
13:37
What we're trying to do very rapidly
282
817440
2216
ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
13:39
is to repeat what nature did in the evolution of resurrection plants
283
819680
3816
ื–ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืขืฉื” ื‘ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื
13:43
some 10 to 40 million years ago.
284
823520
1840
ืœืคื ื™ 10 ืขื“ 40 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
13:46
My plants and I thank you for your attention.
285
826160
2496
ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื•ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘.
13:48
(Applause)
286
828680
6235
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7