How we can make crops survive without water | Jill Farrant

220,217 views ใƒป 2016-02-09

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Ju Hye Lim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
I believe that the secret to producing extremely drought-tolerant crops,
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์‹๋Ÿ‰์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
00:17
which should go some way to providing food security in the world,
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๊ฐ€๋ญ„์„ ๊ฒฌ๋”œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„๋ฐ€์€
00:20
lies in resurrection plants,
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๋ถ€ํ™œ์ดˆ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:23
pictured here, in an extremely droughted state.
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์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด, ๊ฐ€๋ญ„์ด ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
You might think that these plants look dead,
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์‹๋ฌผ์ด ์ฃฝ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
00:29
but they're not.
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์ฃฝ์€ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
Give them water,
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๋ฌผ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฉด
00:31
and they will resurrect, green up, start growing, in 12 to 48 hours.
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12-48์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์•ˆ์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚˜์„œ ํŒŒ๋ฆ‡ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ , ์ž๋ผ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
Now, why would I suggest
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๊ฐ€๋ญ„์„ ๊ฒฌ๋”œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ์„
00:39
that producing drought-tolerant crops will go towards providing food security?
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์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์•ˆ๋ณด์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์™œ ์ฃผ์žฅํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
00:45
Well, the current world population is around 7 billion.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•ฝ 70์–ต ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:48
And it's estimated that by 2050,
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2050๋…„๋„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด
00:51
we'll be between 9 and 10 billion people,
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90-100์–ต๋ช…์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
with the bulk of this growth happening in Africa.
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์ฃผ๋กœ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
00:57
The food and agricultural organizations of the world
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์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€
01:00
have suggested that we need a 70 percent increase
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์ด ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
01:03
in current agricultural practice
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์—์„œ 70%๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
to meet that demand.
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01:07
Given that plants are at the base of the food chain,
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์‹๋ฌผ์ด ๋จน์ด์‚ฌ์Šฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฐ‘๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ
01:10
most of that's going to have to come from plants.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์‹๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์™€์•ผ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
01:13
That percentage of 70 percent
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70%๋ผ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š”
01:16
does not take into consideration the potential effects of climate change.
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๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ดˆ๋ž˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
This is taken from a study by Dai published in 2011,
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์ด๊ฑด ๋‹ค์ด(Dai)์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:25
where he took into consideration
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๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์„œ
01:27
all the potential effects of climate change
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01:29
and expressed them -- amongst other things --
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๊ฐ•์šฐ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ€์กฑ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์šฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
01:31
increased aridity due to lack of rain or infrequent rain.
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์‹ฌํ•ด์ง„ ๊ฑด์กฐ๋„๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ‘œ์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
The areas in red shown here,
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๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ์น ํ•ด์ง„ ์ง€์—ญ์€
01:38
are areas that until recently
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์ตœ๊ทผ๊นŒ์ง€๋„
01:40
have been very successfully used for agriculture,
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๋งค์šฐ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†์—…์— ์ด์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์ง€์—ญ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
01:43
but cannot anymore because of lack of rainfall.
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๋” ์ด์ƒ ๊ฐ•์šฐ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
This is the situation that's predicted to happen in 2050.
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์ด๊ฒŒ 2050๋…„์ด ๋˜๋ฉด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
Much of Africa, in fact, much of the world,
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€, ์•„๋‹ˆ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
01:53
is going to be in trouble.
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ํฐ ๊ณค๊ฒฝ์— ๋น ์งˆ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
We're going to have to think of some very smart ways of producing food.
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์‹๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
And preferably among them, some drought-tolerant crops.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘์— ๊ฐ€๋ญ„์— ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‘๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ซ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:01
The other thing to remember about Africa is
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
02:04
that most of their agriculture is rainfed.
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๋†์—…์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋น„์— ์˜์กดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
Now, making drought-tolerant crops is not the easiest thing in the world.
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๊ฐ€๋ญ„์— ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‰ฌ์šด ์ผ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
And the reason for this is water.
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๋ฌผ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
Water is essential to life on this planet.
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๋ฌผ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:17
All living, actively metabolizing organisms,
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๋ฌผ์งˆ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€
02:21
from microbes to you and I,
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ €์™€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊นŒ์ง€๋„
02:23
are comprised predominately of water.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
All life reactions happen in water.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ๋ฌผ ์†์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
And loss of a small amount of water results in death.
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์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ฌผ์„ ์žƒ์–ด๋„ ์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
You and I are 65 percent water --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 65%๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
we lose one percent of that, we die.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘์— 1%๋ฅผ ์žƒ์œผ๋ฉด ์ฃฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
But we can make behavioral changes to avoid that.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์„œ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
Plants can't.
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์‹๋ฌผ์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:41
They're stuck in the ground.
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๋•…์— ๋ฌถ์—ฌ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
02:43
And so in the first instance they have a little bit more water than us,
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์šฐ์„  ์‹๋ฌผ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฌผ์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
about 95 percent water,
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95%๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
02:47
and they can lose a little bit more than us,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฌผ์„ ์žƒ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:49
like 10 to about 70 percent, depending on the species,
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์ข…์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 10%์—์„œ 70%๊นŒ์ง€๋„์š”.
02:54
but for short periods only.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ž ๊น ๋™์•ˆ๋งŒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
Most of them will either try to resist or avoid water loss.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ €ํ•ญํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌผ ์†์‹ค์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
So extreme examples of resistors can be found in succulents.
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์ €ํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์œก ์‹๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
They tend to be small, very attractive,
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๋‹ค์œก ์‹๋ฌผ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ž‘๊ณ  ๋งค์šฐ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:07
but they hold onto their water at such great cost
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŽ์€ ํฌ์ƒ์„ ์น˜๋ฅด๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฌผ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
03:10
that they grow extremely slowly.
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๋งค์šฐ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
Examples of avoidance of water loss are found in trees and shrubs.
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์ˆ˜๋ถ„ ์†์‹ค์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ์—๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฌด์™€ ๊ด€๋ชฉ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
They send down very deep roots,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งค์šฐ ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด๋ ค์„œ ์ง€ํ•˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
mine subterranean water supplies
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03:21
and just keep flushing it through them at all times,
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์–ธ์ œ๋“ ์ง€ ์ง€ํ•˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์‹น์„ ํ‹”์šฐ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
keeping themselves hydrated.
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03:25
The one on the right is called a baobab.
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”์˜ค๋ฐฅ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
It's also called the upside-down tree,
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๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋กœ ์„  ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
simply because the proportion of roots to shoots is so great
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๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹น๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ปค์„œ
03:33
that it looks like the tree has been planted upside down.
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๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋กœ ์‹ฌ์–ด์ง„ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
03:36
And of course the roots are required for hydration of that plant.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ ์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
And probably the most common strategy of avoidance is found in annuals.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•œ ํšŒํ”ผ ์ „๋žต์€ ํ•œํ•ด์‚ด์ด ์‹๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
Annuals make up the bulk of our plant food supplies.
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ํ•œํ•ด์‚ด์ด ํ’€์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
Up the west coast of my country,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์„œ๋ถ€ํ•ด์•ˆ์€
03:50
for much of the year you don't see much vegetation growth.
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์ผ๋…„ ์ค‘ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ดˆ๋ชฉ์ด ์ž๋ผ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:54
But come the spring rains, you get this:
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ด„๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ฉด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
flowering of the desert.
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์‚ฌ๋ง‰์— ๊ฝƒ์ด ํ”ผ์–ด๋‚˜์š”.
03:59
The strategy in annuals,
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ํ•œํ•ด์‚ด์ด์˜ ์ „๋žต์€
04:00
is to grow only in the rainy season.
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์šฐ๊ธฐ์—๋งŒ ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
At the end of that season they produce a seed,
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๊ณ„์ ˆ ๋ง‰๋ฐ”์ง€์— ํ•œํ•ด์‚ด์ด ํ’€์€ ์”จ์•—์„ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
which is dry, eight to 10 percent water,
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์”จ์•—์€ 8%-10%๋งŒ ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์„œ ๋งˆ๋ฅธ ์ƒํƒœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:09
but very much alive.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
And anything that is that dry and still alive,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฑด์กฐํ•œ๋ฐ๋„ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
04:13
we call desiccation-tolerant.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑด์กฐ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:15
In the desiccated state,
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๋งˆ๋ฅธ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ
04:17
what seeds can do is lie in extremes of environment
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์”จ์•—์€ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ๊ทนํ•œ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ
04:19
for prolonged periods of time.
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๊ฐ€๋งŒํžˆ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
The next time the rainy season comes,
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๋‹ค์Œ ์šฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ฉด
04:23
they germinate and grow,
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์”จ์•—์€ ์‹น์„ ํ‹”์šฐ๊ณ  ์ž๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:25
and the whole cycle just starts again.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์ˆœํ™˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
04:28
It's widely believed that the evolution of desiccation-tolerant seeds
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๊ฑด์กฐ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์”จ์•—์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” ๊ฝƒ ํ”ผ๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ, ์ฆ‰ ์†์”จ์‹๋ฌผ์˜
04:32
allowed the colonization and the radiation
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์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ํ™”์™€ ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
of flowering plants, or angiosperms, onto land.
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04:38
But back to annuals as our major form of food supplies.
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์–ด์จŒ๋“ , ํ•œํ•ด์‚ด์ด ์‹๋ฌผ์ด ์‹๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ฃผ๊ณต๊ธ‰์›์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์–˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ
04:42
Wheat, rice and maize form 95 percent of our plant food supplies.
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๋ฐ€๊ณผ ์Œ€, ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹๋ฌผ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์˜ 95%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:48
And it's been a great strategy
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งค์šฐ ์ข‹์€ ์ „๋žต์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:50
because in a short space of time you can produce a lot of seed.
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๋‹จ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋งŽ์€ ์”จ์•—์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
04:53
Seeds are energy-rich so there's a lot of food calories,
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์”จ์•—์€ ์—ด๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋†’์•„์„œ ์นผ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
04:55
you can store it in times of plenty for times of famine,
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๊ธฐ๊ทผ์„ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ด ๋งŽ์ด ์ €์žฅํ•ด ๋‘˜ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:00
but there's a downside.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:02
The vegetative tissues,
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์˜์–‘์กฐ์ง์ด
05:03
the roots and leaves of annuals,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ํ•œํ•ด์‚ด์ด์˜ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์žŽ์€
05:06
do not have much
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์„ ์ฒœ์  ์ €ํ•ญ์ด๋‚˜ ํšŒํ”ผ, ๋‚ด์„ฑ์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์ด ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:07
by way of inherent resistance, avoidance or tolerance characteristics.
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05:11
They just don't need them.
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ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
05:12
They grow in the rainy season
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์šฐ๊ธฐ์— ์ž๋ผ์„œ
05:14
and they've got a seed to help them survive the rest of the year.
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๋‚จ์€ ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์”จ์•—์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ž–์•„์š”.
05:17
And so despite concerted efforts in agriculture
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋†์—… ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ, ํšŒํ”ผ, ๋‚ด์„ฑ์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„
05:20
to make crops with improved properties
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ํŠนํžˆ, ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
05:23
of resistance, avoidance and tolerance --
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
05:25
particularly resistance and avoidance
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์ข‹์€ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ €ํ•ญ๊ณผ ํšŒํ”ผ์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„
05:27
because we've had good models to understand how those work --
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ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๊ณ  ํ˜ผ์‹ ์˜ ํž˜์„ ๋‹คํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋„
05:30
we still get images like this.
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์„ ์–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
Maize crop in Africa,
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ฐ€
05:33
two weeks without rain
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2์ฃผ๋™์•ˆ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์ž ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:35
and it's dead.
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05:37
There is a solution:
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ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:39
resurrection plants.
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๋ถ€ํ™œ์ดˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
These plants can lose 95 percent of their cellular water,
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๋ถ€ํ™œ์ดˆ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์˜ 95%๊ฐ€ ์†์‹ค๋˜์–ด๋„
05:45
remain in a dry, dead-like state for months to years,
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๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ์—์„œ ๋ช‡ ๋…„๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋ง๋ผ ์ฃฝ์€ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:49
and give them water,
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๋ฌผ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฉด
05:50
they green up and start growing again.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ž๋ผ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
Like seeds, these are desiccation-tolerant.
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์”จ์•—์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฑด์กฐ๋‚ด์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:56
Like seeds, these can withstand extremes of environmental conditions.
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์”จ์•—์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ทนํ•œ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋„ ๊ฒฌ๋”œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:01
And this is a really rare phenomenon.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ํฌ๊ท€ํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
There are only 135 flowering plant species that can do this.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฝƒ์‹๋ฌผ์€ 135์ข…๋ฐ–์— ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:08
I'm going to show you a video
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์ด ์„ธ ์ข…์˜ ์‹๋ฌผ์ด
06:09
of the resurrection process of these three species
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๋ถ€ํ™œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์˜์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
06:12
in that order.
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06:13
And at the bottom,
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๋งจ ๋ฐ‘์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
06:14
there's a time axis so you can see how quickly it happens.
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ถ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
07:02
Pretty amazing, huh?
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๊ฝค ๋†€๋ž์ฃ ?
07:03
So I've spent the last 21 years trying to understand how they do this.
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์ €๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ 21๋…„๋™์•ˆ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
How do these plants dry without dying?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฃฝ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋งˆ๋ฅผ๊นŒ?
07:11
And I work on a variety of different resurrection plants,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ๊ฑด์กฐํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ง„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์™€์žˆ๋Š”
07:13
shown here in the hydrated and dry states,
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…์˜ ๋ถ€ํ™œ์ดˆ๋ฅผ
07:16
for a number of reasons.
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๊ฐ–๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
One of them is that each of these plants serves as a model
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋ญ„ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๋Š”
07:20
for a crop that I'd like to make drought-tolerant.
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์ž‘๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฌ๋ณธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:23
So on the extreme top left, for example, is a grass,
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์ผ๋ก€๋กœ, ๋งจ ์œ„์˜ ์™ผ์ชฝ ๋์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ’€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:26
it's called Eragrostis nindensis,
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์—๋ผ๊ทธ๋กœ์Šคํ‹ฐ์Šค ๋‹Œ๋ด์‹œ์Šค์˜ˆ์š”.
07:28
it's got a close relative called Eragrostis tef --
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๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ํ…Œํ”„๋กœ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹œ๋Š” ์—๋ผ๊ทธ๋กœ์Šคํ‹ฐ์Šค ํ…Œํ”„์˜
07:30
a lot of you might know it as "teff" --
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๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์นœ์ฒ™์ด์ฃ .
07:32
it's a staple food in Ethiopia,
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์—ํ‹ฐ์˜คํ”ผ์•„์—์„œ ์ฃผ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š”๋ฐ
07:34
it's gluten-free,
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๊ธ€๋ฃจํ…์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
and it's something we would like to make drought-tolerant.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋ญ„์„ ๊ฒฌ๋”œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:38
The other reason for looking at a number of plants,
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
07:41
is that, at least initially,
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์ ์–ด๋„ ์ €๋Š” ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์—๋Š” ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
I wanted to find out: do they do the same thing?
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๋‹ค๋“ค ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์„๊นŒ?
07:44
Do they all use the same mechanisms
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๊ทธ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์„ ์žƒ๊ณ ์„œ๋„
07:46
to be able to lose all that water and not die?
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์ฃฝ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์„๊นŒ?
07:49
So I undertook what we call a systems biology approach
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:52
in order to get a comprehensive understanding
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๊ฑด์กฐ๋‚ด์„ฑ์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
07:54
of desiccation tolerance,
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07:56
in which we look at everything
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์ƒํƒœ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ
07:57
from the molecular to the whole plant, ecophysiological level.
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๋ถ„์ž์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹๋ฌผ ์ „์ฒด๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
For example we look at things like
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์˜๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€
08:02
changes in the plant anatomy as they dried out
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๋ง๋ผ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์ , ์ดˆ๋ฏธ์„ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:04
and their ultrastructure.
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08:05
We look at the transcriptome, which is just a term for a technology
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „์‚ฌ์ฒด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ดค์–ด์š”. ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ์šฉ์–ด์ธ๋ฐ
08:09
in which we look at the genes
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๊ฑด์กฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ
08:10
that are switched on or off, in response to drying.
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์ผœ์ง€๊ณ  ๊บผ์ง€๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:12
Most genes will code for proteins, so we look at the proteome.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์— ์œ ์ „ ์•”ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์œ ์ „ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ดค์–ด์š”.
08:16
What are the proteins made in response to drying?
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๊ฑด์กฐ๋  ๋•Œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
08:19
Some proteins would code for enzymes which make metabolites,
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์–ด๋–ค ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ์†Œ์— ์œ ์ „ ์•”ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:23
so we look at the metabolome.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:25
Now, this is important because plants are stuck in the ground.
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์‹๋ฌผ์€ ๋•…์— ๋ฐ•ํ˜€์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:28
They use what I call a highly tuned chemical arsenal
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์‹๋ฌผ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋ง๋กœ ๊ณ ๋„๋กœ ์ค€๋น„๋œ ํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:32
to protect themselves from all the stresses of their environment.
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ฃ .
08:35
So it's important that we look
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฑด์กฐ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ
08:37
at the chemical changes involved in drying.
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์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
And at the last study that we do at the molecular level,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž ๋‹จ์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ๋ฒˆ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š”
08:43
we look at the lipidome --
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๋ฆฌํ”ผ๋”์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:44
the lipid changes in response to drying.
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๊ฑด์กฐ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์งˆ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ฃ .
08:46
And that's also important
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ธ๋ฐ
08:47
because all biological membranes are made of lipids.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ์ฒด๋ง‰์€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์งˆ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:50
They're held as membranes because they're in water.
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๋ฌผ ์†์— ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ง‰์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
08:53
Take away the water, those membranes fall apart.
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๋ฌผ์„ ๋นผ๋ฉด ์ƒ์ฒด๋ง‰์€ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
Lipids also act as signals to turn on genes.
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์ง€๋ฐฉ์งˆ์€ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ํ‚ค๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์—ญํ• ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:00
Then we use physiological and biochemical studies
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์ , ์ƒํ™”ํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
09:02
to try and understand the function of the putative protectants
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ œ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜
09:06
that we've actually discovered in our other studies.
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๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:09
And then use all of that to try and understand
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์‹๋ฌผ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž์—ฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—
09:11
how the plant copes with its natural environment.
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์ ์‘ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:15
I've always had the philosophy that I needed a comprehensive understanding
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์ €๋Š” ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์  ์ ์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
09:19
of the mechanisms of desiccation tolerance
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๊ฑด์กฐ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ ์›๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
09:22
in order to make a meaningful suggestion for a biotic application.
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์ข…ํ•ฉ์  ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฒ ํ•™์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:27
I'm sure some of you are thinking,
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๋ถ„๋ช… ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
09:28
"By biotic application,
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"์ƒ๋ฌผ์— ์ ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด
09:29
does she mean she's going to make genetically modified crops?"
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์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณ€ํ˜• ์ž‘๋ฌผ(GMC)์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ€?"
09:34
And the answer to that question is:
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๊ทธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์€
09:35
depends on your definition of genetic modification.
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์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณ€ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ •์˜์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:39
All of the crops that we eat today, wheat, rice and maize,
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๋ฐ€, ์Œ€, ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋จน๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž‘๋ฌผ๋“ค์€
09:42
are highly genetically modified from their ancestors,
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๊ทธ ์กฐ์ƒ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:45
but we don't consider them GM
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ GMC๋กœ ๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
09:47
because they're being produced by conventional breeding.
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์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:50
If you mean, am I going to put resurrection plant genes into crops,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ถ€ํ™œ์ดˆ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ์— ๋„ฃ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ƒ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์œผ์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:54
your answer is yes.
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๋‹ต์€ "๋„ค" ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:56
In the essence of time, we have tried that approach.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์†Œ์ค‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:59
More appropriately, some of my collaborators at UCT,
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๋” ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด UCT์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ œ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ž์ธ
10:02
Jennifer Thomson, Suhail Rafudeen,
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์ œ๋‹ˆํผ ํ†ฐ์Šจ, ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ผ ๋ผํ‘ธ๋”˜์ด
10:04
have spearheaded that approach
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์„ ๋ด‰์— ์„œ์„œ ์ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:05
and I'm going to show you some data soon.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:09
But we're about to embark upon an extremely ambitious approach,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์•ผ์‹ฌ์ฐฌ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
in which we aim to turn on whole suites of genes
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ž‘๋ฌผ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ์„ธํŠธ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ
10:16
that are already present in every crop.
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์ผœ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
10:19
They're just never turned on under extreme drought conditions.
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๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋ญ„์— ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ผœ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:22
I leave it up to you to decide
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์ด๊ฑธ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
10:24
whether those should be called GM or not.
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๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŒ๋‹จ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋งก๊ธฐ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:27
I'm going to now just give you some of the data from that first approach.
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์ด์ œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ๋„์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:31
And in order to do that
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
10:32
I have to explain a little bit about how genes work.
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๋จผ์ € ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋งŒ ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
10:35
So you probably all know
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๋ชจ๋“  ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด์ค‘ ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์˜
10:36
that genes are made of double-stranded DNA.
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DNA๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด ๋‹ค๋“ค ์•„์‹ค ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
10:38
It's wound very tightly into chromosomes
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด๋‚˜ ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ณธ์ฒด์˜
10:40
that are present in every cell of your body or in a plant's body.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์„ธํฌ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์— ๋‹จ๋‹จํžˆ ์—ฎ์—ฌ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:44
If you unwind that DNA, you get genes.
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๊ทธ DNA๋ฅผ ํ’€์–ด๋‚ด๋ฉด ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:47
And each gene has a promoter,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์œ ์ „์ž์—๋Š” ์ด‰์ง„ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:50
which is just an on-off switch,
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์ ๋ฉธ ์Šค์œ„์น˜์ด๋ฉฐ
10:52
the gene coding region,
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์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™” ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์œ„์ด๊ณ 
10:54
and then a terminator,
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์ด ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๋์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ด๊ณ 
10:55
which indicates that this is the end of this gene, the next gene will start.
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๋‹ค์Œ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ข…๊ฒฐ ๋ถ€์œ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
Now, promoters are not simple on-off switches.
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์ด‰์ง„ ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ ๋ฉธ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:02
They normally require a lot of fine-tuning,
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๋ณดํ†ต์€ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ผœ๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ •๊ตํ•œ ์กฐ์œจ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
11:05
lots of things to be present and correct before that gene is switched on.
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:10
So what's typically done in biotech studies
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ์— ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ณตํ•™์—์„œ ํ”ํžˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
11:13
is that we use an inducible promoter,
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ผœ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
11:15
we know how to switch it on.
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์œ ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ด‰์ง„ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:16
We couple that to genes of interest
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๊ด€์ฐฐ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ธ ์œ ์ „์ž์— ์ด๊ฑธ ๋ถ™์—ฌ์„œ
11:18
and put that into a plant and see how the plant responds.
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์‹๋ฌผ์— ๋„ฃ์–ด ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”์ง€ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:22
In the study that I'm going to talk to you about,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ
11:24
my collaborators used a drought-induced promoter,
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์ œ ๊ณต๋™์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ถ€ํ™œ์ดˆ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ
11:27
which we discovered in a resurrection plant.
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๊ฐ€๋ญ„ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์ด‰์ง„ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:29
The nice thing about this promoter is that we do nothing.
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์ด ์ด‰์ง„ ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์žฅ์ ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•ˆ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
11:32
The plant itself senses drought.
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์‹๋ฌผ์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ญ„์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:35
And we've used it to drive antioxidant genes from resurrection plants.
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ™œ์ดˆ์—์„œ ์‚ฐํ™” ๋ฐฉ์ง€์ œ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์—†์•ด์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:40
Why antioxidant genes?
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์–ด์งธ์„œ ์‚ฐํ™” ๋ฐฉ์ง€์ œ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”?
11:42
Well, all stresses, particularly drought stress,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š”, ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฐ€๋ญ„์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š”
11:45
results in the formation of free radicals,
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์œ ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ, ๋˜๋Š” ํ™œ์„ฑ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:48
or reactive oxygen species,
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11:50
which are highly damaging and can cause crop death.
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๋งค์šฐ ์œ ํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž‘๋ฌผ์„ ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
11:53
What antioxidants do is stop that damage.
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์‚ฐํ™” ๋ฐฉ์ง€์ œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:57
So here's some data from a maize strain that's very popularly used in Africa.
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์— ๋งค์šฐ ํ”ํ•œ ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜์ข…์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:01
To the left of the arrow are plants without the genes,
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ํ™”์‚ด ์™ผ์ชฝ์ด ์‚ฐํ™” ๋ฐฉ์ง€์ œ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ์ด๊ณ 
12:04
to the right --
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:05
plants with the antioxidant genes.
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12:07
After three weeks without watering,
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3์ฃผ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
12:09
the ones with the genes do a hell of a lot better.
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์‚ฐํ™” ๋ฐฉ์ง€์ œ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ์ด ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ข‹์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:13
Now to the final approach.
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์ด์ œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:15
My research has shown that there's considerable similarity
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์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ™œ์ดˆ์™€ ์”จ์•—์˜ ๊ฑด์กฐ๋‚ด์„ฑ ์ž‘์šฉ์›๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์—
12:18
in the mechanisms of desiccation tolerance in seeds and resurrection plants.
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์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:23
So I ask the question,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:24
are they using the same genes?
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์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑด๊ฐ€?
12:26
Or slightly differently phrased,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ง๋กœ ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด
12:28
are resurrection plants using genes evolved in seed desiccation tolerance
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๋ถ€ํ™œ์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ์”จ์•—์˜ ๊ฑด์กฐ๋‚ด์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ž๊ธฐ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์žŽ์—
12:33
in their roots and leaves?
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑด๊ฐ€?
12:34
Have they retasked these seed genes
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๋ถ€ํ™œ์ดˆ์˜ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์žŽ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์”จ์•— ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์—
12:36
in roots and leaves of resurrection plants?
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ค€ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?
12:39
And I answer that question,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๋‹ตํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
12:41
as a consequence of a lot of research from my group
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์ œ ํŒ€์ด ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€
12:44
and recent collaborations from a group of Henk Hilhorst in the Netherlands,
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๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ํ—นํฌ ํžํ˜ธ์ŠคํŠธ ํŒ€๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฉœ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„์™€
12:47
Mel Oliver in the United States
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ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์ค„๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ท”ํŒ…ํฌ์™€
12:49
and Julia Buitink in France.
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์ตœ๊ทผ์— ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•œ ๊ณต๋™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
12:51
The answer is yes,
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๋‹ต์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
12:53
that there is a core set of genes that are involved in both.
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๋‘˜ ๋‹ค์— ๊ฐ„์„ญํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์œ ์ „์ž ์„ธํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”.
12:56
And I'm going to illustrate this very crudely for maize,
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์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ด๊ฑธ ๋Œ€๊ฐ• ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:59
where the chromosomes below the off switch
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์ ๋ฉธ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ์•„๋ž˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๊ฐ€
13:02
represent all the genes that are required for desiccation tolerance.
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๊ฑด์กฐ๋‚ด์„ฑ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:05
So as maize seeds dried out at the end of their period of development,
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์„ฑ์žฅ์˜ ๋ง‰๋ฐ”์ง€์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜ ์”จ์•—์€ ๊ฑด์กฐ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ
13:09
they switch these genes on.
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์ด ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ž‘๋™์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:12
Resurrection plants switch on the same genes
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๋ถ€ํ™œ์ดˆ๋„ ๊ฑด์กฐ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ž‘๋™์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:15
when they dry out.
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13:17
All modern crops, therefore,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ์— ๋ชจ๋“  ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ž‘๋ฌผ๋“ค์€
13:19
have these genes in their roots and leaves,
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๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์žŽ์— ์ด ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:21
they just never switch them on.
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์ž‘๋™์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋ฟ์ด์ฃ .
13:22
They only switch them on in seed tissues.
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์”จ์•— ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ž‘๋™์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:25
So what we're trying to do right now
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
13:27
is to understand the environmental and cellular signals
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๋ถ€ํ™œ์ดˆ์—์„œ ์ด ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ž‘๋™์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”
13:29
that switch on these genes in resurrection plants,
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:33
to mimic the process in crops.
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๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
13:35
And just a final thought.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ
13:37
What we're trying to do very rapidly
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์†ํžˆ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ผ์€
13:39
is to repeat what nature did in the evolution of resurrection plants
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์•ฝ 1,000๋งŒ๋…„์—์„œ 4,000๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „์— ์ž์—ฐ์ด ๋ถ€ํ™œ์ดˆ์˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์— ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„
13:43
some 10 to 40 million years ago.
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๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:46
My plants and I thank you for your attention.
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๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ์…”์„œ ์ œ ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:48
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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