Jonathan Foley: The other inconvenient truth

31,799 views ใƒป 2015-07-15

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Mark Freehoff ืžื‘ืงืจ: Beto Maya
00:13
Tonight, I want to have a conversation about
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ื”ืขืจื‘ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืฉื•ื—ื—
00:14
this incredible global issue
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ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื”ื–ื•
00:16
that's at the intersection of land use, food and environment,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื“ืžื”, ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
00:21
something we can all relate to,
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื•,
00:22
and what I've been calling the other inconvenient truth.
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ื•ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” "ื”ืืžืช ื”ืœื-ื ื•ื—ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”".
00:25
But first, I want to take you on a little journey.
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ืืš ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืืชื›ื ืœืžืกืข ืงืฆืจ.
00:28
Let's first visit our planet, but at night,
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ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื‘ื” ื ื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ื”ืคืขื ื‘ืœื™ืœื”,
00:31
and from space.
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ื•ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืœืœ.
00:33
This is what our planet looks like from outer space
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ื›ืš ื ืจืื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ
00:36
at nighttime, if you were to take a satellite and travel
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ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ืื™ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ
00:38
around the planet. And the thing you would notice first,
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช. ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘ ืืœื™ื• ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื,
00:41
of course, is how dominant the human presence
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช
00:44
on our planet is.
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ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
00:46
We see cities, we see oil fields,
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืจื™ื, ืฉื“ื•ืช ื ืคื˜,
00:49
you can even make out fishing fleets in the sea,
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืฆื™ื™ ื“ื™ื’ ื‘ื™ื.
00:52
that we are dominating much of our planet,
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ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
00:54
and mostly through the use of energy
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืข"ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
00:56
that we see here at night.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ, ื‘ืœื™ืœื”.
00:58
But let's go back and drop it a little deeper
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ืืš ื”ื‘ื” ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืขื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื•ื ืชืงืจื‘ ืžืขื˜
01:00
and look during the daytime.
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ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืจ ื™ื•ื.
01:02
What we see during the day is our landscapes.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
01:06
This is part of the Amazon Basin, a place called Rondรดnia
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ื–ื”ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืื’ืŸ ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก, ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืฉื "ืจื•ื ื“ื•ื ื™ื”",
01:09
in the south-center part of the Brazilian Amazon.
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ื“ืจื•ืž-ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก ื”ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœื™ืื™.
01:13
If you look really carefully in the upper right-hand corner,
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ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”,
01:16
you're going to see a thin white line,
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ืชื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ืงื• ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ื“ืง,
01:18
which is a road that was built in the 1970s.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืกืœืœ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70.
01:22
If we come back to the same place in 2001,
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ืื ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื ื‘-2001,
01:25
what we're going to find is that these roads
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ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื•
01:27
spurt off more roads, and more roads after that,
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ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ืจื›ื™ื,
01:31
at the end of which is a small clearing in the rainforest
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ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืงืจื—ืช ื‘ื™ืขืจ ื”ื’ืฉื
01:34
where there are going to be a few cows.
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ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ืคืจื•ืช.
01:37
These cows are used for beef. We're going to eat these cows.
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ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืงืจ ืœื‘ืฉืจ. ืื ื• ื ืื›ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
01:40
And these cows are eaten basically in South America,
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ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื-ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
01:43
in Brazil and Argentina. They're not being shipped up here.
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ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”. ืœื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ืืŸ.
01:45
But this kind of fishbone pattern of deforestation
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืœื“-ื”ื“ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ื ื™ืขืจื•ืช
01:48
is something we notice a lot of around the tropics,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื,
01:51
especially in this part of the world.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:53
If we go a little bit further south in our little tour of the world,
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ืื ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืžืขื˜ ื“ืจื•ืžื”, ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืœื ื• ื”ืงืฆืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
01:56
we can go to the Bolivian edge of the Amazon,
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ื ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื™ื‘ื™ืื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก,
01:59
here also in 1975, and if you look really carefully,
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ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ื‘-1975, ื•ืื ืชืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘,
02:03
there's a thin white line through that kind of seam,
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ื™ืฉ ืงื• ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ื“ืง ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืคืจ ื”ื–ื”,
02:06
and there's a lone farmer out there
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื—ื•ื•ืื™ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืื—ื“
02:08
in the middle of the primeval jungle.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื’'ื•ื ื’ืœ ื”ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชื™.
02:10
Let's come back again a few years later, here in 2003,
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ืื ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ืืŸ ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘-2003,
02:15
and we'll see that that landscape actually looks
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ื ื’ืœื” ืฉื”ื ื•ืฃ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืขืฆื
02:17
a lot more like Iowa than it does like a rainforest.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืื™ื•ื•ื” ืžืืฉืจ ื™ืขืจ-ื’ืฉื.
02:20
In fact, what you're seeing here are soybean fields.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื ืฉื“ื•ืช ืกื•ื™ื”.
02:24
These soybeans are being shipped to Europe and to China
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ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ืกื•ื™ื” ื”ืืœื” ื ืฉืœื—ื™ื ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืœืกื™ืŸ
02:27
as animal feed, especially after the mad cow disease scare
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ื›ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืœืช ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืคืจื” ื”ืžืฉื•ื’ืขืช
02:30
about a decade ago, where we don't want to feed animals
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ืžืœืคื ื™ ื›ืขืฉื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื ืื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื
02:33
animal protein anymore, because that can transmit disease.
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ื‘ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™, ื›ื™ ื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
02:36
Instead, we want to feed them more vegetable proteins.
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ื›ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ, ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืฆื•ืžื—.
02:39
So soybeans have really exploded,
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ืื– ื—ืœื” ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื‘ืขื ืฃ ื”ืกื•ื™ื”,
02:41
showing how trade and globalization are
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื›ื™ื— ื›ืžื” ื”ืกื—ืจ ื•ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”
02:44
really responsible for the connections to rainforests
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ื‘ืืžืช ืื—ืจืื™ื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉื
02:47
and the Amazon -- an incredibly strange
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ื•ื‘ืืžื–ื•ื ืก -- ืžื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื
02:49
and interconnected world that we have today.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•.
02:52
Well, again and again, what we find as we look
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื
02:54
around the world in our little tour of the world
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื•,
02:56
is that landscape after landscape after landscape
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ื ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ื ื•ืฃ
03:00
have been cleared and altered for growing food
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ืขื‘ืจื• ื—ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื•ืกื‘ื• ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ
03:03
and other crops.
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ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
03:05
So one of the questions we've been asking is,
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ืื– ืื—ืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืฉืืœื ื• ื”ื™ื,
03:08
how much of the world is used to grow food,
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ื›ืžื” ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
03:10
and where is it exactly, and how can we change that
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื–ืืช
03:12
into the future, and what does it mean?
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ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ื•ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ?
03:15
Well, our team has been looking at this on a global scale,
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ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื“ืง ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™,
03:18
using satellite data and ground-based data kind of to track
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืฉื˜ื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ
03:21
farming on a global scale.
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ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
03:23
And this is what we found, and it's startling.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื•, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื”ื™ืœื™ื.
03:27
This map shows the presence of agriculture
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ื”ืžืคื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืจืื” ืืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช
03:29
on planet Earth.
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ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช "ืืจืฅ".
03:32
The green areas are the areas we use to grow crops,
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ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ื”ื ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ืื ื• ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื,
03:35
like wheat or soybeans or corn or rice or whatever.
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ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ื˜ื”, ืกื•ื™ื”, ืชื™ืจืก, ืื•ืจื– ื•ื›ื•'.
03:38
That's 16 million square kilometers' worth of land.
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ื–ื• ืงืจืงืข ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ 16 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงืž"ืจ.
03:42
If you put it all together in one place,
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ืื™ืœื• ืฆื™ืจืคื ื• ืืช ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“,
03:44
it'd be the size of South America.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
03:47
The second area, in brown, is the world's pastures
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™, ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื—ื•ื, ื”ื•ื ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืจืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
03:49
and rangelands, where our animals live.
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ื•ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
03:52
That area's about 30 million square kilometers,
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ื–ื”ื• ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื›-30 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงืž"ืจ,
03:54
or about an Africa's worth of land,
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ืื• ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
03:57
a huge amount of land, and it's the best land, of course,
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ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื”, ื•ื–ื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
04:00
is what you see. And what's left is, like,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืฉืืจ ื”ื•ื,
04:02
the middle of the Sahara Desert, or Siberia,
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ืžืจื›ื– ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืกื”ืจื”, ืื• ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ,
04:04
or the middle of a rain forest.
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ืื• ืœื‘ ื™ืขืจ ื”ื’ืฉื.
04:06
We're using a planet's worth of land already.
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ืื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื”-ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื.
04:09
If we look at this carefully, we find it's about 40 percent
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ืื ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ื ืจืื” ืฉื›-40 ืื—ื•ื–
04:12
of the Earth's land surface is devoted to agriculture,
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ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื™ื ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช,
04:15
and it's 60 times larger
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืคื™ 60
04:17
than all the areas we complain about,
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ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžืชืœื•ื ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื:
04:20
our suburban sprawl and our cities where we mostly live.
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ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืขืจื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื.
04:23
Half of humanity lives in cities today,
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ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื.
04:26
but a 60-times-larger area is used to grow food.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ 60 ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
04:30
So this is an amazing kind of result,
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ื•ื–ื• ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”,
04:32
and it really shocked us when we looked at that.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ืขื–ืขื” ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื.
04:34
So we're using an enormous amount of land for agriculture,
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืงืจืงืข ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช,
04:37
but also we're using a lot of water.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ื’ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื™ื.
04:39
This is a photograph flying into Arizona,
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ื–ื”ื• ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืืจื™ื–ื•ื ื”,
04:42
and when you look at it, you're like,
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ื•ืื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื,
04:43
"What are they growing here?" It turns out
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"ืžื” ื”ื ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื›ืืŸ?" ืžืกืชื‘ืจ,
04:44
they're growing lettuce in the middle of the desert
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ืฉืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื—ืกื” ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ
04:47
using water sprayed on top.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืฉืงื™ื™ื” ืขื™ืœื™ืช.
04:49
Now, the irony is, it's probably sold
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ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื— ื ืžื›ืจ
04:51
in our supermarket shelves in the Twin Cities.
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ืขืœ ืžื“ืคื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ืืคื•ืœื™ืก-ืกื ื˜ ืคื•ืœ.
04:53
But what's really interesting is, this water's got to come
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข
04:56
from some place, and it comes from here,
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ืžืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ื•ื”ื ื‘ืื™ื ืžื›ืืŸ,
04:58
the Colorado River in North America.
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ื ื”ืจ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืจื“ื• ืฉื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
05:01
Well, the Colorado on a typical day in the 1950s,
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ื–ื” ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืจื“ื•, ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื’ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50,
05:04
this is just, you know, not a flood, not a drought,
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื˜ืคื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช,
05:06
kind of an average day, it looks something like this.
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ืกืชื ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœ, ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ื›ื”.
05:09
But if we come back today, during a normal condition
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืฉื ื”ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื
05:11
to the exact same location, this is what's left.
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ื•ืœืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ืฉืืจ.
05:15
The difference is mainly irrigating the desert for food,
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื ื•ื‘ืข ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื”ืฉืงื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
05:18
or maybe golf courses in Scottsdale, you take your pick.
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉืงื™ื™ืช ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื’ื•ืœืฃ ื‘ืกืงื•ื˜ืกื“ื™ื™ืœ, ืชื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืืชื.
05:22
Well, this is a lot of water, and again, we're mining water
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ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื™ื. ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื• ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื
05:24
and using it to grow food,
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ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
05:27
and today, if you travel down further down the Colorado,
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ืชืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืจื“ื•,
05:30
it dries up completely and no longer flows into the ocean.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื ืฉืคืš ืืœ ื”ื™ื.
05:33
We've literally consumed an entire river in North America
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ืฆืจื›ื ื• ื ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•, .
05:36
for irrigation.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืฉืงื™ื”.
05:38
Well, that's not even the worst example in the world.
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ื•ื–ืืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื›ื™ ืขืฆื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
05:40
This probably is: the Aral Sea.
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ืืœื ืื•ืœื™ ื–ืืช: ื™ืžืช ืืจืืœ.
05:43
Now, a lot you will remember this from your geography classes.
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื•ื“ืื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”.
05:46
This is in the former Soviet Union
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ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ
05:48
in between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื–ื—ืกื˜ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื–ื‘ืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ,
05:50
one of the great inland seas of the world.
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ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ื-ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
05:53
But there's kind of a paradox here, because it looks like
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืกืชื™ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช
05:55
it's surrounded by desert. Why is this sea here?
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ืžื•ืงืคืช ืžื“ื‘ืจ. ืžื” ื”ื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืืŸ?
05:58
The reason it's here is because, on the right-hand side,
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ
06:00
you see two little rivers kind of coming down
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื
06:03
through the sand, feeding this basin with water.
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ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืœื•ืช, ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืžื™ื ืœืื’ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
06:06
Those rivers are draining snowmelt from mountains
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ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ืžื ืงื–ื™ื ืฉืœื’ ื ืžืก ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืจื™ื
06:09
far to the east, where snow melts, it travels down the river
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ื”ืจื—ืง ื‘ืžื–ืจื—, ื•ื”ืฉืœื’ ื”ื ืžืก ื–ื•ืจื ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื ื”ืจ
06:12
through the desert, and forms the great Aral Sea.
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ื•ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื™ืžืช ืืจืืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
06:15
Well, in the 1950s, the Soviets decided to divert that water
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื
06:19
to irrigate the desert to grow cotton, believe it or not,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื’ื“ืœ ื›ื•ืชื ื”, ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:22
in Kazakhstan, to sell cotton to the international markets
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ื‘ืงื–ื—ืกื˜ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืชื ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™
06:25
to bring foreign currency into the Soviet Union.
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ื•ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื–ืจ ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช.
06:27
They really needed the money.
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ื”ื ื ื–ืงืงื• ื ื•ืืฉื•ืช ืœื›ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื”.
06:29
Well, you can imagine what happens. You turn off
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ืืชื ื•ื“ืื™ ืžืชืืจื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืžื” ืงืจื”. ืื ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื
06:31
the water supply to the Aral Sea, what's going to happen?
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ืืช ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื™ื ืœื™ืžืช ืืจืืœ, ืžื” ื™ืงืจื”?
06:34
Here it is in 1973,
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ื–ื”ื• ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื ื‘-1973,
06:37
1986,
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ื‘-1986,
06:39
1999,
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1999,
06:42
2004,
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2004,
06:45
and about 11 months ago.
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ื•ืœืคื ื™ ื›-11 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
06:49
It's pretty extraordinary.
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ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™.
06:51
Now a lot of us in the audience here live in the Midwest.
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืงื”ืœ, ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
06:55
Imagine that was Lake Superior.
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉื–ื”ื• ืื’ื ืกื•ืคืจื™ื•ืจ.
06:57
Imagine that was Lake Huron.
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ืื• ืื’ื ื™ื•ืจื•ืŸ.
07:01
It's an extraordinary change.
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ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
07:02
This is not only a change in water and
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ื–ื”ื• ืœื ืจืง ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื
07:05
where the shoreline is, this is a change in the fundamentals
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ืงื• ื”ื—ื•ืฃ, ืืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“
07:07
of the environment of this region.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื–ื•ืจ.
07:09
Let's start with this.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื–ื”.
07:10
The Soviet Union didn't really have a Sierra Club.
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ืœืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ื›ืžื• ื”"ืกื™ื™ืจื” ืงืœืื‘".
07:13
Let's put it that way.
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ื ื ืกื— ื–ืืช ื›ืš.
07:14
So what you find in the bottom of the Aral Sea ain't pretty.
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื™ืžืช ืืจืืœ ืื™ื ื ื• ื ื—ืžื“.
07:18
There's a lot of toxic waste, a lot of things
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ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืคืกื•ืœืช ืจืขื™ืœื”, ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
07:20
that were dumped there that are now becoming airborne.
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ืฉื”ื•ืฉืœื›ื• ื›ืืŸ ื•ื›ืขืช ื”ื ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
07:22
One of those small islands that was remote
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ื—ืง
07:24
and impossible to get to was a site
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ื•ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื’ืขื”, ื”ื™ื” ืืชืจ
07:26
of Soviet biological weapons testing.
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ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ืฉืง ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™.
07:28
You can walk there today.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื ื‘ืจื’ืœ.
07:30
Weather patterns have changed.
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ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืฉืชื ื•.
07:31
Nineteen of the unique 20 fish species found only
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19 ืž-20 ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื’ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ืืš ื•ืจืง
07:35
in the Aral Sea are now wiped off the face of the Earth.
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ื‘ื™ืžืช ืืจืืœ, ื ื›ื—ื“ื• ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
07:38
This is an environmental disaster writ large.
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ื–ื”ื• ืืกื•ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืกื“ืจ-ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžื–ืขื–ืข.
07:40
But let's bring it home.
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ืืš ืื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื,
07:42
This is a picture that Al Gore gave me a few years ago
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ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืืœ ื’ื•ืจ ื ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื
07:45
that he took when he was in the Soviet Union
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ืœื ืื•ืชื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื”"ืž
07:46
a long, long time ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ,
07:48
showing the fishing fleets of the Aral Sea.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืจืื” ืืช ืฆื™ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื’ ื‘ื™ืžืช ืืจืืœ.
07:51
You see the canal they dug?
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ืฉื”ื ื—ืคืจื•?
07:53
They were so desperate to try to, kind of, float the boats into
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ื” ื ื•ืืฉื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืจื•ืช
07:55
the remaining pools of water, but they finally had to give up
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ื‘ืฉืœื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชืจื•, ืขื“ ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื•ื•ืชืจ
07:57
because the piers and the moorings simply couldn't
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ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื–ื—ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืขื’ื ื™ื
08:00
keep up with the retreating shoreline.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื ืกื™ื’ืช ืงื• ื”ื—ื•ืฃ.
08:02
I don't know about you, but I'm terrified that future
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ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืื™ืชื›ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ื“
08:04
archaeologists will dig this up and write stories about
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ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื™ื—ืคืจื• ื›ืืŸ, ื•ื™ื›ืชื‘ื• ืžืืžืจื™ื
08:06
our time in history, and wonder, "What were you thinking?"
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ืขืœ ืชืงื•ืคืชื ื•, ื•ื™ืชื”ื•, "ืžื” ืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ื ื‘ืจืืฉ?"
08:09
Well, that's the future we have to look forward to.
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ื•ืืžื ื, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
08:12
We already use about 50 percent of the Earth's fresh water
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื™ืฆืœื ื• ื›-50% ืžื”ืžื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
08:15
that's sustainable, and agriculture alone
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ืฉื”ื ื‘ืจื™-ืงื™ื™ืžื, ื•ืจืง ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช
08:17
is 70 percent of that.
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ื”ื™ื 70% ืžื”ื.
08:20
So we use a lot of water, a lot of land for agriculture.
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ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื™ื, ื‘ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืื“ืžื” ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
08:23
We also use a lot of the atmosphere for agriculture.
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ื•ื’ื ื‘ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื” ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
08:26
Usually when we think about the atmosphere,
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ื‘ื“"ื› ื›ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื”,
08:29
we think about climate change and greenhouse gases,
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ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื•ื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื”,
08:31
and mostly around energy,
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
08:33
but it turns out agriculture is one of the biggest emitters
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ืืš ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืื—ืช ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:36
of greenhouse gases too.
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ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”.
08:38
If you look at carbon dioxide from
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ืื ื ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™
08:40
burning tropical rainforest,
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ืฉื ืคืœื˜ ืžืฉืจื™ืคืช ื™ืขืจื•ืช-ื’ืฉื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื,
08:42
or methane coming from cows and rice,
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ืื• ืœืžืชืืŸ ืฉื ืคืœื˜ ืžื‘ืงืจ ื•ืื•ืจื–,
08:45
or nitrous oxide from too many fertilizers,
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ืื• ืœืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจืช ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื“ื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื™,
08:48
it turns out agriculture is 30 percent of the greenhouse
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœ-30 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื”
08:51
gases going into the atmosphere from human activity.
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ืฉื ืคืœื˜ื™ื ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื” ืขืงื‘ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
08:54
That's more than all our transportation.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœื ื•.
08:55
It's more than all our electricity.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉืœื ื•.
08:57
It's more than all other manufacturing, in fact.
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื, ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
09:00
It's the single largest emitter of greenhouse gases
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”
09:03
of any human activity in the world.
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ืžื›ืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
09:05
And yet, we don't talk about it very much.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืื ื• ืœื ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš.
09:08
So we have this incredible presence today of agriculture
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ืื– ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช
09:11
dominating our planet,
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ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
09:13
whether it's 40 percent of our land surface,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘-40% ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืงืจืงืข,
09:15
70 percent of the water we use,
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70% ืžื”ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื,
09:17
30 percent of our greenhouse gas emissions.
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30% ืžืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื”.
09:20
We've doubled the flows of nitrogen and phosphorus
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ื”ื›ืคืœื ื• ืืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ื•ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
09:23
around the world simply by using fertilizers,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืข"ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืฉื ื™ื,
09:25
causing huge problems of water quality from rivers,
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ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืžื™ ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช, ื”ืื’ืžื™ื
09:28
lakes, and even oceans, and it's also the single biggest
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื, ื•ื–ื”ื• ื’ื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืœื”
09:31
driver of biodiversity loss.
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ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
09:34
So without a doubt, agriculture is
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืœื ืกืคืง
09:36
the single most powerful force unleashed on this planet
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื“ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืฉื™ื—ืจืจื ื• ืขืœื™-ืื“ืžื•ืช
09:39
since the end of the ice age. No question.
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ืžืื– ืชื•ื ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงืจื—. ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ.
09:42
And it rivals climate change in importance.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ืจื” ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช.
09:45
And they're both happening at the same time.
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ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื’ื ืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ.
09:48
But what's really important here to remember is that
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ืืš ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื,
09:50
it's not all bad. It's not that agriculture's a bad thing.
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ืฉืœื ื”ื›ืœ ืจืข. ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืข.
09:54
In fact, we completely depend on it.
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ืื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”.
09:56
It's not optional. It's not a luxury. It's an absolute necessity.
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ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื” ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืื• ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื•ื ื™.
10:00
We have to provide food and feed and, yeah,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืกืคืง ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ,
10:02
fiber and even biofuels to something like seven billion people
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ื•ืœืกืคืง ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ื•-ื“ืœืงื™ื ืœื›-7 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื
10:06
in the world today, and if anything,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”,
10:09
we're going to have the demands on agriculture
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ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช
10:11
increase into the future. It's not going to go away.
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ืชื’ื“ืœื ื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“. ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชื™ืขืœื.
10:14
It's going to get a lot bigger, mainly because of
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ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืชืœืš ื•ืชื’ื“ืœ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ
10:16
growing population. We're seven billion people today
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ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”. ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• 7 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื
10:19
heading towards at least nine,
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ื•ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”-9,
10:21
probably nine and a half before we're done.
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ืื•ืœื™ 9 ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ืกื•ืฃ.
10:24
More importantly, changing diets.
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื–ื•ื ื”.
10:26
As the world becomes wealthier as well as more populous,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืขืฉื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืื•ื›ืœืก ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:29
we're seeing increases in dietary consumption of meat,
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ,
10:32
which take a lot more resources than a vegetarian diet does.
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ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื”ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื™ืช.
10:36
So more people, eating more stuff, and richer stuff,
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ืื– ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:40
and of course having an energy crisis at the same time,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืžืชื—ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช,
10:43
where we have to replace oil with other energy sources
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ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื—ืจื™ื
10:46
that will ultimately have to include some kinds of biofuels
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ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื•ืก ืžืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•-ื“ืœืงื™ื
10:49
and bio-energy sources.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•-ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
10:51
So you put these together. It's really hard to see
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ืื ืชืฆืจืคื• ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื“, ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืœืจืื•ืช
10:53
how we're going to get to the rest of the century
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ืื™ืš ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื™ืชืจืช ื”ืžืื”
10:56
without at least doubling global agricultural production.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉืœืคื—ื•ืช ื ื›ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืคื•ืงื” ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
11:00
Well, how are we going to do this? How are going to
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ื”ืื ื ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื›ืš? ืื™ืš ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื
11:02
double global ag production around the world?
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ืœื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืคื•ืงื” ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื?
11:05
Well, we could try to farm more land.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื“ ืขื•ื“ ืื“ืžื”.
11:08
This is an analysis we've done, where on the left is where
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ื–ื”ื• ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืขืจื›ื ื•, ื›ืฉืžืฉืžืืœ ืจื•ืื™ื
11:10
the crops are today, on the right is where they could be
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ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ื•ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ - ืœืืŸ ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข
11:14
based on soils and climate, assuming climate change
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ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ื”ืืงืœื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
11:17
doesn't disrupt too much of this,
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ืœื ื™ืฉื‘ืฉื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ื”,
11:19
which is not a good assumption.
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ื•ื–ืืช ืื™ื ื ื” ื”ื ื—ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
11:20
We could farm more land, but the problem is
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื“ืžื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื
11:23
the remaining lands are in sensitive areas.
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ืฉื”ืื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ืœื ื• ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื.
11:26
They have a lot of biodiversity, a lot of carbon,
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืคื—ืžืŸ,
11:28
things we want to protect.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืฉืžืจ.
11:30
So we could grow more food by expanding farmland,
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ืื– ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืข"ื™ ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ,
11:33
but we'd better not,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช,
11:34
because it's ecologically a very, very dangerous thing to do.
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ื›ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื–ื” ืžืื“ ืžืื“ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ.
11:38
Instead, we maybe want to freeze the footprint
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื ืงืคื™ื ืืช ื“ืจื™ืกืช ื”ืจื’ืœ
11:40
of agriculture and farm the lands we have better.
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ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื•ื ืฉืคืจ ืืช ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•.
11:44
This is work that we're doing to try to highlight places
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื
11:46
in the world where we could improve yields
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื
11:49
without harming the environment.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื–ื™ืง ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
11:51
The green areas here show where corn yields,
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ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืžืจืื™ื ืืช ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื™ืจืก,
11:54
just showing corn as an example,
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ื”ืชื™ืจืก ืจืง ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
11:56
are already really high, probably the maximum you could
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ืฉื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืื“, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:58
find on Earth today for that climate and soil,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื•ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืœื”,
12:01
but the brown areas and yellow areas are places where
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื
12:04
we're only getting maybe 20 or 30 percent of the yield
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ืื ื• ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืจืง 20-30 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื
12:06
you should be able to get.
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื”ื.
12:08
You see a lot of this in Africa, even Latin America,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืืœื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช,
12:10
but interestingly, Eastern Europe, where Soviet Union
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ืืš ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžื–ืจื—-ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช
12:13
and Eastern Bloc countries used to be,
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ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™,
12:15
is still a mess agriculturally.
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ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื’ืŸ ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
12:17
Now, this would require nutrients and water.
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ื–ื” ื™ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื.
12:20
It's going to either be organic or conventional
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ืชื™ื“ืจืฉ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช ืื• ืจื’ื™ืœื”,
12:22
or some mix of the two to deliver that.
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ืื• ืื™ื–ื• ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ืืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืš.
12:24
Plants need water and nutrients.
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ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื•ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื.
12:26
But we can do this, and there are opportunities to make this work.
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ืืš ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—, ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื™ืฆืœื™ื—.
12:29
But we have to do it in a way that is sensitive
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืžืชื•ืš ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš
12:31
to meeting the food security needs of the future
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ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“
12:34
and the environmental security needs of the future.
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื’ื ืืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
12:37
We have to figure out how to make this tradeoff between
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘
12:40
growing food and having a healthy environment work better.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื”.
12:44
Right now, it's kind of an all-or-nothing proposition.
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ื›ืจื’ืข ื–ื”ื• ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœ-ืื•-ื›ืœื•ื.
12:47
We can grow food in the background --
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืงืข --
12:49
that's a soybean field โ€”
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ื–ื”ื• ืฉื“ื” ืกื•ื™ื” --
12:50
and in this flower diagram, it shows we grow a lot of food,
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ื•ื“ื™ืื’ืจืžืช ื”ืคืจื— ื”ื–ื• ืžืจืื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
12:53
but we don't have a lot clean water, we're not storing
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื, ืื ื• ืœื ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืœืื“ืžื”
12:56
a lot of carbon, we don't have a lot of biodiversity.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ืžืŸ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
12:59
In the foreground, we have this prairie
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ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช, ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•
13:01
that's wonderful from the environmental side,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืžื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™,
13:02
but you can't eat anything. What's there to eat?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื›ืืŸ?
13:05
We need to figure out how to bring both of those together
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ืฉืชื™ ืืœื”
13:08
into a new kind of agriculture that brings them all together.
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ืœืกื•ื’ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื™ื™ืชืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ืืœื”.
13:12
Now, when I talk about this, people often tell me,
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื™,
13:14
"Well, isn't blank the answer?" -- organic food,
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"ื”ืื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื™ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”?" -- ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™,
13:17
local food, GMOs, new trade subsidies, new farm bills --
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ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™, ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืก-ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช, ืกื•ื‘ืกื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืกื—ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื—ื•ืงื™ ืžืฉืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
13:22
and yeah, we have a lot of good ideas here,
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ื•ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
13:25
but not any one of these is a silver bullet.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืื™ื ื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื›ืกืฃ ืคืœืื™ (ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืงืกื ื™ื—ื™ื“).
13:28
In fact, what I think they are is more like silver buckshot.
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ืฆื™ื“ ืคืœืื™ (ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ).
13:31
And I love silver buckshot. You put it together
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ืžื•ืฆื ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื“ ื”ืคืœืื™. ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื•,
13:34
and you've got something really powerful,
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ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืจื‘-ืขื•ืฆืžื”,
13:36
but we need to put them together.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื•.
13:38
So what we have to do, I think, is invent a new kind
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ืื– ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ
13:41
of agriculture that blends the best ideas
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ืฉืœ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืฉืžืžื–ื’ืช ืืช ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช
13:43
of commercial agriculture and the green revolution
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ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื”
13:47
with the best ideas of organic farming and local food
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ื•ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™
13:50
and the best ideas of environmental conservation,
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ื•ืืช ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
13:54
not to have them fighting each other but to have them
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ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืื‘ืงื• ืืœื” ื‘ืืœื”,
13:55
collaborating together to form a new kind of agriculture,
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ืืœื ื™ืฉืชืคื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช,
13:59
something I call "terraculture," or farming for a whole planet.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” "ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืขื•ืœื", ืื• ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•.
14:04
Now, having this conversation has been really hard,
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ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ื–ื”,
14:07
and we've been trying very hard to bring these key points
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ื•ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืืžืฅ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืคืชื— ืืœื”
14:09
to people to reduce the controversy,
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ืืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช,
14:11
to increase the collaboration.
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”.
14:13
I want to show you a short video that does kind of show
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืฉืžืจืื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช
14:15
our efforts right now to bring these sides together
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ืืช ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ืœืงืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื
14:18
into a single conversation. So let me show you that.
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ืœืฉื™ื— ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“. ืืงืจื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ืื•ืชื•.
14:21
(Music)
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[ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”]
14:25
("Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota: Driven to Discover")
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["ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžื™ื ืกื•ื˜ื”: ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืœื’ืœื•ืช"]
14:29
(Music)
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[ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”]
14:30
("The world population is growing
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["ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื’ื“ืœื”
14:32
by 75 million people each year.
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ื‘-75 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ืคืฉ ืœืฉื ื”.
14:35
That's almost the size of Germany.
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ื–ื”ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.
14:37
Today, we're nearing 7 billion people.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืงืจื‘ื™ื ืœ-7 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ืคืฉ.
14:40
At this rate, we'll reach 9 billion people by 2040.
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ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื–ื”, ื ื’ื™ืข ืœ-9 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ืคืฉ ืขื“ 2040.
14:43
And we all need food.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ื–ื“ืงืง ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ.
14:45
But how?
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ืืš ื›ื™ืฆื“?
14:46
How do we feed a growing world without destroying the planet?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืื›ื™ืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช?
14:49
We already know climate change is a big problem.
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ืื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช.
14:52
But it's not the only problem.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”.
14:53
We need to face 'the other inconvenient truth.'
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืœื ื•ื›ื— 'ื”ืืžืช ื”ืœื-ื ื•ื—ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”'.
14:56
A global crisis in agriculture.
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ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
14:59
Population growth + meat consumption + dairy consumption + energy costs + bioenergy production = stress on natural resources.
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ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ+ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘+ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”+ื”ืคืงืช ื‘ื™ื•-ืื ืจื’ื™ื”=ืขื•ืžืก ืขืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
15:05
More than 40% of Earth's land has been cleared for agriculture.
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ืžืขืœ ืž-40% ืžื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื•ืจืื” ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
15:08
Global croplands cover 16 million kmยฒ.
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ืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื›ืกื•ืช 16 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงืž"ืจ.
15:10
That's almost the size of South America.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื-ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
15:14
Global pastures cover 30 million kmยฒ.
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ืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืจืขื” ืžื›ืกื•ืช 30 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงืž"ืจ.
15:15
That's the size of Africa.
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ื–ื”ื• ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
15:18
Agriculture uses 60 times more land than urban and suburban areas combined.
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ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืžื ืฆืœืช ืคื™ 60 ืงืจืงืข ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคืจื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื ื™ื—ื“.
15:22
Irrigation is the biggest use of water on the planet.
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ื”ื”ืฉืงื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื™-ืื“ืžื•ืช.
15:26
We use 2,800 cubic kilometers of water on crops every year.
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ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘-2,800 ืž"ืง ืžื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ื™ืช ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
15:30
That's enough to fill 7,305 Empire State Buildings every day.
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ื–ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืžืœื 7,305 ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ "ืืžืคื™ื™ืจ ืกื˜ื™ื™ื˜" ืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื.
15:34
Today, many large rivers have reduced flows.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืคื—ืชื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
15:37
Some dry up altogether.
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ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื›ืืœื” ืฉื™ื‘ืฉื• ืœื’ืžืจื™.
15:39
Look at the Aral Sea, now turned to desert.
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ืจืื• ืืช ื™ืžืช ืืจืืœ, ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžื“ื‘ืจ.
15:43
Or the Colorado River, which no longer flows to the ocean.
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ืื• ื ื”ืจ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืจื“ื•, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ืœื™ื.
15:47
Fertilizers have more than doubled the phosphorus and nitrogen in the environment.
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ื”ื“ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื›ืคื™ืœื• ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ื•ื”ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
15:51
The consequence?
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช?
15:52
Widespread water pollution
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ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘
15:54
and massive degradation of lakes and rivers.
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ื•ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืื’ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช.
15:56
Surprisingly, agriculture is the biggest contributor to climate change.
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ื‘ืžืคืชื™ืข, ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
16:00
It generates 30% of greenhouse gas emissions.
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ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืœื˜ืช 30% ืžื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื”.
16:03
That's more than the emissions from all electricity and industry,
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื”,
16:06
or from all the world's planes, trains and automobiles.
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ืื• ื›ืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, ื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
16:09
Most agricultural emissions come from tropical deforestation,
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ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ื ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื,
16:11
methane from animals and rice fields,
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ื‘ืžืชืืŸ ืžื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื“ื•ืช ืื•ืจื–,
16:12
and nitrous oxide from over-fertilizing.
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ื•ื‘ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื—ื ืงืŸ ืžื“ื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืชืจ.
16:14
There is nothing we do that transforms the world more than agriculture.
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ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
16:17
And there's nothing we do that is more crucial to our survival.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื ื•.
16:21
Here's the dilemma...
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ื”ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืœืžื”:
16:22
As the world grows by several billion more people,
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ื›ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื,
16:27
We'll need to double, maybe even triple, global food production.
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ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ื•ืืฃ ืœืฉืœืฉ ืืช ืชืคื•ืงืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
16:31
So where do we go from here?
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืžื”ื• ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ?
16:33
We need a bigger conversation, an international dialogue.
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืฉื™ื— ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื™ื— ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™.
16:36
We need to invest in real solutions:
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื:
16:37
incentives for farmers, precision agriculture, new crop varieties, drip irrigation,
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ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืงืœืื™ื, ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช, ื–ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื”ืฉืงื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืคื˜ื•ืฃ,
16:42
gray water recycling, better tillage practices, smarter diets.
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ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžื™ื ืืคื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืฉื•ืคืจื•ืช, ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื—ื›ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
16:45
We need everyone at the table.
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ื•ืœื ืœื™ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ:
16:48
Advocates of commercial agriculture,
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ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช,
16:49
environmental conservation,
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ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
16:51
and organic farming...
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ื•ื”ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื
16:52
must work together.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื.
16:54
There is no single solution.
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ืื™ืŸ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“.
16:56
We need collaboration,
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ-ืคืขื•ืœื”,
16:57
imagination,
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ืœื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ,
16:59
determination,
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ืœื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช,
17:00
because failure is not an option.
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ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืœื ื‘ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ.
17:03
How do we feed the world without destroying it?
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ืื™ืš ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืื•ืชื•?"
17:07
Yeah, so we face one of the greatest grand challenges
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
17:10
in all of human history today:
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช:
17:12
the need to feed nine billion people
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ 9 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ืคืฉื•ืช
17:15
and do so sustainably and equitably and justly,
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืงื™ื™ืžืช, ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืฆื•ื“ืงืช,
17:18
at the same time protecting our planet
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ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•
17:20
for this and future generations.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื•ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื.
17:23
This is going to be one of the hardest things
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
17:24
we ever have done in human history,
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ืฉืื™-ืคืขื ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
17:26
and we absolutely have to get it right,
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืืœื ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื›ืš,
17:29
and we have to get it right on our first and only try.
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ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื•.
17:34
So thanks very much. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื. [ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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