Quyen Nguyen: Color-coded surgery

103,622 views ใƒป 2011-12-13

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Mattan Bar-Yishay ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
I want to talk to you
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื
00:17
about one of the biggest myths in medicine,
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ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืจืคื•ืื”,
00:19
and that is the idea
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
00:21
that all we need are more medical breakthroughs
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ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช,
00:24
and then all of our problems will be solved.
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ื•ืื– ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื™ืคืชืจื•.
00:27
Our society loves to romanticize
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœืคื ื˜ื–
00:30
the idea of the single, solo inventor
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ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“
00:32
who, working late in the lab one night,
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ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
00:35
makes an earthshaking discovery,
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ืžื•ืฆื ืื™ื–ื• ืชื’ืœื™ืช ืžืจืขื™ื“ืช ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช,
00:38
and voila, overnight everything's changed.
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ื•ื”ื•ืค! ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื›ืœ ืžืฉืชื ื”.
00:42
That's a very appealing picture,
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ื–ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืฉื›ืช,
00:44
however, it's just not true.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
00:47
In fact, medicine today is a team sport.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™.
00:50
And in many ways,
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ื•ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื,
00:52
it always has been.
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ื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื–ืืช.
00:54
I'd like to share with you a story
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืชื›ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
00:56
about how I've experienced this very dramatically
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ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ื–ืืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™
00:59
in my own work.
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ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™.
01:01
I'm a surgeon,
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ืื ื™ ืžื ืชื—ืช,
01:03
and we surgeons have always had
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ื•ืœื ื• ื”ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื”
01:05
this special relationship with light.
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืขื ืื•ืจ.
01:08
When I make an incision inside a patient's body, it's dark.
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื—ืชืš ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื”, ื—ืฉื•ืš ืฉื.
01:12
We need to shine light to see what we're doing.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื” ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
01:15
And this is why, traditionally,
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ื–ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”, ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™,
01:18
surgeries have always started so early in the morning --
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ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ-
01:20
to take advantage of daylight hours.
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ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ.
01:22
And if you look at historical pictures
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ื•ืื ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
01:24
of the early operating rooms,
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ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื,
01:26
they have been on top of buildings.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืœ ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
01:29
For example, this is the oldest operating room in the Western world,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื–ื”ื• ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™,
01:31
in London,
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ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
01:33
where the operating room
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ืฉื—ื“ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—
01:35
is actually on top of a church
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืขืœ ืœื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”
01:37
with a skylight coming in.
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ืขื ืฆื•ื”ืจ ืฉืžื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืจ.
01:39
And then this is a picture
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ื•ื–ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื”
01:41
of one of the most famous hospitals in America.
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ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
01:44
This is Mass General in Boston.
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ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื "ืžืืก ื’'ื ืจืœ" ืฉื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ.
01:46
And do you know where the operating room is?
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืคื” ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—?
01:48
Here it is
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ื”ื ื”,
01:50
on the top of the building
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ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ
01:52
with plenty of windows to let light in.
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ืขื ืฉืคืข ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก.
01:55
So nowadays in the operating room,
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ืื– ื›ื™ื•ื, ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—,
01:57
we no longer need to use sunlight.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ.
02:00
And because we no longer need to use sunlight,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ,
02:03
we have very specialized lights
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื•ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
02:05
that are made for the operating room.
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ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—.
02:07
We have an opportunity
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช
02:09
to bring in other kinds of lights --
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ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ-
02:11
lights that can allow us to see
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ืื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช
02:13
what we currently don't see.
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ืžื” ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื.
02:16
And this is what I think
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ื•ื
02:18
is the magic of fluorescence.
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ื”ืงืกื ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื ื” ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื•ืกืฆื ื˜ื™ืช
02:20
So let me back up a little bit.
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ืื– ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืืชื›ื ื˜ื™ืคื” ืื—ื•ืจื”.
02:22
When we are in medical school,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœืจืคื•ืื”,
02:25
we learn our anatomy from illustrations such as this
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืžืื™ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื”
02:28
where everything's color-coded.
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื›ืœ ืœืคื™ ืžืคืชื— ืฆื‘ืขื™ื.
02:31
Nerves are yellow, arteries are red,
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ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆื”ื•ื‘, ืขื•ืจืงื™ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื
02:33
veins are blue.
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ื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื
02:35
That's so easy anybody could become a surgeon, right?
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ื–ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืžืžืฉ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื ืชื—, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
02:39
However, when we have a real patient on the table,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื—ื•ืœื” ืืžื™ืชื™
02:42
this is the same neck dissection --
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ื–ื”ื• ืื•ืชื• ื—ืชืš ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ-
02:45
not so easy to tell the difference
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืงืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ
02:47
between different structures.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
02:49
We heard over the last couple days
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ืฉืžืขื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื
02:52
what an urgent problem
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ืื™ืš ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื
02:54
cancer still is in our society,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื“ื—ื•ืคื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•,
02:56
what a pressing need it is
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ืื™ื–ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื“ื—ื•ืฃ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
02:58
for us to not have
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ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืช
03:00
one person die every minute.
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ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ-ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืงื”.
03:04
Well if cancer can be caught early,
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ืื– ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ื,
03:06
enough such that someone can have their cancer taken out,
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ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืื“ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
03:11
excised with surgery,
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ืœื›ืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื—,
03:13
I don't care if it has this gene or that gene,
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ืื– ืœื ืื™ื›ืคืช ืœื™ ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’ืŸ ื›ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ,
03:15
or if it has this protein or that protein,
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ืื• ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื›ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ,
03:17
it's in the jar.
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฆื ืฆื ืช.
03:19
It's done, it's out, you're cured of cancer.
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ื–ื” ื ื’ืžืจ, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ื ืจืคืืช ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ.
03:22
This is how we excise cancers.
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ื›ื›ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื•ืจืชื™ื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื.
03:24
We do our best, based upon our training
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื ื•, ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ื›ืฉืจืชื ื•
03:27
and the way the cancer looks and the way it feels
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ื•ืื™ืš ืฉื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื ืจืื”, ื•ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ
03:30
and its relationship to other structures and all of our experience,
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ื”ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœื• ืœืจืงืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•,
03:33
we say, you know what, the cancer's gone.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื”, ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืœืš.
03:36
We've made a good job. We've taken it out.
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ื”ื•ืฆืื ื• ืื•ืชื•.
03:39
That's what the surgeon is saying in the operating room
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื ืชื— ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—
03:41
when the patient's on the table.
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ื›ืฉื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ
03:43
But then we actually don't know that it's all out.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆืื ื• ื”ื›ืœ.
03:46
We actually have to take samples from the surgical bed,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืžืฆืข ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—,
03:49
what's left behind in the patient,
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ืžืžื” ืฉื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืœื”,
03:51
and then send those bits to the pathology lab.
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ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
03:55
In the meanwhile, the patient's on the operating room table.
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื.
03:57
The nurses, anesthesiologist, the surgeon,
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ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžืจื“ื™ื, ื”ืžื ืชื—,
03:59
all the assistants are waiting around.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื›ื™ื.
04:01
And we wait.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื›ื™ื.
04:03
The pathologist takes that sample,
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ื”ืคืชืœื•ื’ ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื”,
04:05
freezes it, cuts it, looks in the microscope one by one
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ืžืงืคื™ื ืื•ืชื”, ื—ื•ืชืš ืื•ืชื”, ืžืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ื—ืชื™ื›ื”
04:08
and then calls back into the room.
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ื•ืื– ืžืชืงืฉืจ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—.
04:10
And that may be 20 minutes later per piece.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืื—ืจื™ 20 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื—ืชื™ื›ื”.
04:12
So if you've sent three specimens,
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ืื– ืื ืฉืœื—ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช,
04:14
it's an hour later.
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ื–ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขื”.
04:16
And very often they say,
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
04:18
"You know what, points A and B are okay,
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"ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื' ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘' ื”ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ,
04:21
but point C, you still have some residual cancer there.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื’', ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
04:23
Please go cut that piece out."
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ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืชื›ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช."
04:26
So we go back and we do that again, and again.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
04:29
And this whole process:
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”:
04:31
"Okay you're done.
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"ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืกื™ื™ืžืช.
04:33
We think the entire tumor is out."
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืฆื."
04:35
But very often several days later,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื,
04:38
the patient's gone home,
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ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ืœืš ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”,
04:40
we get a phone call:
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื™ื—ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ:
04:42
"I'm sorry,
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"ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ,
04:44
once we looked at the final pathology,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืกืชื›ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช,
04:46
once we looked at the final specimen,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืกืชื›ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
04:48
we actually found that there's a couple other spots
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ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช
04:51
where the margins are positive.
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื.
04:54
There's still cancer in your patient."
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืœืš"
04:57
So now you're faced with telling your patient, first of all,
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืœืš, ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
05:00
that they may need another surgery,
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ืฉื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื ื™ืชื•ื—,
05:02
or that they need additional therapy
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ืื• ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ
05:04
such as radiation or chemotherapy.
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ื›ืžื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืงืจื™ื ื” ืื• ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืชืจืคื™ื”.
05:08
So wouldn't it be better
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ืื– ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘
05:10
if we could really tell,
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ืื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืขืช,
05:12
if the surgeon could really tell,
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ืื ื”ืžื ืชื— ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“,
05:15
whether or not there's still cancer on the surgical field?
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืื• ืื™ืŸ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—?
05:18
I mean, in many ways, the way that we're doing it,
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช, ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื, ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
05:21
we're still operating in the dark.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื›ื”.
05:25
So in 2004, during my surgical residency,
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ืื– ื‘ืฉื ืช 2004, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœื™,
05:28
I had the great fortune
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื”ืžื–ืœ
05:30
to meet Dr. Roger Tsien,
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ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ื“"ืจ ืจื•ื’'ืจ ืฆ'ืŸ,
05:33
who went on to win the Nobel Prize for chemistry
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ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืœื›ื™ืžื™ื”
05:36
in 2008.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008
05:38
Roger and his team
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ืจื•ื’'ืจ ื•ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื•
05:40
were working on a way to detect cancer,
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ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
05:43
and they had a very clever molecule
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ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื›ืžื”
05:45
that they had come up with.
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ืฉื”ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•.
05:47
The molecule they had developed
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ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉื”ื ืคื™ืชื—ื•
05:49
had three parts.
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ื
05:51
The main part of it is the blue part, polycation,
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ, ืคื•ืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื•ืŸ,
05:54
and it's basically very sticky
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื‘ื™ืง
05:56
to every tissue in your body.
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ืœื›ืœ ืจื™ืงืžื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•.
05:58
So imagine that you make a solution
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ืื– ืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ืชืžื™ืกื”
06:00
full of this sticky material
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ืฉืžืœืื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ื”ื–ื”
06:02
and inject it into the veins of someone who has cancer,
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ื•ืืชื ืžื–ืจื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
06:04
everything's going to get lit up.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืื™ืจ.
06:06
Nothing will be specific.
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ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™.
06:08
There's no specificity there.
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ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืกื’ื•ืœื™ื•ืช.
06:10
So they added two additional components.
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ืื– ื”ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืฉื ื™ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
06:12
The first one is a polyanionic segment,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืงื˜ืข ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืื ื™ื•ืŸ,
06:15
which basically acts as a non-stick backing
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ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื’ื‘ ืœื ื“ื‘ื™ืง
06:17
like the back of a sticker.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื‘ืงื”.
06:19
So when those two are together, the molecule is neutral
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ืื– ื›ืฉืฉื ื™ ืืœื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ืช
06:22
and nothing gets stuck down.
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ื•ืœื ื ื“ื‘ืงืช ืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ.
06:24
And the two pieces are then linked
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ื•ืื– ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื
06:27
by something that can only be cut
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื—ืชืš
06:30
if you have the right molecular scissors --
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ืจืง ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช-
06:32
for example, the kind of protease enzymes
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื˜ืื– (ืื ื–ื™ื ืฉืžื‘ืงืข ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื)
06:34
that tumors make.
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ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
06:36
So here in this situation,
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ืื– ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ,
06:38
if you make a solution full of this three-part molecule
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ืื ืืชื” ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืชืžื™ืกื” ืฉืžืœืื” ื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื–ืืช
06:42
along with the dye, which is shown in green,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื“ื™ื•, ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืง,
06:44
and you inject it into the vein
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ื•ืืชื” ืžื–ืจื™ืง ืื•ืชื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื•ืจื™ื“
06:47
of someone who has cancer,
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
06:49
normal tissue can't cut it.
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ืจื™ืงืžื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื”.
06:51
The molecule passes through and gets excreted.
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ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื“ืจื›ื” ื•ืžื•ืคืจืฉืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
06:54
However, in the presence of the tumor,
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ,
06:56
now there are molecular scissors
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจื™ื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช
06:58
that can break this molecule apart
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ืœื—ืœืงื™ื
07:00
right there at the cleavable site.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืคื” ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ื™ืชื•ืš
07:02
And now, boom,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื•ื!
07:04
the tumor labels itself
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ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžืกืžืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•
07:06
and it gets fluorescent.
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ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกืฆื ื˜ื™.
07:08
So here's an example of a nerve
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœืขืฆื‘
07:11
that has tumor surrounding it.
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ืฉื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื•.
07:13
Can you tell where the tumor is?
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืคื” ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ?
07:15
I couldn't when I was working on this.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ืœืชื™ ื›ืฉืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
07:18
But here it is. It's fluorescent.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื. ื”ื•ื ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกืฆื ื˜ื™.
07:20
Now it's green.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืง.
07:22
See, so every single one in the audience
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ืจื•ืื™ื, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืงื”ืœ
07:25
now can tell where the cancer is.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืคื” ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
07:28
We can tell in the operating room, in the field,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—, ื‘ืฉื˜ื—,
07:31
at a molecular level,
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ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช,
07:33
where is the cancer and what the surgeon needs to do
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ืื™ืคื” ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื•ืžื” ื”ืžื ืชื— ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช
07:35
and how much more work they need to do
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
07:37
to cut that out.
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ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
07:40
And the cool thing about fluorescence
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื” ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกืฆื ื˜ื™ืช
07:42
is that it's not only bright,
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ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื•ื”ืง,
07:45
it actually can shine through tissue.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื–ื•ืจื—ืช ื“ืจืš ืจืงืžื•ืช.
07:48
The light that the fluorescence emits
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ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉื”ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกืฆื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืงืจื™ื ื”
07:51
can go through tissue.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืจืงืžื•ืช.
07:53
So even if the tumor is not right on the surface,
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ืื– ื’ื ืื ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
07:56
you'll still be able to see it.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื•.
07:59
In this movie, you can see
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ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืกืจื˜, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
08:01
that the tumor is green.
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ืฉื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืจื•ืง.
08:04
There's actually normal muscle on top of it. See that?
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ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ืฉ ืฉืจื™ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืžืขืœื™ื•. ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?
08:07
And I'm peeling that muscle away.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงืœืคืช ื”ืฆื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
08:09
But even before I peel that muscle away,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืงื™ืœืคืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืฆื™ื“ื”,
08:11
you saw that there was a tumor underneath.
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ืจืื™ืชื ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžืชื—ืช.
08:14
So that's the beauty of having a tumor
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ
08:17
that's labeled with fluorescent molecules.
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ืฉืžืกื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกืฆื ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
08:20
That you can, not only see the margins
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ื–ื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ, ืœื ืจืง ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
08:22
right there on a molecular level,
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ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช,
08:24
but you can see it even if it's not right on the top --
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื’ื ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืœืžืขืœื”-
08:27
even if it's beyond your field of view.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื–ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉืœืš.
08:30
And this works for metastatic lymph nodes also.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื’ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื™ืžืคื” ืžืžืื™ืจื•ืช.
08:33
Sentinel lymph node dissection
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ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ืœื™ืžืคื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช (ืžื ืงื–ืช)
08:35
has really changed the way that we manage breast cancer, melanoma.
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ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื“, ืžืœื ื•ืžื”.
08:39
Women used to get
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ื ืฉื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ
08:41
really debilitating surgeries
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ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืžืฉืชืงื™ื
08:43
to excise all of the axillary lymph nodes.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื›ืจื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ืœื™ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื—ื™.
08:46
But when sentinel lymph node
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื™ืžืคื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช
08:49
came into our treatment protocol,
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ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ,
08:52
the surgeon basically looks for the single node
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ื”ืžื ืชื— ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื” ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช
08:55
that is the first draining lymph node of the cancer.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืžื ืงื–ืช ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
08:58
And then if that node has cancer,
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ื•ืื– ืื ืœื‘ืœื•ื˜ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื™ืฉ ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
09:01
the woman would go on to get
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ื”ืืฉื” ืชืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืชืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช
09:03
the axillary lymph node dissection.
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ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื—ื™.
09:05
So what that means
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ
09:07
is if the lymph node did not have cancer,
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ื–ื” ืฉืื ืœื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืœื™ืžืคื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
09:10
the woman would be saved
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ื”ืืฉื” ื ื™ืฆืœื”
09:12
from having unnecessary surgery.
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ืžื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:14
But sentinel lymph node, the way that we do it today,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื™ืžืคื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
09:17
is kind of like having a road map
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ืžืคืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื
09:19
just to know where to go.
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ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ืœืืŸ ืœืœื›ืช.
09:21
So if you're driving on the freeway
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ืื– ืื ืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื™ืจ
09:23
and you want to know where's the next gas station,
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ื•ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืคื” ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื“ืœืง ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื”,
09:25
you have a map to tell you that that gas station is down the road.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืžืคื” ืฉืื•ืžืจืช ืœืš ืฉื”ืชื—ื ื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ.
09:28
It doesn't tell you whether or not
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืื•ืžืจืช ืœืš
09:30
the gas station has gas.
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ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื ื” ื“ืœืง ืื• ืœื.
09:32
You have to cut it out, bring it back home,
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ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื”, ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”,
09:35
cut it up, look inside
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ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื”, ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืคื ื™ืžื”
09:37
and say, "Oh yes, it does have gas."
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ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื“: "ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื“ืœืง"
09:39
So that takes more time.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ.
09:41
Patients are still on the operating room table.
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ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื.
09:43
Anesthesiologists, surgeons are waiting around.
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ืžืจื“ื™ืžื™ื, ืžื ืชื—ื™ื, ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื›ื™ื.
09:45
That takes time.
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ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ื–ืžืŸ.
09:47
So with our technology, we can tell right away.
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ืื– ืขื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ื™ืฉืจ.
09:50
You see a lot of little, roundish bumps there.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ืขื’ื•ืœื•ืช.
09:53
Some of these are swollen lymph nodes
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื”ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื™ืžืคื” ื ืคื•ื—ื•ืช
09:56
that look a little larger than others.
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ืฉื ืจืื•ืช ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ืช.
09:58
Who amongst us hasn't had swollen lymph nodes with a cold?
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ืœืžื™ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ืœื™ืžืคื” ื ืคื•ื—ื” ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื ื ื•ืช?
10:01
That doesn't mean that there's cancer inside.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
10:03
Well with our technology,
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ืื– ืขื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
10:05
the surgeon is able to tell immediately
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ื”ืžื ืชื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™
10:08
which nodes have cancer.
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ืœืื™ื–ื” ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
10:10
I won't go into this very much,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืื›ื ืก ืœื–ื” ืœืขื•ืžืง,
10:12
but our technology, besides being able
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช
10:14
to tag tumor and metastatic lymph nodes with fluorescence,
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ืœืกืžืŸ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื™ืžืคื” ืžืžืื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื” ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกืฆื ื˜ื™ืช,
10:18
we can also use the same smart three-part molecule
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ื—ื›ืžื”
10:22
to tag gadolinium onto the system
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ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื’ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ื (ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื)
10:25
so you can do this noninvasively.
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ื›ื›ื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™ืช.
10:27
The patient has cancer,
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ืœื—ื•ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
10:29
you want to know if the lymph nodes have cancer
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ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ืื ืœื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื™ืžืคื” ื™ืฉ ืกืจื˜ืŸ
10:31
even before you go in.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื” ื ื›ื ืก ืคื ื™ืžื”
10:33
Well you can see this on an MRI.
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ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘MRI (ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื‘ืชื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช).
10:36
So in surgery,
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ืื– ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—
10:38
it's important to know what to cut out.
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ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืœื—ืชื•ืš ื•ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื.
10:41
But equally important
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช
10:43
is to preserve things
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ื–ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
10:46
that are important for function.
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ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืชื™ืคืงื•ื“.
10:49
So it's very important to avoid inadvertent injury.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉื•ื’ื’.
10:52
And what I'm talking about
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœื™ื•
10:54
are nerves.
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ื–ื” ืขืฆื‘ื™ื.
10:56
Nerves, if they are injured,
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ืขืฆื‘ื™ื, ืื ื”ื ื ืคื’ืขื™ื,
10:58
can cause paralysis,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืง,
11:00
can cause pain.
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ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืื‘.
11:03
In the setting of prostate cancer,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืขืจืžื•ื ื™ืช,
11:05
up to 60 percent of men
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ืขื“ ืœ 60% ืžื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื
11:07
after prostate cancer surgery
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ืœืื—ืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืขืจืžื•ื ื™ืช
11:09
may have urinary incontinence
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžืื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืฉืชืŸ
11:11
and erectile disfunction.
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ื•ืื™ ืื•ื ื•ืช.
11:13
That's a lot of people to have a lot of problems --
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช-
11:16
and this is even in
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื—
11:18
so-called nerve-sparing surgery,
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ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ "ื—ื•ืกืš ืขืฆื‘ื™ื",
11:20
which means that the surgeon is aware of the problem,
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ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืžื ืชื— ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื‘ืขื™ื”,
11:24
and they are trying to avoid the nerves.
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ื•ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื.
11:26
But you know what, these little nerves are so small,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”, ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื,
11:29
in the context of prostate cancer,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืขืจืžื•ื ื™ืช,
11:32
that they are actually never seen.
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื.
11:34
They are traced
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ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื”ื
11:36
just by their known anatomical path
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ืจืง ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืœื”ื
11:38
along vasculature.
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื.
11:40
And they're known because somebody has decided to study them,
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ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ื™ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ืชื,
11:44
which means that we're still learning
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื
11:46
about where they are.
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ืขืœ ืื™ืคื” ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื.
11:48
Crazy to think that we're having surgery,
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ื–ื” ืฉื™ื’ืขื•ืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื™ืชื•ื—,
11:51
we're trying to excise cancer, we don't know where the cancer is.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื›ืจื•ืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืคื” ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
11:54
We're trying to preserve nerves; we can't see where they are.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืฉืžืจ ืขืฆื‘ื™ื, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื™ืคื” ื”ื.
11:57
So I said, wouldn't it be great
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ืื– ืืžืจืชื™, ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ
11:59
if we could find a way
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš
12:01
to see nerves with fluorescence?
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืขื ืงืจื™ื ื” ืคื•ืœืื•ืจืกืฆื ื˜ื™ืช?
12:04
And at first this didn't get a lot of support.
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ื•ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืžื™ื›ื”.
12:08
People said, "We've been doing it this way for all these years.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžืจื•; "ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
12:10
What's the problem?
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ืžื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”?
12:12
We haven't had that many complications."
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื."
12:15
But I went ahead anyway.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื”ืชืงื“ืžืชื™ ื‘ื›ืœ-ื–ืืช.
12:17
And Roger helped me.
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ื•ืจื•ื’'ืจ ืขื–ืจ ืœื™.
12:19
And he brought his whole team with him.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื™ืชื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
12:22
So there's that teamwork thing again.
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ืื– ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ืฉ ืคื” ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช.
12:26
And we eventually discovered molecules
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช
12:29
that were specifically labeling nerves.
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ืฉืžืกืžื ื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™.
12:31
And when we made a solution of this,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื›ื ื• ืžื”ืŸ ืชืžื™ืกื”,
12:33
tagged with the fluorescence
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ืžืชื•ื™ื’ืช ืขื ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกืฆื ื˜ื™ื•ืช
12:35
and injected in the body of a mouse,
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ื•ื”ื–ืจืงื ื• ืื•ืชื” ืœืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจ,
12:38
their nerves literally glowed.
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ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื, ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™- ื–ื”ืจื•.
12:40
You can see where they are.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืคื” ื”ื.
12:42
Here you're looking at a sciatic nerve of a mouse,
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ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆื‘ ื”ืฉืช ืฉืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจ,
12:46
and you can see that that big, fat portion you can see very easily.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืฉืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ.
12:49
But in fact, at the tip of that where I'm dissecting now,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืงืฆื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”, ืื™ืคื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื ืชื—ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
12:52
there's actually very fine arborizations
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืกืชืขืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช
12:55
that can't really be seen.
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ืฉืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช.
12:57
You see what looks like little Medusa heads coming out.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืจืืฉื™ ืžื“ื•ื–ื” ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
13:01
We have been able to see nerves
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ
13:03
for facial expression, for facial movement, for breathing --
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ื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ืคื ื™ื, ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ืคื ื™ื, ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”-
13:06
every single nerve --
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ื›ืœ ืขืฆื‘ ื‘ื•ื“ื“-
13:08
nerves for urinary function around the prostate.
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ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืžืชืŸ ืฉืชืŸ ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืขืจืžื•ื ื™ืช.
13:11
We've been able to see every single nerve.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื.
13:14
When we put these two probes together ...
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ืฉืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“...
13:18
So here's a tumor.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ.
13:20
Do you guys know where the margins of this tumor is?
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืคื” ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ?
13:23
Now you do.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืŸ.
13:26
What about the nerve that's going into this tumor?
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ืžื” ืขื ื”ืขืฆื‘ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ?
13:29
That white portion there is easy to see.
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ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืฉื ืงืœ ืœืจืื•ืช.
13:31
But what about the part that goes into the tumor?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืขื ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ?
13:33
Do you know where it's going?
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš?
13:35
Now you do.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ื›ืŸ.
13:37
Basically, we've come up with a way
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ื”ืžืฆืื ื• ื“ืจืš
13:39
to stain tissue
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ืœืฆื‘ื•ืข ืจืงืžื•ืช
13:41
and color-code the surgical field.
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ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืคืชื— ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืœืฉื“ื” ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื
13:43
This was a bit of a breakthrough.
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš.
13:46
I think that it'll change the way that we do surgery.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื.
13:50
We published our results
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ืคื™ืจืกืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
13:52
in the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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ื‘ PNAS (ื”ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืžื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘)
13:54
and in Nature Biotechnology.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ Nature Biotechnology.
13:56
We received commentary in Discover magazine,
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ Discover,
13:59
in The Economist.
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ื•ื‘ The Economist.
14:01
And we showed it to a lot of my surgical colleagues.
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ื•ื”ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื”ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
14:04
They said, "Wow!
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ื”ื ืืžืจื•; "ื•ื•ืื•!
14:06
I have patients
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื
14:08
who would benefit from this.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืžื–ื” ืชื•ืขืœืช.
14:10
I think that this will result in my surgeries
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ืขื
14:12
with a better outcome
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ืชื•ืฆืื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:14
and fewer complications."
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ื•ืขื ืคื—ื•ืช ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื."
14:17
What needs to happen now
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ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
14:19
is further development of our technology
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ื–ื” ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•
14:22
along with development
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืคื™ืชื•ื—
14:24
of the instrumentation
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื›ืฉื•ืจ
14:26
that allows us to see
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช
14:28
this sort of fluorescence in the operating room.
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ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื ื” ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกืฆื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—.
14:31
The eventual goal
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื”, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ,
14:33
is that we'll get this into patients.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื–ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
14:36
However, we've discovered
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืขืฆื
14:39
that there's actually no straightforward mechanism
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ืื™ืŸ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ
14:41
to develop a molecule
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ืœืคืชื— ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”
14:43
for one-time use.
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ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ื“-ืคืขืžื™.
14:45
Understandably, the majority of the medical industry
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช
14:48
is focused on multiple-use drugs,
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ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืจื‘-ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื•ืช,
14:52
such as long-term daily medications.
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ื›ืžื• ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš.
14:55
We are focused on making this technology better.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
14:58
We're focused on adding drugs,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
15:01
adding growth factors,
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ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ,
15:03
killing nerves that are causing problems
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ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
15:05
and not the surrounding tissue.
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ื•ืœื ืืช ื”ืจืงืžื•ืช ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘.
15:08
We know that this can be done and we're committed to doing it.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
15:12
I'd like to leave you with this final thought.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ืขื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
15:16
Successful innovation
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ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืžืฆืœื™ื—ื”,
15:18
is not a single breakthrough.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช.
15:21
It is not a sprint.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจื™ืฆืช ืกืคืจื™ื ื˜
15:24
It is not an event for the solo runner.
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ื”ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืœืืฆืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ื“.
15:28
Successful innovation
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ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื”
15:30
is a team sport, it's a relay race.
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ื”ื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™, ื”ื™ื ืžืจื•ืฅ ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื.
15:33
It requires one team for the breakthrough
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ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืœืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš
15:37
and another team
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ื•ืฆื•ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ
15:39
to get the breakthrough accepted and adopted.
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ืฉืคืจื™ืฆืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืชืชืงื‘ืœ ื•ืชืื•ืžืฅ.
15:41
And this takes the long-term steady courage
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืื•ืžืฅ, ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื•ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ,
15:44
of the day-in day-out struggle
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™
15:46
to educate, to persuade
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ืœื—ื ืš, ืœืฉื›ื ืข
15:49
and to win acceptance.
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ื•ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื”.
15:52
And that is the light that I want to shine
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฆื‘ื•ืข
15:54
on health and medicine today.
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ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
15:56
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
15:58
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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