Quyen Nguyen: Color-coded surgery

103,549 views ・ 2011-12-13

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:15
I want to talk to you
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about one of the biggest myths in medicine,
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and that is the idea
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that all we need are more medical breakthroughs
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and then all of our problems will be solved.
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Our society loves to romanticize
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the idea of the single, solo inventor
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who, working late in the lab one night,
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makes an earthshaking discovery,
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and voila, overnight everything's changed.
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That's a very appealing picture,
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however, it's just not true.
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In fact, medicine today is a team sport.
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And in many ways,
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it always has been.
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I'd like to share with you a story
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about how I've experienced this very dramatically
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in my own work.
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I'm a surgeon,
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and we surgeons have always had
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this special relationship with light.
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When I make an incision inside a patient's body, it's dark.
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We need to shine light to see what we're doing.
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And this is why, traditionally,
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surgeries have always started so early in the morning --
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to take advantage of daylight hours.
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And if you look at historical pictures
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of the early operating rooms,
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they have been on top of buildings.
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For example, this is the oldest operating room in the Western world,
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in London,
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where the operating room
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is actually on top of a church
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with a skylight coming in.
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And then this is a picture
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of one of the most famous hospitals in America.
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This is Mass General in Boston.
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And do you know where the operating room is?
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Here it is
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on the top of the building
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with plenty of windows to let light in.
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So nowadays in the operating room,
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we no longer need to use sunlight.
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And because we no longer need to use sunlight,
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we have very specialized lights
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that are made for the operating room.
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We have an opportunity
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to bring in other kinds of lights --
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lights that can allow us to see
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what we currently don't see.
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And this is what I think
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is the magic of fluorescence.
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So let me back up a little bit.
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When we are in medical school,
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we learn our anatomy from illustrations such as this
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where everything's color-coded.
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Nerves are yellow, arteries are red,
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veins are blue.
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That's so easy anybody could become a surgeon, right?
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However, when we have a real patient on the table,
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this is the same neck dissection --
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not so easy to tell the difference
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between different structures.
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We heard over the last couple days
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what an urgent problem
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cancer still is in our society,
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what a pressing need it is
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for us to not have
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one person die every minute.
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Well if cancer can be caught early,
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enough such that someone can have their cancer taken out,
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excised with surgery,
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I don't care if it has this gene or that gene,
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or if it has this protein or that protein,
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it's in the jar.
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It's done, it's out, you're cured of cancer.
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This is how we excise cancers.
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We do our best, based upon our training
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and the way the cancer looks and the way it feels
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and its relationship to other structures and all of our experience,
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we say, you know what, the cancer's gone.
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We've made a good job. We've taken it out.
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That's what the surgeon is saying in the operating room
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when the patient's on the table.
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But then we actually don't know that it's all out.
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We actually have to take samples from the surgical bed,
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what's left behind in the patient,
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and then send those bits to the pathology lab.
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In the meanwhile, the patient's on the operating room table.
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The nurses, anesthesiologist, the surgeon,
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all the assistants are waiting around.
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And we wait.
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The pathologist takes that sample,
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freezes it, cuts it, looks in the microscope one by one
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and then calls back into the room.
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And that may be 20 minutes later per piece.
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So if you've sent three specimens,
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it's an hour later.
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And very often they say,
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"You know what, points A and B are okay,
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but point C, you still have some residual cancer there.
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Please go cut that piece out."
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So we go back and we do that again, and again.
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And this whole process:
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"Okay you're done.
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We think the entire tumor is out."
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But very often several days later,
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the patient's gone home,
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we get a phone call:
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"I'm sorry,
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once we looked at the final pathology,
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once we looked at the final specimen,
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we actually found that there's a couple other spots
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where the margins are positive.
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There's still cancer in your patient."
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So now you're faced with telling your patient, first of all,
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that they may need another surgery,
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or that they need additional therapy
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such as radiation or chemotherapy.
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So wouldn't it be better
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if we could really tell,
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if the surgeon could really tell,
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whether or not there's still cancer on the surgical field?
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I mean, in many ways, the way that we're doing it,
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we're still operating in the dark.
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So in 2004, during my surgical residency,
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I had the great fortune
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to meet Dr. Roger Tsien,
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who went on to win the Nobel Prize for chemistry
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in 2008.
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Roger and his team
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were working on a way to detect cancer,
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and they had a very clever molecule
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that they had come up with.
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The molecule they had developed
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had three parts.
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The main part of it is the blue part, polycation,
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and it's basically very sticky
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to every tissue in your body.
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So imagine that you make a solution
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full of this sticky material
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and inject it into the veins of someone who has cancer,
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everything's going to get lit up.
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Nothing will be specific.
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There's no specificity there.
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So they added two additional components.
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The first one is a polyanionic segment,
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which basically acts as a non-stick backing
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like the back of a sticker.
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So when those two are together, the molecule is neutral
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and nothing gets stuck down.
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And the two pieces are then linked
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by something that can only be cut
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if you have the right molecular scissors --
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for example, the kind of protease enzymes
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that tumors make.
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So here in this situation,
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if you make a solution full of this three-part molecule
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along with the dye, which is shown in green,
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and you inject it into the vein
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of someone who has cancer,
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normal tissue can't cut it.
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The molecule passes through and gets excreted.
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However, in the presence of the tumor,
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now there are molecular scissors
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that can break this molecule apart
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right there at the cleavable site.
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And now, boom,
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the tumor labels itself
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and it gets fluorescent.
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So here's an example of a nerve
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that has tumor surrounding it.
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Can you tell where the tumor is?
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I couldn't when I was working on this.
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But here it is. It's fluorescent.
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Now it's green.
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See, so every single one in the audience
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now can tell where the cancer is.
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We can tell in the operating room, in the field,
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at a molecular level,
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where is the cancer and what the surgeon needs to do
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and how much more work they need to do
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to cut that out.
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And the cool thing about fluorescence
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is that it's not only bright,
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it actually can shine through tissue.
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The light that the fluorescence emits
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can go through tissue.
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So even if the tumor is not right on the surface,
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you'll still be able to see it.
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In this movie, you can see
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that the tumor is green.
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There's actually normal muscle on top of it. See that?
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And I'm peeling that muscle away.
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But even before I peel that muscle away,
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you saw that there was a tumor underneath.
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So that's the beauty of having a tumor
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that's labeled with fluorescent molecules.
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That you can, not only see the margins
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right there on a molecular level,
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but you can see it even if it's not right on the top --
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even if it's beyond your field of view.
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And this works for metastatic lymph nodes also.
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Sentinel lymph node dissection
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has really changed the way that we manage breast cancer, melanoma.
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Women used to get
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really debilitating surgeries
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to excise all of the axillary lymph nodes.
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But when sentinel lymph node
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came into our treatment protocol,
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the surgeon basically looks for the single node
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that is the first draining lymph node of the cancer.
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And then if that node has cancer,
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the woman would go on to get
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the axillary lymph node dissection.
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So what that means
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is if the lymph node did not have cancer,
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the woman would be saved
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from having unnecessary surgery.
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But sentinel lymph node, the way that we do it today,
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is kind of like having a road map
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just to know where to go.
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So if you're driving on the freeway
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and you want to know where's the next gas station,
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you have a map to tell you that that gas station is down the road.
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It doesn't tell you whether or not
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the gas station has gas.
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You have to cut it out, bring it back home,
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cut it up, look inside
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and say, "Oh yes, it does have gas."
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So that takes more time.
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Patients are still on the operating room table.
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Anesthesiologists, surgeons are waiting around.
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That takes time.
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So with our technology, we can tell right away.
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You see a lot of little, roundish bumps there.
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Some of these are swollen lymph nodes
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that look a little larger than others.
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Who amongst us hasn't had swollen lymph nodes with a cold?
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That doesn't mean that there's cancer inside.
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Well with our technology,
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the surgeon is able to tell immediately
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which nodes have cancer.
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I won't go into this very much,
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but our technology, besides being able
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to tag tumor and metastatic lymph nodes with fluorescence,
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we can also use the same smart three-part molecule
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to tag gadolinium onto the system
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so you can do this noninvasively.
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The patient has cancer,
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you want to know if the lymph nodes have cancer
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even before you go in.
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Well you can see this on an MRI.
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So in surgery,
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it's important to know what to cut out.
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But equally important
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is to preserve things
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that are important for function.
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So it's very important to avoid inadvertent injury.
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And what I'm talking about
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are nerves.
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Nerves, if they are injured,
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can cause paralysis,
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can cause pain.
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In the setting of prostate cancer,
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up to 60 percent of men
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after prostate cancer surgery
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may have urinary incontinence
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and erectile disfunction.
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That's a lot of people to have a lot of problems --
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and this is even in
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so-called nerve-sparing surgery,
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which means that the surgeon is aware of the problem,
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and they are trying to avoid the nerves.
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But you know what, these little nerves are so small,
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in the context of prostate cancer,
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that they are actually never seen.
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They are traced
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just by their known anatomical path
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along vasculature.
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And they're known because somebody has decided to study them,
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which means that we're still learning
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about where they are.
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Crazy to think that we're having surgery,
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we're trying to excise cancer, we don't know where the cancer is.
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We're trying to preserve nerves; we can't see where they are.
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So I said, wouldn't it be great
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if we could find a way
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to see nerves with fluorescence?
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And at first this didn't get a lot of support.
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People said, "We've been doing it this way for all these years.
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What's the problem?
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We haven't had that many complications."
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But I went ahead anyway.
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And Roger helped me.
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And he brought his whole team with him.
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So there's that teamwork thing again.
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And we eventually discovered molecules
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that were specifically labeling nerves.
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And when we made a solution of this,
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tagged with the fluorescence
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and injected in the body of a mouse,
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their nerves literally glowed.
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You can see where they are.
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Here you're looking at a sciatic nerve of a mouse,
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and you can see that that big, fat portion you can see very easily.
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But in fact, at the tip of that where I'm dissecting now,
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there's actually very fine arborizations
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that can't really be seen.
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You see what looks like little Medusa heads coming out.
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We have been able to see nerves
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for facial expression, for facial movement, for breathing --
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every single nerve --
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nerves for urinary function around the prostate.
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We've been able to see every single nerve.
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When we put these two probes together ...
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So here's a tumor.
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Do you guys know where the margins of this tumor is?
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Now you do.
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What about the nerve that's going into this tumor?
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That white portion there is easy to see.
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But what about the part that goes into the tumor?
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Do you know where it's going?
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Now you do.
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Basically, we've come up with a way
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to stain tissue
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and color-code the surgical field.
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This was a bit of a breakthrough.
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I think that it'll change the way that we do surgery.
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We published our results
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in the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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and in Nature Biotechnology.
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We received commentary in Discover magazine,
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in The Economist.
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And we showed it to a lot of my surgical colleagues.
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They said, "Wow!
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I have patients
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who would benefit from this.
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I think that this will result in my surgeries
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with a better outcome
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and fewer complications."
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What needs to happen now
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is further development of our technology
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along with development
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of the instrumentation
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that allows us to see
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this sort of fluorescence in the operating room.
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The eventual goal
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is that we'll get this into patients.
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However, we've discovered
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that there's actually no straightforward mechanism
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to develop a molecule
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for one-time use.
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Understandably, the majority of the medical industry
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is focused on multiple-use drugs,
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such as long-term daily medications.
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We are focused on making this technology better.
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We're focused on adding drugs,
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adding growth factors,
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killing nerves that are causing problems
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and not the surrounding tissue.
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We know that this can be done and we're committed to doing it.
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I'd like to leave you with this final thought.
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Successful innovation
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is not a single breakthrough.
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It is not a sprint.
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It is not an event for the solo runner.
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Successful innovation
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is a team sport, it's a relay race.
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It requires one team for the breakthrough
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and another team
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to get the breakthrough accepted and adopted.
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And this takes the long-term steady courage
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of the day-in day-out struggle
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to educate, to persuade
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and to win acceptance.
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And that is the light that I want to shine
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on health and medicine today.
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Thank you very much.
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15:58
(Applause)
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Original video on YouTube.com
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