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譯者: 俊偉 盧
審譯者: Joyce Chou
00:15
I want to talk to you
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我想跟各位談談
00:17
about one of the biggest myths in medicine,
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醫學界最大的迷思之一
00:19
and that is the idea
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這個迷思就是
00:21
that all we need are more medical breakthroughs
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只要我們在醫學界有更多的突破
00:24
and then all of our problems will be solved.
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一切問題就能迎刃而解
00:27
Our society loves to romanticize
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世人喜歡把這種事想得浪漫
00:30
the idea of the single, solo inventor
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某位發明家隻身奮鬥
00:32
who, working late in the lab one night,
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某晚在實驗室工作到很晚
00:35
makes an earthshaking discovery,
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有了驚為天人的發現
00:38
and voila, overnight everything's changed.
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突然,一夕之間全都變得不一樣了
00:42
That's a very appealing picture,
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這樣的畫面非常吸引人
00:44
however, it's just not true.
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然而,實情並非如此
00:47
In fact, medicine today is a team sport.
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實際上,現今的醫學是種團隊運動
00:50
And in many ways,
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很多方面來說
00:52
it always has been.
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一直都是如此
00:54
I'd like to share with you a story
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我想和大家分享一則故事
00:56
about how I've experienced this very dramatically
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這故事是我在工作上
00:59
in my own work.
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親身經歷的戲劇化改變
01:01
I'm a surgeon,
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我是名外科醫生
01:03
and we surgeons have always had
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身為外科醫生
01:05
this special relationship with light.
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我們和光線有種奇妙的關係
01:08
When I make an incision inside a patient's body, it's dark.
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當我動刀切入病患的身體時,裡頭是暗的
01:12
We need to shine light to see what we're doing.
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我們要打光才能知道我們正在進行什麼動作
01:15
And this is why, traditionally,
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這就是為什麼傳統上
01:18
surgeries have always started so early in the morning --
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手術都在一大早的時候進行
01:20
to take advantage of daylight hours.
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以便利用白天的光線
01:22
And if you look at historical pictures
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假如你看看歷史照片
01:24
of the early operating rooms,
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早期的手術室
01:26
they have been on top of buildings.
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都位在建築物的頂樓
01:29
For example, this is the oldest operating room in the Western world,
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例如:這張是西方世界最早的手術室
01:31
in London,
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位在倫敦
01:33
where the operating room
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這間手術室
01:35
is actually on top of a church
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位在教堂的頂樓
01:37
with a skylight coming in.
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上頭有日光照進來
01:39
And then this is a picture
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再來這張照片是
01:41
of one of the most famous hospitals in America.
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美國最有名的醫院之一
01:44
This is Mass General in Boston.
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這是波士頓的麻省總醫院
01:46
And do you know where the operating room is?
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你知道手術室在哪嗎?
01:48
Here it is
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在這裡
01:50
on the top of the building
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醫院的頂樓
01:52
with plenty of windows to let light in.
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上面開了很多窗戶引進光線
01:55
So nowadays in the operating room,
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現今的手術室
01:57
we no longer need to use sunlight.
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不再需要利用陽光
02:00
And because we no longer need to use sunlight,
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因為我們不需要利用陽光
02:03
we have very specialized lights
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我們有特製的燈光
02:05
that are made for the operating room.
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專為手術室打造的燈
02:07
We have an opportunity
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我們有機會
02:09
to bring in other kinds of lights --
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引進其他種類的光線
02:11
lights that can allow us to see
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這種光線可以讓我們看見
02:13
what we currently don't see.
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目前我們看不到的地方
02:16
And this is what I think
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這種光線就是
02:18
is the magic of fluorescence.
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神奇的螢光
02:20
So let me back up a little bit.
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我先把話題拉回以前
02:22
When we are in medical school,
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當我們在醫學院的時候
02:25
we learn our anatomy from illustrations such as this
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我們透過插圖學習解剖學,就像這張
02:28
where everything's color-coded.
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各部位都用色彩區分
02:31
Nerves are yellow, arteries are red,
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神經是黃的,動脈是紅的
02:33
veins are blue.
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靜脈是藍的
02:35
That's so easy anybody could become a surgeon, right?
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很簡單,每個人都可以當外科醫生,對吧?
02:39
However, when we have a real patient on the table,
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然而,當我們在看手術台上的實體病人時
02:42
this is the same neck dissection --
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這是相同的頸部解剖面
02:45
not so easy to tell the difference
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不太易區分
02:47
between different structures.
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不同組織的差異
02:49
We heard over the last couple days
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過去幾天我們聽說
02:52
what an urgent problem
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癌症至今仍是
02:54
cancer still is in our society,
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我們所面臨的迫切問題
02:56
what a pressing need it is
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我們有急迫的需求
02:58
for us to not have
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不希望隨時會有人
03:00
one person die every minute.
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因為癌症而死
03:04
Well if cancer can be caught early,
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假如能夠早期發現癌症
03:06
enough such that someone can have their cancer taken out,
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在最初時就透過手術
03:11
excised with surgery,
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把腫瘤移除
03:13
I don't care if it has this gene or that gene,
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我不管是有這個基因或那個基因
03:15
or if it has this protein or that protein,
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或者有這種蛋白質或那種蛋白質
03:17
it's in the jar.
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反正都丟到罐子了
03:19
It's done, it's out, you're cured of cancer.
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手術完成,切除了,癌症治好了
03:22
This is how we excise cancers.
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這是我們移除腫瘤手術的照片
03:24
We do our best, based upon our training
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我們盡最大能力,依據過去的訓練
03:27
and the way the cancer looks and the way it feels
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還有腫瘤的樣貌和感覺
03:30
and its relationship to other structures and all of our experience,
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以及腫瘤與其他組織的關聯,還有過去的經驗
03:33
we say, you know what, the cancer's gone.
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我們說,你知道嗎,腫瘤清除了
03:36
We've made a good job. We've taken it out.
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很好,我們把腫瘤移除了
03:39
That's what the surgeon is saying in the operating room
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外科醫生在手術室都會這樣說
03:41
when the patient's on the table.
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當患者還在手術台上時
03:43
But then we actually don't know that it's all out.
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可是我們其實不確定腫瘤是否都移除了
03:46
We actually have to take samples from the surgical bed,
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我們必須從腫瘤床採取樣本
03:49
what's left behind in the patient,
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以了解患者體內是否殘存腫瘤
03:51
and then send those bits to the pathology lab.
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然後把樣本送到病理實驗室
03:55
In the meanwhile, the patient's on the operating room table.
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這時,患者仍然躺在手術台上
03:57
The nurses, anesthesiologist, the surgeon,
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護士、麻醉師、外科醫生
03:59
all the assistants are waiting around.
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所有的助理都在等候
04:01
And we wait.
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我們就這樣等著
04:03
The pathologist takes that sample,
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病理師把樣本拿去
04:05
freezes it, cuts it, looks in the microscope one by one
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冷凍、切開,一片片放在顯微鏡下觀察
04:08
and then calls back into the room.
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然後回覆手術室
04:10
And that may be 20 minutes later per piece.
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每件樣本大概要花20分鐘
04:12
So if you've sent three specimens,
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所以假如你送三件樣本
04:14
it's an hour later.
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要等上一小時
04:16
And very often they say,
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通常他們會說
04:18
"You know what, points A and B are okay,
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「你知道嗎,A點和B點都沒問題,
04:21
but point C, you still have some residual cancer there.
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但是C點仍然殘留些許的腫瘤,
04:23
Please go cut that piece out."
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請把殘留的腫瘤切除。」
04:26
So we go back and we do that again, and again.
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所以我們就回去一次又一次再做手術
04:29
And this whole process:
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這就是整個過程
04:31
"Okay you're done.
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「好了,完成了,
04:33
We think the entire tumor is out."
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我們認為腫瘤已經切除了。」
04:35
But very often several days later,
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但通常幾天以後
04:38
the patient's gone home,
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病患回家了
04:40
we get a phone call:
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我們接到電話說:
04:42
"I'm sorry,
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「抱歉,
04:44
once we looked at the final pathology,
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我們看了最後的病理報告
04:46
once we looked at the final specimen,
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我們看了最後的樣本
04:48
we actually found that there's a couple other spots
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我們發現有些其他的點
04:51
where the margins are positive.
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邊緣呈現陽性反應
04:54
There's still cancer in your patient."
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患者的體內仍有腫瘤。」
04:57
So now you're faced with telling your patient, first of all,
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所以首先要面對的是告訴患者
05:00
that they may need another surgery,
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可能要再進行一次手術
05:02
or that they need additional therapy
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或者額外的治療
05:04
such as radiation or chemotherapy.
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像是放射線治療或化療
05:08
So wouldn't it be better
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如果我們能夠知道
05:10
if we could really tell,
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如果可以在手術時就知道
05:12
if the surgeon could really tell,
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腫瘤是否仍然存在
05:15
whether or not there's still cancer on the surgical field?
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這樣是不是更好?
05:18
I mean, in many ways, the way that we're doing it,
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我的意思是,現階段我們進行手術時
05:21
we're still operating in the dark.
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很多時候等於在黑暗中動刀
05:25
So in 2004, during my surgical residency,
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2004年,當我在住院醫師期間
05:28
I had the great fortune
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我很榮幸
05:30
to meet Dr. Roger Tsien,
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遇見 Roger Chen 醫師
05:33
who went on to win the Nobel Prize for chemistry
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後來他在2008年時
05:36
in 2008.
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獲得諾貝爾化學獎
05:38
Roger and his team
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Roger和他的團隊
05:40
were working on a way to detect cancer,
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當時正在研究偵測腫瘤的方法
05:43
and they had a very clever molecule
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他們後來研發出
05:45
that they had come up with.
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一種非常神奇的分子
05:47
The molecule they had developed
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他們研發出的分子
05:49
had three parts.
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由三個部分構成
05:51
The main part of it is the blue part, polycation,
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第一部分是藍色的聚陽離子
05:54
and it's basically very sticky
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這東西很容易附著在
05:56
to every tissue in your body.
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身體組織上
05:58
So imagine that you make a solution
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想像一下你製做了一種溶液
06:00
full of this sticky material
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裡頭都是這種高依附性物質
06:02
and inject it into the veins of someone who has cancer,
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然後注射到癌症患者的靜脈
06:04
everything's going to get lit up.
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接著全身各部位開始發亮
06:06
Nothing will be specific.
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沒有什麼地方不會發亮
06:08
There's no specificity there.
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看不出任何不同的地方
06:10
So they added two additional components.
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所以他們添加了兩種成分
06:12
The first one is a polyanionic segment,
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第一種是聚陰離子
06:15
which basically acts as a non-stick backing
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具有反依附作用
06:17
like the back of a sticker.
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就像貼紙下面那張不黏的底紙
06:19
So when those two are together, the molecule is neutral
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當這兩種物質結合在一起時,分子變成中性
06:22
and nothing gets stuck down.
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不會附著在組織上
06:24
And the two pieces are then linked
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當這兩種物質結合在一起時
06:27
by something that can only be cut
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必須使用特定的分子剪刀
06:30
if you have the right molecular scissors --
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才能將兩者分開
06:32
for example, the kind of protease enzymes
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像是腫瘤產生的
06:34
that tumors make.
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蛋白酵素
06:36
So here in this situation,
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在這種溶液裡
06:38
if you make a solution full of this three-part molecule
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假如溶液裡含有這三種成分
06:42
along with the dye, which is shown in green,
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同時含有綠色染劑
06:44
and you inject it into the vein
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把這溶液注射到
06:47
of someone who has cancer,
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癌症患者的靜脈裡
06:49
normal tissue can't cut it.
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正常組織無法切斷分子鍵
06:51
The molecule passes through and gets excreted.
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溶液的分子流經組織,然後代謝掉
06:54
However, in the presence of the tumor,
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然而,當有腫瘤的時後
06:56
now there are molecular scissors
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裡面就有分子剪刀
06:58
that can break this molecule apart
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可以把分子分開
07:00
right there at the cleavable site.
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從可以切開的地方切斷
07:02
And now, boom,
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接著,蹦
07:04
the tumor labels itself
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腫瘤發亮了
07:06
and it gets fluorescent.
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並且發出螢光
07:08
So here's an example of a nerve
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這邊以神經為例
07:11
that has tumor surrounding it.
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神經的周遭有腫瘤
07:13
Can you tell where the tumor is?
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你看得出來腫瘤在哪嗎?
07:15
I couldn't when I was working on this.
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我在那時候根本看不出來
07:18
But here it is. It's fluorescent.
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不過現在有了,螢光的地方就是了
07:20
Now it's green.
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看起來是綠色的
07:22
See, so every single one in the audience
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在座的每位聽眾
07:25
now can tell where the cancer is.
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都看得出來腫瘤在哪
07:28
We can tell in the operating room, in the field,
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我們在手術室能夠以分子般的細微程度
07:31
at a molecular level,
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判斷腫瘤位置
07:33
where is the cancer and what the surgeon needs to do
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知道哪邊需要進行手術
07:35
and how much more work they need to do
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以及需要做到什麼程度
07:37
to cut that out.
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才能將腫瘤切除
07:40
And the cool thing about fluorescence
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螢光最炫的地方在於
07:42
is that it's not only bright,
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螢光不只會發亮
07:45
it actually can shine through tissue.
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還能穿透組織發亮
07:48
The light that the fluorescence emits
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螢光所發出光線
07:51
can go through tissue.
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能夠穿透組織
07:53
So even if the tumor is not right on the surface,
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就算腫瘤不在組織的表面
07:56
you'll still be able to see it.
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一樣可以看得到
07:59
In this movie, you can see
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這段影片可以看見
08:01
that the tumor is green.
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腫瘤呈現綠色
08:04
There's actually normal muscle on top of it. See that?
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正常肌肉組織在上面,看到沒?
08:07
And I'm peeling that muscle away.
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我把肌肉剝開
08:09
But even before I peel that muscle away,
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不過就算還沒把肌肉剝開
08:11
you saw that there was a tumor underneath.
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仍然看得到底下有腫瘤
08:14
So that's the beauty of having a tumor
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散發出螢光的腫瘤
08:17
that's labeled with fluorescent molecules.
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看起來就是這麼漂亮
08:20
That you can, not only see the margins
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你不只能夠以分子般細微的尺度
08:22
right there on a molecular level,
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看出腫瘤的範圍
08:24
but you can see it even if it's not right on the top --
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即使腫瘤的位置不在最上層一樣看得見
08:27
even if it's beyond your field of view.
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即使有東西阻隔同樣看得到
08:30
And this works for metastatic lymph nodes also.
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這項技術也可用在轉移性淋巴結
08:33
Sentinel lymph node dissection
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前哨性淋巴腺摘除術
08:35
has really changed the way that we manage breast cancer, melanoma.
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改變了我們治療乳癌、黑色素瘤的方式
08:39
Women used to get
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過去女性為了
08:41
really debilitating surgeries
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徹底切除腋下淋巴結
08:43
to excise all of the axillary lymph nodes.
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必須接受非常折人的手術
08:46
But when sentinel lymph node
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不過按照我們治療
08:49
came into our treatment protocol,
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前哨性淋巴結的方法
08:52
the surgeon basically looks for the single node
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外科醫生會先尋找
08:55
that is the first draining lymph node of the cancer.
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最早形成腫瘤的淋巴結
08:58
And then if that node has cancer,
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假如這個淋巴結帶有腫瘤
09:01
the woman would go on to get
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該名女性病患
09:03
the axillary lymph node dissection.
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必須接受腋下淋巴結切除術
09:05
So what that means
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也就是說
09:07
is if the lymph node did not have cancer,
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假如這個淋巴結沒有腫瘤
09:10
the woman would be saved
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患者就不必接受
09:12
from having unnecessary surgery.
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不必要的手術
09:14
But sentinel lymph node, the way that we do it today,
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現今我們執行的前哨性淋巴腺摘除術
09:17
is kind of like having a road map
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有點像拿著地圖
09:19
just to know where to go.
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才知道要往哪邊走
09:21
So if you're driving on the freeway
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就像你在高速公路上開車
09:23
and you want to know where's the next gas station,
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想要知道下個加油站在哪
09:25
you have a map to tell you that that gas station is down the road.
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地圖上顯示往前走就到了
09:28
It doesn't tell you whether or not
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地圖上不會告訴你
09:30
the gas station has gas.
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加油站有沒有油
09:32
You have to cut it out, bring it back home,
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你得把油箱帶回家
09:35
cut it up, look inside
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打開來看
09:37
and say, "Oh yes, it does have gas."
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然後才知道:「真的耶,裡面有油。」
09:39
So that takes more time.
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所以這樣太費時了
09:41
Patients are still on the operating room table.
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患者仍然躺在手術台
09:43
Anesthesiologists, surgeons are waiting around.
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麻醉師、外科醫生在一旁等候
09:45
That takes time.
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要等上一會的時間
09:47
So with our technology, we can tell right away.
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有了這項技術,我們馬上就可以知道結果
09:50
You see a lot of little, roundish bumps there.
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這裡有一些小小的、圓圓的腫塊
09:53
Some of these are swollen lymph nodes
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其中有些是腫大的淋巴結
09:56
that look a little larger than others.
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看起來比其他的要大
09:58
Who amongst us hasn't had swollen lymph nodes with a cold?
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在座的各位有誰感冒時不會造成淋巴結腫大?
10:01
That doesn't mean that there's cancer inside.
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腫大的淋巴結未必代表裡面有腫瘤
10:03
Well with our technology,
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運用我們的技術
10:05
the surgeon is able to tell immediately
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外科醫生可以馬上知道
10:08
which nodes have cancer.
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哪個淋巴結有腫瘤
10:10
I won't go into this very much,
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細節部分不再多講
10:12
but our technology, besides being able
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不過這項技術
10:14
to tag tumor and metastatic lymph nodes with fluorescence,
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除了可以用螢光標記轉移性淋巴結外
10:18
we can also use the same smart three-part molecule
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我們也可以用相同的三合一分子
10:22
to tag gadolinium onto the system
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在系統裡標記出釓
10:25
so you can do this noninvasively.
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如此可以用非入侵方式達到目的
10:27
The patient has cancer,
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患者患有癌症
10:29
you want to know if the lymph nodes have cancer
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我們想在手術前
10:31
even before you go in.
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知道他的淋巴結是否有腫瘤
10:33
Well you can see this on an MRI.
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可以用核磁共振影像得知
10:36
So in surgery,
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在手術時
10:38
it's important to know what to cut out.
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了解切除掉的是什麼東西很重要
10:41
But equally important
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不過同樣重要的是
10:43
is to preserve things
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把具有重要功能的組織
10:46
that are important for function.
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保留下來
10:49
So it's very important to avoid inadvertent injury.
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所以避免疏忽造成傷害很重要
10:52
And what I'm talking about
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我這裡所說的是
10:54
are nerves.
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神經
10:56
Nerves, if they are injured,
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假如神經受損
10:58
can cause paralysis,
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可能會造成癱瘓
11:00
can cause pain.
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造成疼痛
11:03
In the setting of prostate cancer,
264
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以前列腺癌來說
11:05
up to 60 percent of men
265
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有60%的患者
11:07
after prostate cancer surgery
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在前列腺癌手術後
11:09
may have urinary incontinence
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會出現尿失禁
11:11
and erectile disfunction.
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以及勃起障礙
11:13
That's a lot of people to have a lot of problems --
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很多的問題發生在很多人的身上
11:16
and this is even in
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即使是在
11:18
so-called nerve-sparing surgery,
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所謂的神經保護手術也一樣
11:20
which means that the surgeon is aware of the problem,
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也就是說外科醫生知道這個問題
11:24
and they are trying to avoid the nerves.
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並且想辦法避開神經
11:26
But you know what, these little nerves are so small,
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不過各位知道嗎,和前列腺癌相比
11:29
in the context of prostate cancer,
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神經非常的纖細
11:32
that they are actually never seen.
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醫生根本看不見
11:34
They are traced
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只能透過
11:36
just by their known anatomical path
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已知的解剖路徑
11:38
along vasculature.
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沿著血管尋找
11:40
And they're known because somebody has decided to study them,
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因為有人對此研究,我們才得以知道
11:44
which means that we're still learning
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也就是說我們仍在研究
11:46
about where they are.
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神經的位置在哪
11:48
Crazy to think that we're having surgery,
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很難想像如果我們要動手術切除腫瘤
11:51
we're trying to excise cancer, we don't know where the cancer is.
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但卻不知道腫瘤在哪
11:54
We're trying to preserve nerves; we can't see where they are.
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3000
想要保留神經,但卻看不見在哪
11:57
So I said, wouldn't it be great
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所以我說,如果可以找到方法
11:59
if we could find a way
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看見發出螢光的神經
12:01
to see nerves with fluorescence?
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那不是很好嗎?
12:04
And at first this didn't get a lot of support.
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起先這項研究沒有受到什麼支持
12:08
People said, "We've been doing it this way for all these years.
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大家都說:「這些年來我們都這樣開刀,
12:10
What's the problem?
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有什麼問題嗎?
12:12
We haven't had that many complications."
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我們很少遇到併發症。」
12:15
But I went ahead anyway.
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不過我執意進行
12:17
And Roger helped me.
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Roger 協助我
12:19
And he brought his whole team with him.
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而且他帶著他的團隊
12:22
So there's that teamwork thing again.
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所以這又是團隊研究
12:26
And we eventually discovered molecules
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最後我們發現
12:29
that were specifically labeling nerves.
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可以標記神經的分子
12:31
And when we made a solution of this,
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當我們做好溶液
12:33
tagged with the fluorescence
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用螢光作為標記
12:35
and injected in the body of a mouse,
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把溶液注入老鼠體內
12:38
their nerves literally glowed.
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神經真的發亮了
12:40
You can see where they are.
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各位可以看見神經在哪
12:42
Here you're looking at a sciatic nerve of a mouse,
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現在看到的是老鼠的坐骨神經
12:46
and you can see that that big, fat portion you can see very easily.
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各位可以很容易的看見大大、肥肥的部分
12:49
But in fact, at the tip of that where I'm dissecting now,
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實際上,在我正在解剖的位置上
12:52
there's actually very fine arborizations
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分佈著細微的神經分支
12:55
that can't really be seen.
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肉眼看不見
12:57
You see what looks like little Medusa heads coming out.
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看起來就像小小的梅杜莎蛇頭伸出來
13:01
We have been able to see nerves
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我們可以看見
13:03
for facial expression, for facial movement, for breathing --
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控制表情、顏面動作和呼吸的神經
13:06
every single nerve --
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每一條都看得見
13:08
nerves for urinary function around the prostate.
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前列腺周圍泌尿功能的神經
13:11
We've been able to see every single nerve.
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我們可以看見每條神經
13:14
When we put these two probes together ...
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當我們把這兩根探針放一起
13:18
So here's a tumor.
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看到腫瘤了
13:20
Do you guys know where the margins of this tumor is?
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各位知道腫瘤的範圍有多大嗎?
13:23
Now you do.
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這麼大
13:26
What about the nerve that's going into this tumor?
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那麼腫瘤裡的神經又在哪呢?
13:29
That white portion there is easy to see.
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白色的部分很容易看見
13:31
But what about the part that goes into the tumor?
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但是穿進腫瘤的神經在哪呢?
13:33
Do you know where it's going?
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各位知道神經分布在哪嗎?
13:35
Now you do.
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這樣子
13:37
Basically, we've come up with a way
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基本上,我們已經找到
13:39
to stain tissue
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把組織染色的方法
13:41
and color-code the surgical field.
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並且在特定區域用顏色作標記
13:43
This was a bit of a breakthrough.
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這是一項突破
13:46
I think that it'll change the way that we do surgery.
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4000
我想這會改變目前執行手術的方式
13:50
We published our results
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我們把結果發布於
13:52
in the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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美國國家科學院院刊
13:54
and in Nature Biotechnology.
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以及自然生物科技期刊上
13:56
We received commentary in Discover magazine,
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發現雜誌和經濟學人雜誌
13:59
in The Economist.
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對我們的研究作了評論
14:01
And we showed it to a lot of my surgical colleagues.
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我們把成果拿給很多外科醫生同事看
14:04
They said, "Wow!
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他們都說:「哇!
14:06
I have patients
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我的病人
14:08
who would benefit from this.
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可以因此受惠
14:10
I think that this will result in my surgeries
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我想這可以為我未來執行的手術
14:12
with a better outcome
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帶來較好的成效
14:14
and fewer complications."
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並且減少併發症
14:17
What needs to happen now
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現在要做的是
14:19
is further development of our technology
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進一步研究這項技術
14:22
along with development
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同時研發
14:24
of the instrumentation
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相關的醫療儀器
14:26
that allows us to see
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好讓我們可以
14:28
this sort of fluorescence in the operating room.
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在手術室看見螢光
14:31
The eventual goal
347
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最終的目標是
14:33
is that we'll get this into patients.
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把這項技術用在病患身上
14:36
However, we've discovered
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然而,我們發現
14:39
that there's actually no straightforward mechanism
350
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現在沒有直接可用的裝置
14:41
to develop a molecule
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可以製作
14:43
for one-time use.
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供單次使用的分子
14:45
Understandably, the majority of the medical industry
353
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我們可以了解,大部分的醫療產業
14:48
is focused on multiple-use drugs,
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把主力集中在多用途的藥物
14:52
such as long-term daily medications.
355
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例如長效性的日服藥物
14:55
We are focused on making this technology better.
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我們把焦點放在改進技術
14:58
We're focused on adding drugs,
357
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添加藥物
15:01
adding growth factors,
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添加生長因子
15:03
killing nerves that are causing problems
359
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殺除有問題的神經
15:05
and not the surrounding tissue.
360
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而且不傷害周圍的組織
15:08
We know that this can be done and we're committed to doing it.
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我們知道這是可行的,所以我們堅決研究
15:12
I'd like to leave you with this final thought.
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我想把我的感想跟大家分享
15:16
Successful innovation
363
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成功的創新
15:18
is not a single breakthrough.
364
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並不是單一的突破
15:21
It is not a sprint.
365
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不像百米衝刺
15:24
It is not an event for the solo runner.
366
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不是單一跑者的比賽
15:28
Successful innovation
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成功的創新
15:30
is a team sport, it's a relay race.
368
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3000
是團隊運動,是接力賽跑
15:33
It requires one team for the breakthrough
369
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需要某個團隊先行突破
15:37
and another team
370
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另一個團隊
15:39
to get the breakthrough accepted and adopted.
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把這項突破拿來應用
15:41
And this takes the long-term steady courage
372
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這需要長久堅忍不拔的勇氣
15:44
of the day-in day-out struggle
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日復一日的奮鬥
15:46
to educate, to persuade
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去教育、說服其他人
15:49
and to win acceptance.
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以獲得接受
15:52
And that is the light that I want to shine
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這就是我在健康和醫療
15:54
on health and medicine today.
377
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所點亮的一盞燈
15:56
Thank you very much.
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謝謝各位
15:58
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
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