How we're using AI to discover new antibiotics | Jim Collins

41,088 views ・ 2020-05-26

TED


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Prevoditelj: Jasmina Sevo Recezent: Sanda L
00:12
So how are we going to beat this novel coronavirus?
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Dakle, kako ćemo pobijediti ovaj novi koronavirus?
00:16
By using our best tools:
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Korištenjem naših najboljih alata:
00:18
our science and our technology.
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znanosti i tehnologije.
00:21
In my lab, we're using the tools of artificial intelligence
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U mom laboratoriju koristimo alate umjetne inteligencije
00:24
and synthetic biology
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i sintetičke biologije
00:26
to speed up the fight against this pandemic.
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kako bismo ubrzali borbu protiv ove pandemije.
00:30
Our work was originally designed
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Naš rad je prvotno bio namijenjen
00:31
to tackle the antibiotic resistance crisis.
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rješavanju krize uslijed otpornosti na antibiotike.
00:34
Our project seeks to harness the power of machine learning
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Cilj našeg projekta je iskoristiti moć strojnog učenja
00:39
to replenish our antibiotic arsenal
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da se dopuni arsenal antibiotika
00:41
and avoid a globally devastating postantibiotic era.
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i izbjegne globalno pogubno postantibiotsko doba.
00:45
Importantly, the same technology can be used
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A što je važno, ta ista tehnologija se može koristiti
00:48
to search for antiviral compounds
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za traženje antivirusnih spojeva
00:50
that could help us fight the current pandemic.
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koji bi nam mogli pomoći u borbi protiv aktualne pandemije.
00:54
Machine learning is turning the traditional model of drug discovery
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Strojno učenje izvrće dosadašnji model otkrivanja lijekova
00:58
on its head.
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naglavačke.
00:59
With this approach,
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Ovakvim pristupom,
01:00
instead of painstakingly testing thousands of existing molecules
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umjesto mukotrpnog laboratorijskog testiranja tisuća postojećih molekula,
01:04
one by one in a lab
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jedne po jedne
01:06
for their effectiveness,
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na njihovu učinkovitost,
01:07
we can train a computer to explore the exponentially larger space
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možemo obučiti računalo da istraži eksponencijalno veći prostor
01:12
of essentially all possible molecules that could be synthesized,
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praktično svih mogućih molekula koje bi se mogle sintetizirati,
01:16
and thus, instead of looking for a needle in a haystack,
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i tako, umjesto da tražimo iglu u stogu sijena,
01:21
we can use the giant magnet of computing power
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možemo iskoristiti moć računala da kao ogroman magnet
01:25
to find many needles in multiple haystacks simultaneously.
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privuče mnogo igala iz više stogova odjednom.
01:30
We've already had some early success.
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Već smo ostvarili neki početni uspjeh.
01:33
Recently, we used machine learning to discover new antibiotics
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Nedavno smo koristili strojno učenje da bismo otkrili nove antibiotike
01:38
that can help us fight off the bacterial infections
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koji nam mogu pomoći u borbi protiv bakterijskih infekcija
01:41
that can occur alongside SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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koje se mogu pojaviti uz SARS-CoV-2 infekcije.
01:45
Two months ago, TED's Audacious Project approved funding for us
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Prije dva mjeseca, TED-ov Audacious Project nam je odobrio sredstva
01:49
to massively scale up our work
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kako bismo znatno povećali svoj rad
01:51
with the goal of discovering seven new classes of antibiotics
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s ciljem pronalaska sedam novih klasa antibiotika
01:56
against seven of the world's deadly bacterial pathogens
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protiv sedam najsmrtonosnijih bakterijskih patogena na svijetu
01:59
over the next seven years.
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u idućih sedam godina.
02:02
For context:
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Radi pojašnjenja:
02:03
the number of new class of antibiotics
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broj novih klasa antibiotika
02:05
that have been discovered over the last three decades is zero.
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otkrivenih u posljednja tri desetljeća je nula.
02:10
While the quest for new antibiotics is for our medium-term future,
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Dok je potraga za novim antibioticima srednjoročni zadatak za našu budućnost,
02:13
the novel coronavirus poses an immediate deadly threat,
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novi koronavirus predstavlja neposrednu smrtnu prijetnju,
02:18
and I'm excited to share that we think we can use the same technology
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i drago mi je reći da mislimo da možemo koristiti istu tehnologiju
02:22
to search for therapeutics to fight this virus.
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u potrazi za terapijama za obranu od ovog virusa.
02:25
So how are we going to do it?
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Pa, kako ćemo to učiniti?
02:27
Well, we're creating a compound training library
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Dakle, mi pravimo jednu objedinjenu knjižnicu uzoraka
02:30
and with collaborators applying these molecules to SARS-CoV-2-infected cells
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i sa suradnicima primjenjujemo ove molekule na stanice inficirane SARS-CoV-2
02:35
to see which of them exhibit effective activity.
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da vidimo koje su od njih učinkovite.
02:40
These data will be use to train a machine learning model
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Ovi podaci će se koristiti za osposobljavanje modela strojnog učenja
02:43
that will be applied to an in silico library of over a billion molecules
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koji će se unijeti u 'in silico' knjižnicu od preko milijardu molekula,
02:47
to search for potential novel antiviral compounds.
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u potrazi za potencijalnim novim antivirusnim spojevima.
02:52
We will synthesize and test the top predictions
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Sintetizirat ćemo i testirati najbolja predviđanja
02:55
and advance the most promising candidates into the clinic.
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i na najperspektivnijim kandidatima sprovesti klinička testiranja.
02:58
Sound too good to be true?
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Zvuči isuviše dobro da bi bilo istinito?
03:00
Well, it shouldn't.
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Pa, ne bi trebalo.
03:01
The Antibiotics AI Project is founded on our proof of concept research
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Projekt Antibiotici pomoću UI zasniva se na dokazu koncepta istraživanja
03:04
that led to the discovery of a novel broad-spectrum antibiotic
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koji je doveo do otkrića novog antibiotika širokog spektra
03:08
called halicin.
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po imenu Halocin.
03:10
Halicin has potent antibacterial activity
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Halocin ima vrlo jako antibakterijsko djelovanje
03:13
against almost all antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens,
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na skoro sve bakterijske patogene otporne na antibiotike,
03:17
including untreatable panresistant infections.
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uključujući neizlječive panrezistentne infekcije.
03:21
Importantly, in contrast to current antibiotics,
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Što je bitno, za razliku od sadašnjih antibiotika,
03:24
the frequency at which bacteria develop resistance against halicin
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učestalost kojom bakterije razvijaju otpornost na Halocin
03:27
is remarkably low.
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je iznimno niska.
03:30
We tested the ability of bacteria to evolve resistance against halicin
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Testirali smo sposobnost bakterija da razviju otpornost na Halocin,
03:35
as well as Cipro in the lab.
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kao i na Cipro, u laboratoriju.
03:37
In the case of Cipro,
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Kad je u pitanju Cipro,
03:38
after just one day, we saw resistance.
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uočili smo otpornost poslije samo jednog dana.
03:42
In the case of halicin,
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U slučaju Halocina,
03:43
after one day, we didn't see any resistance.
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nakon jednog dana nismo vidjeli nikakvu rezistentnost.
03:46
Amazingly, after even 30 days,
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Začudo, nakon čak 30 dana,
03:49
we didn't see any resistance against halicin.
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i dalje nismo uočili nikakvu otpornost na Halocin.
03:53
In this pilot project, we first tested roughly 2,500 compounds against E. coli.
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U ovom pilot projektu smo najprije okvirno testirali 2 500 spojeva na Е. coli.
03:59
This training set included known antibiotics,
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U probni postupak su bili uključeni poznati antibiotici,
04:02
such as Cipro and penicillin,
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kao što su Cipro i penicilin,
04:03
as well as many drugs that are not antibiotics.
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kao i mnogi drugi lijekovi koji nisu antibiotici.
04:06
These data we used to train a model
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Ove podatke smo koristili da bismo osposobili model
04:09
to learn molecular features associated with antibacterial activity.
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da nauči molekularne osobine vezane za antibakterijsku aktivnost.
04:14
We then applied this model to a drug-repurposing library
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Onda smo taj model unijeli u knjižnicu lijekova za prenamjenu
04:16
consisting of several thousand molecules
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koja se sastoji od nekoliko tisuća molekula
04:19
and asked the model to identify molecules
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i zadali modelu da identificira molekule
04:22
that are predicted to have antibacterial properties
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za koje se predviđa da imaju antibakterijska svojstva,
04:24
but don't look like existing antibiotics.
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ali ne liče na postojeće antibiotike.
04:28
Interestingly, only one molecule in that library fit these criteria,
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Interesantno, samo jedna molekula u toj knjižnici odgovara ovim kriterijima
04:33
and that molecule turned out to be halicin.
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i ispostavilo se da je ta molekula Halocin.
04:36
Given that halicin does not look like any existing antibiotic,
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Obzirom da Halocin ne liči ni na jedan drugi postojeći antibiotik,
04:39
it would have been impossible for a human, including an antibiotic expert,
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bilo bi nemoguće da čovjek, pri tome misleći i na stručnjaka za antibiotike,
04:43
to identify halicin in this manner.
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identificira Halocin na ovaj način.
04:46
Imagine now what we could do with this technology
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Sada zamislite što bismo mogli činiti ovom tehnologijom
04:49
against SARS-CoV-2.
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u borbi protiv SARS-CoV-2.
04:51
And that's not all.
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I to nije sve.
04:53
We're also using the tools of synthetic biology,
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Također koristimo alate za sintetičku biologiju,
04:56
tinkering with DNA and other cellular machinery,
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eksperimentirajući s DNK i drugom staničnom mašinerijom,
04:58
to serve human purposes like combating COVID-19,
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sve s ciljem pomoći ljudima kao što je borba protiv COVID-19
05:02
and of note, we are working to develop a protective mask
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i, kao napomena, radimo na razvoju zaštitne maske
05:06
that can also serve as a rapid diagnostic test.
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koja također može služiti kao brzo dijagnostičko sredstvo.
05:10
So how does that work?
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А kako ona funkcionira?
05:11
Well, we recently showed
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Pa, nedavno smo pokazali
05:12
that you can take the cellular machinery out of a living cell
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da se stanična mašinerija može izvući iz žive stanice
05:15
and freeze-dry it along with RNA sensors onto paper
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i izvršiti liofilizacija zajedno s RNK senzorima na papir
05:20
in order to create low-cost diagnostics for Ebola and Zika.
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da bi se dobila jeftina dijagnostika za ebolu i zika virus.
05:25
The sensors are activated when they're rehydrated by a patient sample
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Senzori se aktiviraju kada ih rehidrira uzorak pacijenta
05:30
that could consist of blood or saliva, for example.
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koji se može sastojati, na primjer, od krvi ili pljuvačke.
05:33
It turns out, this technology is not limited to paper
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Ispostavilo se da ova tehnologija nije ograničena samo na papir,
05:36
and can be applied to other materials, including cloth.
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nego se može primijeniti i na druge materijale, uključujući platno.
05:40
For the COVID-19 pandemic,
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Za pandemiju COVID-19
05:42
we're designing RNA sensors to detect the virus
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dizajniramo RNK senzore da otkriju virus
05:47
and freeze-drying these along with the needed cellular machinery
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i liofiliziramo ih zajedno s potrebnom staničnom mašinerijom
05:50
into the fabric of a face mask,
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u platno maske za lice,
05:52
where the simple act of breathing,
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gdje jednostavni čin disanja,
05:55
along with the water vapor that comes with it,
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uz vodenu paru koja se pri njemu podrazumijeva,
05:57
can activate the test.
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može aktivirati test.
05:59
Thus, if a patient is infected with SARS-CoV-2,
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Tako, ako je pacijent inficiran SARS-CoV-2,
06:04
the mask will produce a fluorescent signal
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maska će proizvesti fluorescentni signal
06:06
that could be detected by a simple, inexpensive handheld device.
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koji se može detektirati običnim jeftinim ručnim uređajem.
06:10
In one or two hours, a patient could thus be diagnosed
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Za dva ili tri sata pacijentu bi se tako mogla postaviti dijagnoza
06:15
safely, remotely and accurately.
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na siguran i točan način, bez kontakta.
06:18
We're also using synthetic biology
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Тakođer koristimo sintetičku biologiju
06:21
to design a candidate vaccine for COVID-19.
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da osmislimo cjepivo protiv COVID-19.
06:25
We are repurposing the BCG vaccine,
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Vršimo prenamjenu BCG cjepiva
06:27
which had been used against TB for almost a century.
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koje se koristi protiv TBC skoro čitavo stoljeće.
06:30
It's a live attenuated vaccine,
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То је živo oslabljeno cjepivo
06:32
and we're engineering it to express SARS-CoV-2 antigens,
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i dizajniramo ga tako da sadrži SARS-CoV-2 antigene,
06:36
which should trigger the production of protective antibodies
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koji bi trebali potaknuti imunosni sustav
06:39
by the immune system.
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da proizvodi zaštitna antitijela.
06:41
Importantly, BCG is massively scalable
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A što je važno, BCG je izrazito skalabilan
06:44
and has a safety profile that's among the best of any reported vaccine.
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i ima sigurnosni profil koji je među najboljim od svih registriranih cjepiva.
06:49
With the tools of synthetic biology and artificial intelligence,
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Pomoću alata sintetičke biologije i umjetne inteligencije,
06:55
we can win the fight against this novel coronavirus.
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možemo pobijediti u borbi protiv ovog novog koronavirusa.
06:58
This work is in its very early stages, but the promise is real.
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Ovaj rad je u svojoj veoma ranoj fazi, ali očekivanje je realno.
07:02
Science and technology can give us an important advantage
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Znanost i tehnologija nam mogu dati jednu važnu prednost
07:06
in the battle of human wits versus the genes of superbugs,
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u borbi između ljudske pameti i gena rezistentnih bakterija,
07:09
a battle we can win.
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borbi u kojoj možemo pobijediti.
07:11
Thank you.
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Hvala.
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