Why you don’t like the sound of your own voice | Rébecca Kleinberger

Prevoditelj: Lidija Funtek Recezent: Sanda L

If you ask evolutionary biologists

Ako pitate evolucijske biologe

when did humans become humans,

kada su ljudi postali ljudi,

some of them will say that,

neki će vam reći

well, at some point we started standing on our feet,

onda kada smo počeli stajati na nogama,

became biped and became the masters of our environment.

postali dvonošci i gospodari naše okoline.

Others will say that because our brain started growing much bigger,

Drugi će reći da zato što su nam mozgovi postajali veći,

that we were able to have much more complex cognitive processes.

postali smo sposobni za složenije kognitivne procese.

And others might argue that it's because we developed language

Ostali će reći onda kada smo razvili jezik

that allowed us to evolve as a species.

koji nam je omogućio da evoluiramo kao vrsta.

Interestingly, those three phenomena are all connected.

Zanimljivo, te tri stvari su povezane.

We are not sure how or in which order,

Nismo sigurni kako ni kojim redoslijedom,

but they are all linked

ali povezane su

with the change of shape of a little bone in the back of your neck

promjenom oblika male kosti u stražnjem dijelu vašeg vrata,

that changed the angle between our head and our body.

koja je promijenila kut između vaše glave i vašeg tijela.

That means we were able to stand upright

To znači da smo mogli uspravno stajati,

but also for our brain to evolve in the back

ali i naš se mozak mogao razvijati

and for our voice box to grow from seven centimeters for primates

i naš grkljan je narastao za 7 cm kod primata,

to 11 and up to 17 centimetres for humans.

preko 11 do 17 cm kod ljudi.

And this is called the descent of the larynx.

To se zove spuštanje grkljana.

And the larynx is the site of your voice.

A grkljan je mjesto gdje nastaje vaš glas.

When baby humans are born today, their larynx is not descended yet.

Kada se bebe rode, njihov grkljan se još nije spustio.

That only happens at about three months old.

Do toga dolazi u trećem mjesecu starosti.

So, metaphorically, each of us here

Dakle, svatko od nas ovdje je, metaforički,

has relived the evolution of our whole species.

proživio evoluciju cijele naše vrste.

And talking about babies,

Kad smo već kod beba,

when you were starting to develop in your mother's womb,

kada se počnete razvijati u majčinoj utrobi,

the first sensation that you had coming from the outside world,

prvi doživljaj vanjskog svijeta dobivate

at only three weeks old, when you were about the size of a shrimp,

u trećem tjednu, kada ste otprilike veličine škampa,

were through the tactile sensation

preko osjeta dodira

coming from the vibrations of your mother's voice.

koji dolazi od vibracija majčinog glasa.

So, as we can see, the human voice is quite meaningful and important

Vidimo da je ljudski glas jako značajan i važan

at the level of the species,

na razini vrste,

at the level of the society --

na razini društva.

this is how we communicate and create bonds,

Tako komuniciramo i povezujemo se

and at the personal and interpersonal levels --

i na osobnoj i na međuljudskoj razini.

with our voice, we share much more than words and data,

Glasom dijelimo puno više od samih riječi i podataka,

we share basically who we are.

dijelimo ono što jesmo.

And our voice is indistinguishable from how other people see us.

A nema razlike između našeg glasa i načina na koji nas ljudi vide.

It is a mask that we wear in society.

On je maska koju nosimo u javnosti.

But our relationship with our own voice is far from obvious.

No, naš odnos s našim glasom nije toliko jednostavan.

We rarely use our voice for ourselves; we use it as a gift to give to others.

Rijetko koristimo glas za sebe; koristimo ga kao dar koji dajemo drugima.

It is how we touch each other.

Na taj način dodirujemo jedni druge.

It's a dialectical grooming.

To je dijalektičko njegovanje.

But what do we think about our own voice?

No, što mislimo o vlastitom glasu?

So please raise your hand

Molim vas dignite ruku

if you don't like the sound of your voice when you hear it on a recording machine.

ako ne volite čuti svoj glas na snimkama?

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Yeah, thank you, indeed,

Da, hvala vam, doista,

most people report not liking the sound of their voice recording.

mnogo ljudi kaže da ne voli svoj glas na snimkama.

So what does that mean?

Što to znači?

Let's try to understand that in the next 10 minutes.

Probajmo to shvatiti u sljedećih 10 minuta.

I'm a researcher at the MIT Media Lab,

Istraživač sam u MIT Media Laboratoriju,

part of the Opera of the Future group,

koji je dio grupe Opera budućnosti

and my research focuses on the relationship

i moje se istraživanje bavi odnosom

people have with their own voice and with the voices of others.

ljudi prema njihovom glasu i prema glasovima drugih.

I study what we can learn from listening to voices,

Proučavam što možemo naučiti slušajući glasove,

from the various fields,

i to na raznim poljima,

from neurology to biology, cognitive sciences, linguistics.

od neurologije do biologije, kognitivnih znanosti, lingvistike.

In our group we create tools and experiences

U našem timu stvaramo pomagala i iskustva

to help people gain a better applied understanding of their voice

da pomognemo ljudima kako bi bolje razumjeli svoj glas,

in order to reduce the biases,

kako bismo smanjili predrasude,

to become better listeners,

naučili bolje slušati,

to create more healthy relationships

stvorili zdravije odnose

or just to understand themselves better.

ili jednostavno bolje razumjeli sebe.

And this really has to come with a holistic approach on the voice.

A to sve dolazi s holističkim pristupom glasu.

Because, think about all the applications and implications

Razmislite o svim primjenama i posljedicama

that the voice may have, as we discover more about it.

koje glas može imati kako naše istraživanje napreduje.

Your voice is a very complex phenomenon.

Vaš glas je jako kompliciran fenomen.

It requires a synchronization of more than 100 muscles in your body.

Zahtjeva sinkronizaciju više od 100 mišića u vašem tijelu.

And by listening to the voice,

A slušanjem našeg glasa

we can understand possible failures of what happens inside.

možemo razumjeti moguće nedostatke onoga što se događa iznutra.

For example:

Primjerice:

listening to very specific types of turbulences

slušanjem vrlo specifičnih vrsta turbulencija

and nonlinearity of the voice

i neravnomjernosti u glasu,

can help predict very early stages of Parkinson's,

mogu se predvidjeti počeci Parkinsonove bolesti,

just through a phone call.

i to već kroz telefonski razgovor.

Listening to the breathlessness of the voice

Osluškivanjem zadihanosti u glasu mogu se otkriti srčane bolesti.

can help detect heart disease.

And we also know that the changes of tempo inside individual words

A znamo i da je promjena ritma unutar pojedinačnih riječi

is a very good marker of depression.

dobar pokazatelj depresije.

Your voice is also very linked with your hormone levels.

Vaš glas povezan je i s razinom hormona.

Third parties listening to female voices

Kada su ispitanici slušali ženske glasove,

were able to very accurately place the speaker

mogli su vrlo precizno odrediti osobu

on their menstrual cycle.

vezano za menstrualni ciklus.

Just with acoustic information.

Samo pomoću zvučnih podataka.

And now with technology listening to us all the time,

A danas kada nas tehnologija stalno sluša,

Alexa from Amazon Echo

Alexa iz Amazona

might be able to predict if you're pregnant

mogla bi predvidjeti jeste li trudni

even before you know it.

prije negoli vi to sami znate.

So think about --

Razmislite o...

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Think about the ethical implications of that.

Razmislite o etičkoj primjeni.

Your voice is also very linked to how you create relationships.

Vaš glas vrlo je povezan s time kakve odnose stvarate.

You have a different voice for every person you talk to.

Imate drugačiji glas za svaku osobu s kojom razgovarate.

If I take a little snippet of your voice and I analyze it,

Da uzmem djelić vašeg glasa i analiziram ga,

I can know whether you're talking to your mother, to your brother,

mogu znati razgovarate li s majkom, bratom,

your friend or your boss.

prijateljem ili sa svojim šefom.

We can also use, as a predictor, the vocal posture.

Kao pokazatelja možemo koristiti i postavu glasa.

Meaning, how you decide to place your voice when you talk to someone.

Znači, kako odlučite postaviti svoj glas kada razgovarate s nekim.

And you vocal posture, when you talk to your spouse,

A vaša postava glasa kada razgovarate s partnerom

can help predict not only if, but also when you will divorce.

može predvidjeti ne samo ako, već i kada ćete se razvesti.

So there is a lot to learn from listening to voices.

Dakle, možemo puno naučiti slušajući glasove.

And I believe this has to start with understanding

Mislim da to mora početi razumijevanjem

that we have more than one voice.

da imamo više od jednog glasa.

So, I'm going to talk about three voices that most of us posses,

Govorit ću o tri glasa koje većina nas ima,

in a model of what I call the mask.

prema uzorku kojeg nazivam maskom.

So when you look at the mask,

Kada pogledate masku,

what you see is a projection of a character.

vidite projekciju karaktera.

Let's call that your outward voice.

Nazovimo to vašim vanjskim glasom.

This is also the most classic way to think about the voice,

To je, također, i najčešći način razmišljanja o glasu,

it's a way of projecting yourself in the world.

način na koji se prikazujete svijetu.

The mechanism for this projection is well understood.

Mehanizam za tu projekciju je vrlo jasan.

Your lungs contract your diaphragm

Vaša pluća stežu vašu dijafragmu

and that creates a self-sustained vibration of your vocal fold,

i to stvara neovisnu vibraciju vaših glasnica,

that creates a sound.

što stvara zvuk.

And then the way you open and close the cavities in you mouth,

A i način na koji otvarate i zatvarate šupljine u ustima

your vocal tract is going to transform the sound.

odredit će kako će vokalni trakt oblikovati zvuk.

So everyone has the same mechanism.

Dakle, svatko ima isti mehanizam.

But voices are quite unique.

No, glasovi su jedinstveni.

It's because very subtle differences in size, physiology, in hormone levels

Zato jer će i najmanja razlika u veličini, fiziologiji, razini hormona,

are going to make very subtle differences in your outward voice.

proizvesti jako male razlike u vašem vanjskom glasu.

And your brain is very good

A vaš mozak je jako dobar

at picking up those subtle differences from other people's outward voices.

u primjećivanju tih malih razlika u vanjskim glasovima drugih ljudi.

In our lab, we are working on teaching machines

U našem laboratoriju radimo na tome da strojeve naučimo

to understand those subtle differences.

kako razumjeti te male razlike.

And we use deep learning to create a real-time speaker identification system

Koristimo duboko učenje da stvorimo sustav identifikacije govornika u realnom vremenu

to help raise awareness on the use of the shared vocal space --

kako bismo osvijestili upotrebu djeljivog vokalnog prostora -

so who talks and who never talks during meetings --

tko govori, a tko nikada ne govori na sastancima -

to increase group intelligence.

za povećanje grupne inteligencije.

And one of the difficulties with that is that your voice is also not static.

Jedan od problema kod toga je i taj što vaš glas nije statičan.

We already said that it changes with every person you talk to

Već smo rekli da se mijenja ovisno s kime razgovarate,

but it also changes generally throughout your life.

ali se općenito mijenja i tijekom života.

At the beginning and at the end of the journey,

Na početku i na kraju putovanja,

male and female voices are very similar.

muški i ženski glasovi su jako slični.

It's very hard to distinguish

Vrlo je teško razlikovati

the voice of a very young girl from the voice of a very young boy.

glas male djevojčice od glasa malog dječaka.

But in between, your voice becomes a marker of your fluid identity.

No između, vaš glas postaje pokazatelj vašeg promjenjivog identiteta.

Generally, for male voices there's a big change at puberty.

Općenito, muški glasovi jako se mijenjaju u pubertetu.

And then for female voices,

A kod žena

there is a change at each pregnancy and a big change at menopause.

dolazi do velike promjene tijekom svake trudnoće i u menopauzi.

So all of that is the voice other people hear when you talk.

Dakle, to je sve glas koji drugi čuju kada govorite.

So why is it that we're so unfamiliar with it?

Pa zašto nam je onda toliko nepoznat?

Why is it that it's not the voice that we hear?

Zašto to nije glas koji mi čujemo?

So, let's think about it.

Razmislimo o tome.

When you wear a mask, you actually don't see the mask.

Kada nosite masku, zapravo ne vidite masku.

And when you try to observe it, what you will see is inside of the mask.

A kada je pokušate proučiti, vidjet ćete samo unutarnju stranu.

And that's your inward voice.

I to je vaš glas iznutra.

So to understand why it's different,

Da bismo razumjeli zašto je drugačiji,

let's try to understand the mechanism of perception of this inward voice.

pokušajmo razumjeti mehanizme percepcije tog unutrašnjeg glasa.

Because your body has many ways of filtering it differently

Vaše tijelo na mnoge načine taj glas filtrira drugačije

from the outward voice.

od vanjskog glasa.

So to perceive this voice, it first has to travel to your ears.

Kako biste uočili taj glas, on prvo mora putovati do vaših ušiju.

And your outward voice travels through the air

Vaš vanjski glas putuje zrakom,

while your inward voice travels through your bones.

a vaš unutrašnji glas putuje kroz kosti.

This is called bone conduction.

To se zove koštana provodljivost.

Because of this, your inward voice is going to sound in a lower register

Zbog toga će vaš glas iznutra zvučati dublje

and also more musically harmonical than your outward voice.

i melodioznije nego vaš glas izvana.

Once it travels there, it has to access your inner ear.

Jednom kada doputuje, mora ući u vaše unutarnje uho.

And there's this other mechanism taking place here.

Ovdje je na djelu drugi mehanizam.

It's a mechanical filter,

To je mehanički filter,

it's a little partition that comes and protects your inner ear

mala pregrada koja štiti vaše unutarnje uho

each time you produce a sound.

svaki puta kada proizvedete zvuk.

So it also reduces what you hear.

Dakle, umanjuje ono što čujete.

And then there is a third filter, it's a biological filter.

Postoji i treći filter, biološki filter.

Your cochlea -- it's a part of your inner ear that processes the sound --

Vaša pužnica - dio vašeg unutarnjeg uha koji procesira zvuk -

is made out of living cells.

sastoji se od živih stanica.

And those living cells are going to trigger differently

Te žive stanice aktivirat će se drugačije,

according to how often they hear the sound.

s obzirom na to kako često čuju zvuk.

It's a habituation effect.

To je efekt navikavanja.

So because of this,

Zbog toga,

as your voice is the sound you hear the most in your life,

kako je vaš glas zvuk kojeg čujete najčešće tijekom života,

you actually hear it less than other sounds.

zapravo ga čujete manje nego ostale zvukove.

Finally, we have a fourth filter.

Konačno imamo i četvrti filter.

It's a neurological filter.

To je neurološki filter.

Neurologists found out recently

Neurolozi su nedavno otkrili

that when you open your mouth to create a sound,

da kada otvorite usta da proizvedete zvuk,

your own auditory cortex shuts down.

vaša se slušna moždana kora gasi.

So you hear your voice

Dakle, čujete svoj glas,

but your brain actually never listens to the sound of your voice.

ali vaš mozak, zapravo, nikada ne sluša zvuk vašeg glasa.

Well, evolutionarily that might make sense,

Evolucijski to možda ima smisla,

because we know cognitively what we are going to sound like

jer znamo kako ćemo zvučati

so maybe we don't need to spend energy analyzing the signal.

pa možda ne trebamo trošiti energiju na analiziranje signala.

And this is called a corollary discharge

To se zove posljedično pražnjenje

and it happens for every motion that your body does.

i događa se za svaki pokret kojeg radi vaše tijelo.

The exact definition of a corollary discharge

Točna definicija posljedičnog pražnjenja je

is a copy of a motor command that is sent by the brain.

"kopija motoričke naredbe koju šalje mozak."

This copy doesn't create any motion itself

Ta kopija ne stvara pokret,

but instead is sent to other regions of the brain

već se šalje u ostala područja mozga

to inform them of the impending motion.

da ih obavijesti o sljedećem pokretu.

And for the voice, this corollary discharge also has a different name.

Za glas, to posljedično pražnjenje ima drugačiji naziv.

It is your inner voice.

To je vaš unutarnji glas.

So let's recapitulate.

Pa ponovimo.

We have the mask, the outward voice,

Imamo masku, vanjski glas,

the inside of the mask, your inward voice,

unutarnji dio maske, unutrašnji glas

and then you have your inner voice.

i imamo unutarnji glas.

And I like to see this one as the puppeteer

Na taj gledam kao na lutkara

that holds the strings of the whole system.

koji drži konce cijelog sustava.

Your inner voice is

Vaš unutarnji glas je

the one you hear when you read a text silently,

onaj koji čujete kada čitate u sebi,

when you rehearse for an important conversation.

kada vježbate za važan razgovor.

Sometimes is hard to turn it off,

Nekada ga je teško isključiti,

it's really hard to look at the text written in your native language,

teško je pročitati tekst na vašem materinjem jeziku,

without having this inner voice read it.

a da ga ne čita taj unutarnji glas.

It's also the voice that refuse to stop singing

To je i glas koji odbija prestati pjevati

the stupid song you have in your head.

onu glupu pjesmu koja vam je u glavi.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

And for some people it's actually impossible to control it.

Nekim ljudima ga je, zapravo, nemoguće kontrolirati.

And that's the case of schizophrenic patients,

I to je slučaj kod oboljelih od šizofrenije,

who have auditory hallucinations.

koji imaju slušne halucinacije.

Who can't distinguish at all between voices coming from inside

Oni ne mogu razlikovati glasove koji dolaze izvana

and outside their head.

od onih koji su im u glavi.

So in our lab, we are also working on small devices

U našem laboratoriju razvijamo male uređaje

to help those people make those distinctions

koji će pomoći takvim osobama da shvate razlike

and know if a voice is internal or external.

i prepoznaju je li glas unutarnji ili vanjski.

You can also think about the inner voice as the voice that speaks in your dream.

Unutarnji glas je i onaj glas koji govori u vašim snovima.

This inner voice can take many forms.

Taj unutarnji glas ima mnogo oblika.

And in your dreams, you actually unleash the potential of this inner voice.

U snovima, zapravo, oslobađate potencijal tog unutarnjeg glasa.

That's another work we are doing in our lab:

Na tome isto radimo u laboratoriju:

trying to access this inner voice in dreams.

pokušavamo pristupiti tom unutarnjem glasu u snovima.

So even if you can't always control it,

Čak i ako ga ne možete uvijek kontrolirati,

the inner voice -- you can always engage with it

unutarnji glas - možete ga uvijek iskoristiti

through dialogue, through inner dialogues.

kroz dijalog, kroz unutarnje dijaloge.

And you can even see this inner voice

Možete taj unutarnji glas vidjeti

as the missing link between thought and actions.

i kao kariku koja nedostaje između misli i radnji.

So I hope I've left you with a better appreciation,

Nadam se da ćete sada više cijeniti,

a new appreciation of all of your voices

nanovo cijeniti, sve vaše glasove

and the role it plays inside and outside of you --

i ulogu koju imaju u vama i izvan vas -

as your voice is a very critical determinant of what makes you humans

jer vaš glas je odlučujući faktor u tome što vas čini ljudskim bićem

and of how you interact with the world.

i načinu na koji komunicirate sa svijetom.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)