Ajit Narayanan: A word game to communicate in any language

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

I work with children with autism.

¶ Radim s autističnom djecom.

Specifically, I make technologies

Točnije, stvaram tehnologije

to help them communicate.

koje im pomažu komunicirati.

Now, many of the problems that children

Mnogi problemi s kojima se autistična

with autism face, they have a common source,

djeca suočavaju imaju zajednički izvor,

and that source is that they find it difficult

a taj izvor jest da im je teško

to understand abstraction, symbolism.

razumjeti apstrakciju, simbolizam.

And because of this, they have a lot of difficulty with language.

Zbog toga imaju mnogo problema s jezikom.

Let me tell you a little bit about why this is.

Sada ću vam reći nešto o razlogu zašto.

You see that this is a picture of a bowl of soup.

Vidite, ovo je slika zdjele s juhom.

All of us can see it. All of us understand this.

Svi možemo to vidjeti. Svi možemo to razumjeti.

These are two other pictures of soup,

Ovo su druge dvije slike juhe,

but you can see that these are more abstract

ali možete vidjeti da su više apstraktne.

These are not quite as concrete.

Ove nisu jednako konkretne.

And when you get to language,

A kada stignete do jezika,

you see that it becomes a word

vidite da to postaje riječ

whose look, the way it looks and the way it sounds,

čija pojava, način na koji izgleda i način na koji zvuči

has absolutely nothing to do with what it started with,

nema apsolutno ništa s onim čime je počela

or what it represents, which is the bowl of soup.

ili s onim što predstavlja, a to je zdjela juhe.

So it's essentially a completely abstract,

To je zapravo potpuno apstraktna,

a completely arbitrary representation of something

potpuno proizvoljna predodžba nečega

which is in the real world,

što je u stvarnom svijetu,

and this is something that children with autism

a to je nešto s čime autistična djeca

have an incredible amount of difficulty with.

imaju velikih problema.

Now that's why most of the people that work with children with autism --

Zbog toga većina ljudi koji rade s autističnom djecom -

speech therapists, educators --

logopedi, nastavnici -

what they do is, they try to help children with autism

ono što rade je da pokušavaju pomoći autističnoj djeci

communicate not with words, but with pictures.

komunicirati, ne s riječima, već sa slikama.

So if a child with autism wanted to say,

Tako da ako bi autistično dijete htjelo reći,

"I want soup," that child would pick

„Hoću juhu, “ to dijete bi izabralo

three different pictures, "I," "want," and "soup,"

tri različite slike, „Ja, “ „htjeti, “ i „juha, “

and they would put these together,

i stavili bi ih zajedno,

and then the therapist or the parent would

i tada bi terapeut ili roditelj

understand that this is what the kid wants to say.

razumio da je to ono što dijete želi reći.

And this has been incredibly effective;

I to je bilo nevjerojatno učinkovito;

for the last 30, 40 years

zadnjih 30, 40 godina

people have been doing this.

ljudi su to radili.

In fact, a few years back,

Zapravo, prije nekoliko godina,

I developed an app for the iPad

razvio sam aplikaciju za iPad

which does exactly this. It's called Avaz,

koja radi upravo to. Zove se Avaz,

and the way it works is that kids select

i način na koji radi je da djeca izaberu

different pictures.

različite slike.

These pictures are sequenced together to form sentences,

Te slike se poredaju zajedno kako bi formirale rečenice,

and these sentences are spoken out.

i te rečenice se izgovaraju.

So Avaz is essentially converting pictures,

Tako Avaz zapravo pretvara slike,

it's a translator, it converts pictures into speech.

to je prevoditelj, pretvara slike u govor.

Now, this was very effective.

I sad, to je bilo jako učinkovito.

There are thousands of children using this,

Na tisuće djece koriste ovo,

you know, all over the world,

znate, u cijelom svijetu,

and I started thinking about

i počeo sam razmišljati o tome

what it does and what it doesn't do.

što radi, a što ne radi.

And I realized something interesting:

I shvatio sam nešto zanimljivo:

Avaz helps children with autism learn words.

Avaz pomaže autističnoj djeci naučiti riječi.

What it doesn't help them do is to learn

Ono što im ne pomaže naučiti jesu

word patterns.

obrasci riječi.

Let me explain this in a little more detail.

Dopustite mi da ovo objasnim malo detaljnije.

Take this sentence: "I want soup tonight."

Pogledajte ovu rečenicu: „Večeras hoću juhu.“

Now it's not just the words here that convey the meaning.

Nisu samo riječi te koje ovdje prenose značenje.

It's also the way in which these words are arranged,

To je također i način na koji su ove riječi poslagane,

the way these words are modified and arranged.

način na koji su ove riječi promijenjene i poslagane.

And that's why a sentence like "I want soup tonight"

I zbog toga rečenica kao što je „Hoću juhu večeras“

is different from a sentence like

je drukčija od rečenice kao što je

"Soup want I tonight," which is completely meaningless.

„Juha htjeti ja večeras, “ koja je potpuno beznačajna.

So there is another hidden abstraction here

Tako je ovdje još jedna skrivena apstrakcija

which children with autism find a lot of difficulty coping with,

s kojom se autistična djeca teško nose,

and that's the fact that you can modify words

a to je činjenica da možete mijenjati riječi

and you can arrange them to have

i poslagati ih tako da imaju

different meanings, to convey different ideas.

različita značenja, da prenose različite ideje.

Now, this is what we call grammar.

I sad, to je ono što nazivamo gramatika.

And grammar is incredibly powerful,

A gramatika je nevjerojatno snažna,

because grammar is this one component of language

jer je gramatika ta jedna komponenta jezika

which takes this finite vocabulary that all of us have

koja uzima ograničeni vokabular riječi koji svi imamo

and allows us to convey an infinite amount of information,

i dopušta nam prenositi beskonačno mnogo informacija,

an infinite amount of ideas.

beskonačno mnogo ideja.

It's the way in which you can put things together

To je način na koji možete složiti stvari

in order to convey anything you want to.

kako bi prenijeli sve što želite.

And so after I developed Avaz,

I tako nakon što sam razvio Avaz,

I worried for a very long time

brinuo sam se dugo vremena

about how I could give grammar to children with autism.

o tome kako mogu dati gramatiku autističnoj djeci.

The solution came to me from a very interesting perspective.

Rješenje mi je došlo iz jedne jako zanimljive perspektive.

I happened to chance upon a child with autism

Igrom slučaja naišao sam na autistično dijete

conversing with her mom,

koje je razgovaralo sa svojom mamom,

and this is what happened.

i dogodilo se ovo.

Completely out of the blue, very spontaneously,

Potpuno iznenadno, vrlo spontano,

the child got up and said, "Eat."

dijete se ustalo i reklo, „Jesti. “

Now what was interesting was

I ono što je bilo zanimljivo jest

the way in which the mom was trying to tease out

način na koji je mama pokušala izvući

the meaning of what the child wanted to say

značenje onoga što je dijete htjelo reći

by talking to her in questions.

tako što joj je pričala u pitanjima.

So she asked, "Eat what? Do you want to eat ice cream?

Tako ju je pitala, „Jesti što? Želiš li jesti sladoled?

You want to eat? Somebody else wants to eat?

Ti želiš jesti? Netko drugi želi jesti?

You want to eat cream now? You want to eat ice cream in the evening?"

Želiš sad jesti sladoled? Želiš jesti sladoled navečer?“

And then it struck me that

Sinulo mi je da

what the mother had done was something incredible.

to što je majka napravila je bilo nešto nevjerojatno.

She had been able to get that child to communicate

Uspjela je navesti to dijete da joj prenese

an idea to her without grammar.

neku ideju bez gramatike.

And it struck me that maybe this is what

I sinulo mi je da možda je to ono

I was looking for.

što sam tražio.

Instead of arranging words in an order, in sequence,

Umjesto slaganja riječ u poredak, u slijed,

as a sentence, you arrange them

kao rečenicu, slažete ih

in this map, where they're all linked together

u ovu mapu, gdje su zajedno povezane

not by placing them one after the other

ne sa redanjem jedne iza druge

but in questions, in question-answer pairs.

nego sa pitanjima, u parovima pitanje-odgovor.

And so if you do this, then what you're conveying

I ako to tako napravite, ono što prenosite

is not a sentence in English,

nije rečenica na engleskom,

but what you're conveying is really a meaning,

već ono što prenosite je zapravo značenje,

the meaning of a sentence in English.

značenje rečenice na engleskom.

Now, meaning is really the underbelly, in some sense, of language.

Značenje je na neki način zapravo podzemlje jezika.

It's what comes after thought but before language.

Ono dolazi poslije misli ali prije jezika.

And the idea was that this particular representation

I ideja je bila da ovaj osobit prikaz

might convey meaning in its raw form.

bi mogao prenijeti značenje u svome sirovom obliku.

So I was very excited by this, you know,

Zato sam bio jako uzbuđen zbog toga, znate,

hopping around all over the place,

skakutajući okolo i naokolo

trying to figure out if I can convert

pokušavajući odgonetnuti mogu li pretvoriti

all possible sentences that I hear into this.

sve moguće rečenice koje čujem u ovo.

And I found that this is not enough.

I shvatio sam da to nije dovoljno.

Why is this not enough?

Zašto to nije dovoljno?

This is not enough because if you wanted to convey

Nije dovoljno zato što ako biste htjeli prenijeti

something like negation,

nešto kao što je negacija,

you want to say, "I don't want soup,"

želite reći, „Neću juhu, “

then you can't do that by asking a question.

tada to ne možete napraviti postavljanjem pitanja.

You do that by changing the word "want."

To ćete napraviti mijenjanjem riječi „htjeti“.

Again, if you wanted to say,

Ili ako biste htjeli reći,

"I wanted soup yesterday,"

„Htio sam juhu jučer, “

you do that by converting the word "want" into "wanted."

to ćete napraviti pretvaranjem riječi „htjeti“ u „htio“.

It's a past tense.

To je prošlo vrijeme.

So this is a flourish which I added

To je ukras koji sam dodao

to make the system complete.

kako bih upotpunio sustav.

This is a map of words joined together

Ovo je mapa riječi pridruženih zajedno

as questions and answers,

kao pitanja i odgovori,

and with these filters applied on top of them

i sa ovim filtrima nadodanim na njih

in order to modify them to represent

kako bi ih promijenili da predstavljaju

certain nuances.

određene nijanse.

Let me show you this with a different example.

Sada ću vam to pokazati na drukčijem primjeru.

Let's take this sentence:

Uzmimo ovu rečenicu:

"I told the carpenter I could not pay him."

„Rekao sam stolaru da mu nisam mogao platiti.“

It's a fairly complicated sentence.

To je poprilično složena rečenica.

The way that this particular system works,

Način na koji ovaj radi jest da

you can start with any part of this sentence.

možete početi s bilo kojim dijelom ove rečenice.

I'm going to start with the word "tell."

Počet ću sa riječju „govoriti“.

So this is the word "tell."

Dakle ovo je riječ „govoriti“.

Now this happened in the past,

Budući da se ovo dogodilo u prošlosti,

so I'm going to make that "told."

pa ću promijeniti to u „govorio“.

Now, what I'm going to do is,

Sad, ono što ću napraviti jest da

I'm going to ask questions.

ću postavljati pitanja.

So, who told? I told.

Dakle, tko je rekao? Ja sam rekao.

I told whom? I told the carpenter.

Rekao sam kome? Rekao sam stolaru.

Now we start with a different part of the sentence.

Sada počinjemo s drukčijim dijelom rečenice.

We start with the word "pay,"

Počinjemo s riječju „platiti“

and we add the ability filter to it to make it "can pay."

i dodamo filtar mogućnosti kako bismo ju promijenili u „mogu platiti“.

Then we make it "can't pay,"

Potom ju promijenimo u „ne mogu platiti“,

and we can make it "couldn't pay"

i možemo ju promijeniti u „nisam mogao platiti“

by making it the past tense.

stavljajući ju u prošlo vrijeme.

So who couldn't pay? I couldn't pay.

Tko nije mogao platiti? Ja nisam mogao platiti.

Couldn't pay whom? I couldn't pay the carpenter.

Kome nisam mogao platiti? Nisam mogao platiti stolaru.

And then you join these two together

I potom spojite to dvoje zajedno

by asking this question:

postavljanjem ovog pitanja:

What did I tell the carpenter?

Što sam rekao stolaru?

I told the carpenter I could not pay him.

Rekao sam stolaru da mu nisam mogao platiti.

Now think about this. This is

Sada razmislite o tome. To je

—(Applause)—

—(Pljesak)—

this is a representation of this sentence

to je prikaz ove rečenice

without language.

bez jezika.

And there are two or three interesting things about this.

I postoje dvije ili tri zanimljive stvari oko toga.

First of all, I could have started anywhere.

Prvo, mogao sam početi bilo gdje.

I didn't have to start with the word "tell."

Nisam morao početi s riječju „govoriti“ .

I could have started anywhere in the sentence,

Mogao sam početi bilo gdje u rečenici

and I could have made this entire thing.

I napraviti cijelu tu stvar.

The second thing is, if I wasn't an English speaker,

Druga stvar je da, da nisam govornik engleskog jezika,

if I was speaking in some other language,

da govorim neki drugi jezik,

this map would actually hold true in any language.

ova bi mapa zapravo bila točna u bilo kojem jeziku.

So long as the questions are standardized,

Dokle god su pitanja standardizirana,

the map is actually independent of language.

mapa je zapravo neovisna o jeziku.

So I call this FreeSpeech,

Zato ovo nazivam FreeSpeech (SlobodniGovor)

and I was playing with this for many, many months.

i igrao sam se s time mnogo, mnogo mjeseci.

I was trying out so many different combinations of this.

Isprobavao sam toliko mnogo različitih kombinacija toga.

And then I noticed something very interesting about FreeSpeech.

I tada sam primijetio nešto vrlo zanimljivo o FreeSpeechu.

I was trying to convert language,

Pokušavao sam pretvoriti jezik,

convert sentences in English into sentences in FreeSpeech,

pretvoriti rečenice na engleskom u FreeSpeech rečenice,

and vice versa, and back and forth.

i obrnuto.

And I realized that this particular configuration,

I shvatio sam da mi je ova osobita konfiguracija,

this particular way of representing language,

ovaj osobit način prikazivanja jezika,

it allowed me to actually create very concise rules

dopustio da zapravo stvorim vrlo jezgrovita pravila

that go between FreeSpeech on one side

koja idu između FreeSpeecha s jedne strane

and English on the other.

i engleskog jezika s druge.

So I could actually write this set of rules

Tako da sam zapravo mogao napisati skup pravila

that translates from this particular representation into English.

koji prevodi ovaj osobit prikaz na engleski.

And so I developed this thing.

I tako sam razvio ovu stvar.

I developed this thing called the FreeSpeech Engine

Razvio sam stvar zvanu FreeSpeech Motor

which takes any FreeSpeech sentence as the input

koja uzima bilo koju FreeSpeech rečenicu kao unos

and gives out perfectly grammatical English text.

i izbacuje savršeno gramatički engleski tekst.

And by putting these two pieces together,

I spajajući ta dva dijela zajedno,

the representation and the engine,

taj prikaz i taj motor,

I was able to create an app, a technology for children with autism,

Mogao sam stvoriti aplikaciju, tehnologiju za autističnu djecu,

that not only gives them words

koja im ne daje samo riječi

but also gives them grammar.

već i gramatiku.

So I tried this out with kids with autism,

Tako sam isprobao ovo s autističnom djecom,

and I found that there was an incredible amount of identification.

i vidio sam da je tu postojala velika količina poistovjećenosti

They were able to create sentences in FreeSpeech

Mogli su stvoriti rečenice u FreeSpeechu

which were much more complicated but much more effective

koje su bile mnogo složenije i mnogo djelotvornije

than equivalent sentences in English,

nego odgovarajuće rečenice na engleskom,

and I started thinking about

i počeo sam razmišljati o tome

why that might be the case.

zašto je to tako.

And I had an idea, and I want to talk to you about this idea next.

I dobio sam ideju, i sada želim s vama razgovarati o njoj.

In about 1997, about 15 years back,

Negdje oko 1997. , oko prije 15 godina,

there were a group of scientists that were trying

bila je jedna grupa znanstvenika koji su pokušavali

to understand how the brain processes language,

razumjeti kako mozak obrađuje jezik,

and they found something very interesting.

i otkrili su nešto vrlo zanimljivo.

They found that when you learn a language

Otkrili su da kad učite jezik

as a child, as a two-year-old,

kao dijete, kao jedan dvogodišnjak,

you learn it with a certain part of your brain,

učite ga sa određenim dijelom svoga mozga,

and when you learn a language as an adult --

a kad učite jezik kao odrastao čovjek –

for example, if I wanted to learn Japanese right now —

naprimjer, ako bih sada htio naučiti japanski –

a completely different part of my brain is used.

koristit će se potpuno drugi dio moga mozga.

Now I don't know why that's the case,

I sad, ne znam zašto je to slučaj,

but my guess is that that's because

ali moja pretpostavka je da je to zbog toga što

when you learn a language as an adult,

kada učite jezik kao odrastao čovjek,

you almost invariably learn it

gotovo neizbježno ga učite

through your native language, or through your first language.

kroz svoj materinji jezik, kroz svoj prvi jezik.

So what's interesting about FreeSpeech

Pa ono što je zanimljivo za FreeSpeech

is that when you create a sentence

jest da kada stvarate neku rečenicu

or when you create language,

ili kada stvarate jezik,

a child with autism creates language with FreeSpeech,

autistično dijete stvara jezik sa FreeSpeechom,

they're not using this support language,

ono ne koristi ovaj potporni jezik,

they're not using this bridge language.

ne koriste ovaj premosni jezik.

They're directly constructing the sentence.

Direktno sastavljaju rečenicu.

And so this gave me this idea.

I to mi je dalo ovu ideju

Is it possible to use FreeSpeech

Je li moguće koristiti FreeSpeech

not for children with autism

ne za autističnu djecu

but to teach language to people without disabilities?

već za učenje jezika ljudi bez poteškoća u razvoju?

And so I tried a number of experiments.

I tako sam isprobao nekoliko pokusa.

The first thing I did was I built a jigsaw puzzle

Prvu stvar koju sam napravio je bila da sam napravio slagalicu

in which these questions and answers

u kojoj su ova pitanja i odgovori

are coded in the form of shapes,

kodirana u obliku oblika,

in the form of colors,

u obliku boja,

and you have people putting these together

i imate ljude koji ih spajaju

and trying to understand how this works.

i pokušavaju razumjeti kako to radi.

And I built an app out of it, a game out of it,

I napravio sam aplikaciju od toga, igricu od toga,

in which children can play with words

u kojoj se djeca mogu igrati riječima

and with a reinforcement,

i sa potkrjepljenjem,

a sound reinforcement of visual structures,

zvučnim potkrjepljenjem slikovnih struktura

they're able to learn language.

mogu naučiti jezik.

And this, this has a lot of potential, a lot of promise,

I ovo, ovo ima mnogo mogućnosti, mnogo obećava.

and the government of India recently

nedavno je indijska vlada

licensed this technology from us,

licencirala ovu tehnologiju od nas,

and they're going to try it out with millions of different children

i isprobat će je sa milijunima različite djece

trying to teach them English.

pokušavajući naučiti ih engleski.

And the dream, the hope, the vision, really,

I san, nada, vizija, zapravo,

is that when they learn English this way,

je da kada uče engleski na ovaj način,

they learn it with the same proficiency

uče ga sa jednakom spretnošću

as their mother tongue.

kao i svoj materinji jezik.

All right, let's talk about something else.

Dobro, razgovarajmo sada o nečem drugom.

Let's talk about speech.

Razgovarajmo o govoru.

This is speech.

Ovo je govor.

So speech is the primary mode of communication

Govor je osnovni način komunikacije

delivered between all of us.

između svih nas.

Now what's interesting about speech is that

Ono što je zanimljivo kod govora jest da

speech is one-dimensional.

je govor jednodimenzionalan.

Why is it one-dimensional?

Zašto je jednodimenzionalan?

It's one-dimensional because it's sound.

Jednodimenzionalan je zato što je zvuk.

It's also one-dimensional because

Također je jednodimenzionalan zato što

our mouths are built that way.

su naša usta tako građena.

Our mouths are built to create one-dimensional sound.

Naša usta su građena tako da stvaraju jednodimenzionalni zvuk.

But if you think about the brain,

Ali ako razmišljate o mozgu,

the thoughts that we have in our heads

misli koje imamo u našim glavama

are not one-dimensional.

nisu jednodimenzionalne.

I mean, we have these rich,

Hoću reći, imamo te bogate,

complicated, multi-dimensional ideas.

složene, višedimenzionalne ideje.

Now, it seems to me that language

Sad, meni se čini da jezik

is really the brain's invention

je zapravo izum mozga

to convert this rich, multi-dimensional thought

kojim pretvara te bogatu, višedimenzionalnu misao

on one hand

s jedne strane

into speech on the other hand.

u govor s druge strane.

Now what's interesting is that

Ono što je zanimljivo jest da

we do a lot of work in information nowadays,

mi u današnje vrijeme radimo mnogo posla u informacijama,

and almost all of that is done in the language domain.

a gotovo sve to se radi u domeni jezika.

Take Google, for example.

Uzmite naprimjer Google.

Google trawls all these countless billions of websites,

Google iskopava bezbroj milijardi svih tih web stranica,

all of which are in English, and when you want to use Google,

koje su sve na engleskom, i kad želite koristiti Google,

you go into Google search, and you type in English,

idete na Google pretraživanje, i tipkate na engleskom,

and it matches the English with the English.

i on sparuje engleski sa engleskim.

What if we could do this in FreeSpeech instead?

Što ako bismo to mogli napraviti u FreeSpeechu?

I have a suspicion that if we did this,

Imam sumnju da ako bismo to napravili,

we'd find that algorithms like searching,

otkrili bismo da algoritmi kao pretraživanje,

like retrieval, all of these things,

kao dohvaćanje, sve te stvari,

are much simpler and also more effective,

su mnogo jednostavniji i također mnogo učinkovitiji,

because they don't process the data structure of speech.

jer oni ne obrađuju podatkovnu strukturu govora.

Instead they're processing the data structure of thought.

Umjesto toga obrađuju podatkovnu strukturu misli.

The data structure of thought.

Podatkovna struktura misli.

That's a provocative idea.

To je provokativna ideja.

But let's look at this in a little more detail.

Ali pogledajmo to malo detaljnije.

So this is the FreeSpeech ecosystem.

Dakle, ovo je FreeSpeech ekosustav.

We have the Free Speech representation on one side,

Imamo Free Speech prikaz s jedne strane

and we have the FreeSpeech Engine, which generates English.

i imamo FreeSpeech motor, koji stvara engleski.

Now if you think about it,

Sada ako razmislite o tome,

FreeSpeech, I told you, is completely language-independent.

FreeSpeech, kao što sam vam rekao, je potpuno neovisan o jeziku.

It doesn't have any specific information in it

Nema nikakve specifične informacije u sebi

which is about English.

koja je o engleskom jeziku.

So everything that this system knows about English

Sve što taj sustav zna o engleskom

is actually encoded into the engine.

je kodirano u programu.

That's a pretty interesting concept in itself.

To je vrlo zanimljiv koncept sam po sebi.

You've encoded an entire human language

Kodirali ste cijeli ljudski jezik

into a software program.

u jedan program.

But if you look at what's inside the engine,

Ali ako pogledate što je unutar programa,

it's actually not very complicated.

zapravo to nije tako složeno.

It's not very complicated code.

To nije jako složen kod.

And what's more interesting is the fact that

I ono što je još zanimljivije je činjenica

the vast majority of the code in that engine

da velika većina koda u programu

is not really English-specific.

nije zapravo specifična za engleski.

And that gives this interesting idea.

I iz toga proizlazi ova zanimljiva ideja.

It might be very easy for us to actually

Moglo bi nam biti vrlo lako zapravo

create these engines in many, many different languages,

stvoriti takve programe u mnogo, mnogo različitih jezika,

in Hindi, in French, in German, in Swahili.

na hindskom, francuskom, njemačkom, swahiliju.

And that gives another interesting idea.

A iz toga proizlazi još jedna zanimljiva ideja.

For example, supposing I was a writer,

Naprimjer, recimo da sam pisac,

say, for a newspaper or for a magazine.

ne znam, za neke novine ili časopis.

I could create content in one language, FreeSpeech,

Mogao bih stvoriti sadržaj na jednom jeziku, FreeSpeechu,

and the person who's consuming that content,

a osoba koja konzumira taj sadržaj,

the person who's reading that particular information

osoba koja čita te informacije

could choose any engine,

mogla bi odabrati bilo koji program,

and they could read it in their own mother tongue,

i pročitati to na svojem materinjem jeziku,

in their native language.

na svojem vlastitom jeziku.

I mean, this is an incredibly attractive idea,

Hoću reći, to je vrlo privlačna ideja,

especially for India.

posebno za Indiju.

We have so many different languages.

Imamo toliko mnogo različitih jezika.

There's a song about India, and there's a description

Ima jedna pjesma o Indiji, i postoji opis

of the country as, it says,

zemlje koji kaže,

(in Sanskrit).

(na sanskrtskom)

That means "ever-smiling speaker

To znači „vječno nasmijan govornik

of beautiful languages."

prekrasnih jezika.“

Language is beautiful.

Jezik je prekrasan.

I think it's the most beautiful of human creations.

Mislim da je to najljepša od svih ljudskih tvorevina.

I think it's the loveliest thing that our brains have invented.

Mislim da je to najdivnija stvar koju su naši mozgovi izmislili.

It entertains, it educates, it enlightens,

Zabavlja, obrazuje, prosvjetljuje,

but what I like the most about language

ali ono što mi se najviše sviđa kod jezika

is that it empowers.

jest da osnažuje.

I want to leave you with this.

Htio bih završiti s ovim.

This is a photograph of my collaborators,

Ovo je fotografija mojih suradnika,

my earliest collaborators

mojih najranijih suradnika

when I started working on language

kada sam počeo raditi na jeziku

and autism and various other things.

i autizmu i drugim stvarima.

The girl's name is Pavna,

Ime djevojčice je Pavna,

and that's her mother, Kalpana.

I to je njezina majka, Kalpana.

And Pavna's an entrepreneur,

I Pavna je poduzetnica,

but her story is much more remarkable than mine,

ali njezina priča je mnogo vrjednija pažnje no moja,

because Pavna is about 23.

jer Pavna ima oko 23 godine.

She has quadriplegic cerebral palsy,

Ima kvadriplegičnu cerebralnu paralizu,

so ever since she was born,

od vremena kad se rodila,

she could neither move nor talk.

nije se mogla micati ni govorit.

And everything that she's accomplished so far,

I sve što je dosad postigla,

finishing school, going to college,

završavanje škole, odlazak na fakultet,

starting a company,

osnivanje tvrtke,

collaborating with me to develop Avaz,

suradnja sa mnom u razvijanju Avaza,

all of these things she's done

sve te stvari je postigla

with nothing more than moving her eyes.

s ništa više od micanja očiju.

Daniel Webster said this:

Daniel Webster je rekao ovo:

He said, "If all of my possessions were taken

Rekao je, „Kad bi mi sve što imam bilo oduzeto

from me with one exception,

s jednom iznimkom,

I would choose to keep the power of communication,

odabrao bih zadržati moć komunikacije,

for with it, I would regain all the rest."

jer bi s njom ponovno stekao sve ostalo.“

And that's why, of all of these incredible applications of FreeSpeech,

I zbog toga, od svih ovih nevjerojatnih primjena FreeSpeecha,

the one that's closest to my heart

ona koja mi je najbliža srcu

still remains the ability for this

još uvijek ostaje njegova mogućnost

to empower children with disabilities

da omogući djeci s poteškoćama

to be able to communicate,

sposobnost komunikacije,

the power of communication,

snagu komunikacije,

to get back all the rest.

kako bi dobila nazad sve ostalo.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

Thank you. (Applause)

Hvala. (Pljesak)

Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. (Applause)

Hvala. Hvala. Hvala. (Pljesak)

Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. (Applause)

Hvala. Hvala. Hvala. (Pljesak)