How the gut microbes you're born with affect your lifelong health | Henna-Maria Uusitupa

111,116 views

2020-01-14 ・ TED


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How the gut microbes you're born with affect your lifelong health | Henna-Maria Uusitupa

111,116 views ・ 2020-01-14

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Joanna Pietrulewicz
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Prevoditelj: Neda Vrkic Recezent: Sanda L
00:13
Now, I know it might be easy to think
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Sada, znam da bi moglo biti lako pomisliti
00:15
that microbes are bad,
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da su mikrobi loši,
00:17
especially for infants,
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posebno za novorođenčad,
00:20
but research has in fact proven the opposite.
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ali istraživanja su zapravo dokazala suprotno.
00:24
And the truth might be a little bit more complex,
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Ali istina bi mogla biti malo složenija,
00:27
but it's actually way more interesting.
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ali je zapravo zanimljivija.
00:31
It seems that we need microbes
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Izgleda da trebamo mikrobe
00:33
to be programmed for good health,
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da bismo bili programirani za dobro zdravlje,
00:37
but not just any microbes,
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ali ne samo bilo koje mikrobe,
00:38
we need the right combination.
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trebamo pravu kombinaciju.
00:41
We succeed best with the little microbial bodies
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Najbolje uspijevamo s malim mikrobnim tijelima
00:43
we have adapted to coexist with during evolution.
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koja smo tijekom evolucije prilagodili za suživot.
00:48
And I guess it won't surprise you
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I pretpostavljam da vas neće iznenaditi
00:50
to learn that we start acquiring that right combination right at birth.
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da saznate kako počinjemo stjecati pravu kombinaciju odmah kod rođenja.
00:55
Well, at least some of us do.
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Dobro, barem neki od nas steknu.
00:58
Babies born by C-section and babies born vaginally
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Bebe rođene carskim rezom i bebe rođene vaginalno
01:01
aren't the same
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nisu iste
01:03
when it comes to microbial start to life,
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kada se radi o mikrobiotskom početku života,
01:06
and after birth there are countless different early life events
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i nakon rođenja postoji bezbroj različitih ranih životnih događanja
01:10
and circumstances
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i okolnosti
01:11
that further modulate the way the gut microbiota is developing,
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koji dodatno podešavaju način razvijanja mikrobiote crijeva,
01:16
such as the medications that might be prescribed for the infant or the mother,
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kao što su lijekovi koji mogu biti propisani novorođenčadi ili majci,
01:21
number of pets and siblings in the family,
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broj kućnih ljubimaca, braće i sestara u obitelji,
01:24
as well as level of hygiene at home,
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kao i razina higijene kod kuće,
01:26
and, in this case, it's actually better
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i, u ovom slučaju, zapravo je bolje
01:28
if it's not that perfectly clean all the time.
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ako nije tako savršeno čisto cijelo vrijeme.
01:32
And also nutrition, both mothers and infants.
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I također prehrana, i majki i novorođenčadi.
01:35
All of these events and circumstances play a huge role
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Svi ovi događaji i okolnosti igraju veliku ulogu
01:40
in the gut microbial development
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u mikrobnom razvoju crijeva
01:43
and that has a huge impact on the lifelong health of that baby.
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i to ima ogroman utjecaj na cjeloživotno zdravlje djeteta.
01:49
And I'm not talking about small health implications here.
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I ovdje ne govorim o malim zdravstvenim implikacijama.
01:52
I'm talking about the big stuff.
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Govorim o velikim stvarima.
01:55
Microbes we acquire or do not acquire
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Mikrobi koje steknemo ili ne steknemo
01:58
affect our likelihood of developing diseases like obesity, diabetes
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utječu na našu vjerojatnost razvijanja bolesti poput pretilosti, dijabetesa
02:03
and even some cancers.
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pa čak i nekih vrsta raka.
02:06
Since many of these early life events I just listed
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Budući da su ovi rani životni događaji koje sam upravo navela
02:09
are such that we cannot affect them,
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takvi da ne možemo utjecati na njih,
02:11
they are inevitable,
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oni su neizbježni,
02:12
for example C-sections have been invented to save lives,
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na primjer, carski rezovi su izumljeni da spase živote,
02:16
and they do that daily,
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i rade to svakodnevno,
02:18
and most medications are prescribed for a valid reason,
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i većina lijekova je propisana iz valjanog razloga,
02:22
especially for infants, and so on.
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posebno za novorođenčad, i tako dalje.
02:25
That is why we have to learn
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Zato trebamo naučiti
02:28
how to protect the health of these babies
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kako zaštititi zdravlje ovih beba
02:30
after the occurrence of such early life events
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nakon pojave takvih ranih životnih događaja
02:34
that might disrupt their gut microbiota development.
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koji bi im mogli poremetiti mikrobiotski razvoj crijeva.
02:38
I work as a researcher
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Radim kao istraživačica
02:39
and as a technical lead of an infant health platform,
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i kao tehnička voditeljica zdravstvene ustanove za novorođenčad,
02:43
and the question I'm trying to find a solution to every day at work,
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i pitanje za koje pokušavam naći rješenje svaki dan na poslu,
02:47
and the same question I'm aiming to answer in this talk,
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i isto pitanje koje namjeravam odgovoriti u ovom govoru
02:51
is how can we make sure
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je kako se možemo pobrinuti
02:53
that all babies get the same shot at lifelong health,
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da sve bebe dobiju istu priliku za cjeloživotno zdravlje,
02:57
no matter how they're born or what early life events they encounter.
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bez obzira kako su rođene ili s kakvim se ranim životnim događajima susreću.
03:03
Seems like a noble cause, right?
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Čini se kao plemenita stvar, zar ne?
03:06
Great.
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Sjajno.
Pa odgonetnimo ovo.
03:07
So let's figure this out.
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03:09
To begin, remember how I said that we need the right combination of microbes?
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Za početak, sjećate li se kako sam rekla da nam treba prava kombinacija mikroba?
03:16
Well, to get that combination right,
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Pa, da dobijemo pravu kombinaciju,
03:18
we need to receive those microbes that inhabit our bodies
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moramo primiti te mikrobe koji nastanjuju naša tijela
03:21
in a certain order.
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određenim redoslijedom.
03:24
You can think of it like a colonization march.
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Možete to zamisliti kao kolonizacijski marš.
03:28
The very early microbes that inhabit our bodies first
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Vrlo rani mikrobi koji prvi naseljavaju naša tijela
03:33
change the environment in the infant's gut
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mijenjaju okolinu u crijevu novorođenčeta
03:36
so that the next microbes are able to move in,
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tako da se sljedeći mikrobi mogu useliti,
03:40
kind of like the first invaders
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poput prvih osvajača
03:42
come in first and set up the infrastructure
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dolaze prvi i postavljaju infrastrukturu
03:45
for the other settlers to build upon.
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za izgradnju drugih doseljenika.
03:48
Now, if babies are born via C-section,
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Sada, ako su djeca rođene carskim rezom,
03:51
that early phase of colonization is greatly altered,
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ta rana faza kolonizacije uveliko je izmijenjena,
03:55
because instead of vaginal, fecal and skin bacteria of the mother,
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jer umjesto vaginalnih, fekalnih i kožnih bakterija majke,
03:59
mainly only skin bacteria enter the infant gut.
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uglavnom samo bakterije kože dospiju do crijeva novorođenčadi.
04:03
And that sets that colonization march to a totally different tone,
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I to stavlja taj kolonizacijski marš u totalno drugačiji ton,
04:08
and simply because that's different to what we've adapted to during evolution,
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i samo zato što je drugačije od toga na što smo se prilagodili tijekom evolucije,
04:14
that might cause some health disadvantages for C-section-born babies later on.
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što bi kasnije moglo uzrokovati neke zdravstvene nedostatke
za djecu rođenu carskim rezom.
04:20
We can take weight development as an example here.
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Ovdje možemo uzeti razvoj težine kao primjer.
04:23
It has been already shown in several studies
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To se već pokazalo u nekoliko studija
04:26
that gut microbiota composition
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da je sastav mikrobiote crijeva
04:28
is associated to weight
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povezan s težinom
04:30
as well as the likelihood of developing diseases
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kao i vjerojatnost razvijanja bolesti
04:32
like diabetes or cardiovascular diseases.
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poput dijabetesa ili kardiovaskularnih bolesti.
04:36
But now there are some indications
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Ali sada postoje neke naznake
04:38
that you could already at infancy
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da biste već u ranom djetinjstvu mogli
04:41
see from a fecal sample of a baby
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vidjeti u fekalnom uzorku djeteta
04:43
some microbes missing from those individuals
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neke mikrobe koji nedostaju kod tih pojedinaca
04:46
who will later on develop to be obese or overweight.
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koji će kasnije postati pretili ili prekomjerne težine.
04:51
It has also been shown that those same microbes
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Također se pokazalo da bi ti isti mikrobi
04:55
might be missing from babies who are born by C-section
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mogli nedostajati djeci koja su rođena carskim rezom
04:58
or who are predisposed to heavy loads of antibiotics in early life.
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ili koja su izložena velikim količinama antibiotika u ranom životu.
05:02
And to kind of close this loop,
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I da nekako zatvorim ovu cjelinu,
05:04
it has also been shown in some research
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također se pokazalo u nekim istraživanjima
05:06
that babies born by C-section
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da djeca rođena carskim rezom
05:08
or are prescribed with many, many antibiotics early in life
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ili ako im je propisano mnogo, mnogo antibiotika u ranom životu,
05:13
are more likely to be obese or overweight, even by 50 percent,
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imat će veću vjerojatnost biti pretili ili imati prekomjernu težinu čak za 50 posto,
05:17
which is a lot.
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što je puno.
05:19
Now, I know you might be thinking at this point
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Sada, znam da biste u ovom trenutku mogli pomisliti
05:21
that, oh no, I just had a C-section or I was born via C-section
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da, o ne, upravo sam imala carski rez ili rođen sam carskim rezom
05:26
or my child had the antibiotics.
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ili moje dijete je uzimalo antibiotike.
05:29
But I want you to not worry.
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Ali želim da se ne brinete.
05:32
If these microbes are missing
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Ako ti mikrobi nedostaju
05:35
or are lost for any reason,
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ili su izgubljeni iz bilo kojeg razloga,
05:38
they can be acquired later,
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mogu se steći kasnije,
05:41
but the baby just needs a little help with that.
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ali dijete treba samo malo pomoći u tome.
05:44
One thing that has already for some time been known to help is breastfeeding.
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Jedna stvar za koju se zna da pomaže je dojenje.
05:50
Breast milk is kind of miraculous:
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Majčino mlijeko je nekako čudesno:
05:52
in addition to containing nutrients for the baby,
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uz to što sadrži nutrijente za dijete,
05:55
it seems to contain food for the good microbes as well.
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čini se da sadrži i hranu za dobre mikrobe.
06:01
That's great for a breastfed baby,
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To je sjajno za dojeno dijete,
06:04
but we all know that all babies are not breastfed.
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ali svi znamo da nisu sva djeca dojena.
06:08
So what could we do to ensure that also those babies who are not breastfed
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Pa što možemo učiniti da osiguramo da bi i ta djeca koja nisu dojena
06:13
could restore their microbiota development
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mogla obnoviti razvoj svoje mikrobiote
06:16
after encountering those disruptive early life events
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nakon susreta s tim razornim ranoživotnim događajima
06:20
that might disrupt their gut microbiota development?
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koji bi mogli poremetiti razvoj njihove mikrobiote crijeva?
06:23
And now we get to the actual solution part of this talk.
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I sada dolazimo do dijela oko stvarnog rješenja.
06:29
The research in this field has been taking giant steps lately.
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Istraživanje na ovom polju u posljednje vrijeme poduzelo je velike korake.
06:33
First, it was understood that if there are some microbes missing,
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Prvo, razumjelo se da ako neki mikrobi nedostaju,
06:37
they can be ingested.
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mogu se progutati.
06:40
We call the good microbes, when they are ingested, probiotics,
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Dobre mikrobe, koji se mogu progutati, zovemo probioticima,
06:44
and probiotics have been tested
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i probiotici su ispitani
06:45
in several clinical trials during the years,
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u nekoliko kliničkih ispitivanja tijekom godina,
06:48
also in infants, with great effects,
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također kod novorođenčadi, s velikim učincima,
06:50
such as reducing their risk of eczema later in life.
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kao što je smanjivanje njihovog rizika od ekcema kasnije u životu.
06:55
Now, a second revolution was realized
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Sada, ostvarena je druga revolucija
06:58
when the eyes of researchers were turned to breast milk.
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kada su istražitelji usmjerili pogled na majčino mlijeko.
07:01
That was logical, as, like I mentioned,
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To je bilo logično, kao što sam već spomenula,
07:03
it was already known that breastfeeding is able to support the healthy development
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već se znalo da dojenje podržava zdrav razvoj
07:08
of gut microbiota.
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mikrobiote crijeva.
07:11
There were these particles in breast milk
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U majčinom mlijeku postoje te čestice
07:15
that were found already in the 1930s
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koje su pronađene već u 1930-ima,
07:19
called human milk oligosaccharides,
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nazvane oligosaharidima ljudskog mlijeka,
07:21
but their function remained a mystery
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ali njihova funkcija je ostala misterija
07:24
for decades and decades after their initial discovery.
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desetljećima i desetljećima nakon prvotnog otkrića.
07:29
They were really puzzling for researchers,
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Bili su zaista zbunjujući za istraživače,
07:32
as they are really abundant in human milk.
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ali su obilni u ljudskom mlijeku.
07:36
They are actually the third-largest group of solids,
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Zapravo su treća po veličini skupina krutih tvari,
07:39
but they are not digestible by humans, not even infants.
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ali nisu probavljivi od strane ljudi, pa ni od novorođenčadi.
07:43
So why would mothers synthesize something to breast milk,
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Pa zašto bi majke sintetizirale nešto u majčinom mlijeku,
07:47
use their resources to put something there
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koristile svoje resurse da stave nešto tamo
07:50
that is not utilizable by the infant?
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što novorođenče ne može iskoristiti?
07:53
Usually nature does not work that way.
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Obično priroda ne djeluje na takav način.
07:55
Right?
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Zar ne?
07:56
So it was quite a revelation when it was finally understood
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Tako da je to bilo prilično otkriće kada je konačno shvaćeno
08:00
what's the role of these particles,
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koja je uloga ovih čestica,
08:02
and that it is to selectively feed the microbes that are best for infants,
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a to je da selektivno hrane mikrobe koji su najbolji za novorođenčad,
08:08
and that way to affect the infant health.
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i na taj način utječu na zdravlje novorođenčeta.
08:11
There are over a hundred of different HMO structures,
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Ima više od stotinu različitih HMO struktura
08:15
and nowadays we are able to synthesize some of them also in the lab,
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i danas smo također u stanju sintetizirati neke od njih u laboratoriju,
08:22
and that enables us to package them up
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što nam omogućuje da ih pakiramo
08:24
with probiotics for children and infants
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s probioticima za djecu i novorođenčad
08:27
who are not able to receive them from breast milk
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koja ih nisu u mogućnosti primiti iz majčinog mlijeka
08:30
to restore their microbiota
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da obnove svoju mikrobiotu
08:32
after encountering disruptive early life events.
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nakon susreta s razornim ranim životnim događajima.
08:37
And that is the solution.
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I to je rješenje.
08:39
As a researcher, I must say at this point
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Kao istraživačica, u ovom trenutku moram reći
08:42
that research in this field is still ongoing
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da istraživanje na ovom polju još traje
08:45
and a lot of work remains to be done.
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i još ima puno posla za napraviti.
08:48
That's a favorite sentence of us scientists.
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To je omiljena rečenica nama znanstvenicima.
08:52
But we are taking steps towards understanding better and better
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Ali poduzimamo korake prema sve boljem i boljem razumijevanju
08:57
which are the key missing microbes in various situations
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koji su ključni mikrobi koji nedostaju u raznim situacijama
09:01
and what HMOs we should package with which probiotics
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i koje HMO-e bismo trebali pakirati s kojim probioticima
09:05
to help restore the microbiota of that particular baby in that particular case.
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da pomognemo obnavljanju mikrobiote tog određenog djeteta u tom određenom slučaju.
09:13
What I wish you to remember from this talk
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Ono što želim da zapamtite iz ovog govora
09:16
is that, yes, vaginally born breastfed baby has the microbiota
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je to, da, vaginalno rođena i dojena djeca imaju mikrobiotu
09:20
we have evolved to adapt to,
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kojoj smo se prilagodili evolucijom,
09:22
but in cases where that is not possible,
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ali u slučajevima u kojima to nije moguće,
09:26
there are means to reduce the negative health consequences.
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postoje sredstva za smanjivanje negativnih zdravstvenih posljedica.
09:33
Lastly, I wish you to imagine a world for a while,
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Na kraju, želim da zamislite svijet na neko vrijeme,
09:37
a world where there would be such a health care system
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svijet gdje bi postojao takav sustav zdravstvene zaštite
09:40
that when you take your baby to a health care check,
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da kad odvedete svoje dijete na zdravstveni pregled,
09:43
they would routinely monitor the gut microbiota development of that baby,
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da rutinski prate razvoj mikrobiote crijeva tog djeteta,
09:47
and if any disruptions would be noted,
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i ako bi bili uočeni bilo kakvi poremećaji,
09:50
a tailor-made product to restore the microbiota
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proizvod izrađen po mjeri za obnovu mikrobiote
09:54
would be prescribed.
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bio bi propisan.
09:56
I mean, how wonderful would that be,
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Mislim, kako bi to bilo divno,
09:59
if the onset of any chronic diseases would be extremely rare
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ako bi nastanak bilo kojih kroničnih bolesti bio izuzetno rijedak
10:04
because of this preemptive health care system?
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radi preduhitrenog sustava zdravstvene zaštite?
10:08
Can you imagine such a world?
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Možete li zamisliti takav svijet?
10:11
Do you believe that that kind of future would be possible?
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Vjerujete li da bi takva vrsta budućnosti mogla biti moguća?
10:17
I do.
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Ja vjerujem.
10:19
I believe in that future and I want to contribute
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Ja vjerujem u tu budućnost i želim doprinijeti
10:21
in the unfolding of that future,
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razvoju te budućnosti,
10:25
a future in which each baby has an equal starting point for life
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u budućnosti u kojoj svako dijete ima jednako polazište u životu
10:30
to be programmed for lifelong health.
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da bude programirano za cjeloživotno zdravlje.
10:33
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
10:34
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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