Biomimicry in action | Janine Benyus

314,713 views ・ 2009-08-06

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:18
If I could reveal anything
0
18330
4000
00:22
that is hidden from us,
1
22330
2000
00:24
at least in modern cultures,
2
24330
4000
00:28
it would be to reveal something that we've forgotten,
3
28330
4000
00:32
that we used to know
4
32330
2000
00:34
as well as we knew our own names.
5
34330
4000
00:38
And that is that we live in a competent universe,
6
38330
4000
00:42
that we are part of a brilliant planet,
7
42330
3000
00:45
and that we are surrounded by genius.
8
45330
4000
00:49
Biomimicry is a new discipline
9
49330
3000
00:52
that tries to learn from those geniuses,
10
52330
2000
00:54
and take advice from them, design advice.
11
54330
4000
00:58
That's where I live,
12
58330
3000
01:01
and it's my university as well.
13
61330
3000
01:04
I'm surrounded by genius. I cannot help but
14
64330
4000
01:08
remember the organisms and the ecosystems
15
68330
5000
01:13
that know how to live here gracefully on this planet.
16
73330
5000
01:18
This is what I would tell you to remember
17
78330
2000
01:20
if you ever forget this again.
18
80330
3000
01:23
Remember this.
19
83330
2000
01:25
This is what happens every year.
20
85330
4000
01:29
This is what keeps its promise.
21
89330
3000
01:32
While we're doing bailouts, this is what happened.
22
92330
3000
01:35
Spring.
23
95330
2000
01:37
Imagine designing spring.
24
97330
5000
01:42
Imagine that orchestration.
25
102330
2000
01:44
You think TED is hard to organize. (Laughter) Right?
26
104330
4000
01:48
Imagine, and if you haven't done this in a while, do.
27
108330
5000
01:53
Imagine the timing, the coordination,
28
113330
4000
01:57
all without top-down laws,
29
117330
4000
02:01
or policies, or climate change protocols.
30
121330
3000
02:04
This happens every year.
31
124330
3000
02:07
There is lots of showing off.
32
127330
4000
02:11
There is lots of love in the air.
33
131330
5000
02:16
There's lots of grand openings.
34
136330
5000
02:21
And the organisms, I promise you,
35
141330
2000
02:23
have all of their priorities in order.
36
143330
4000
02:27
I have this neighbor that keeps me in touch with this,
37
147330
4000
02:31
because he's living, usually on his back,
38
151330
2000
02:33
looking up at those grasses.
39
153330
3000
02:36
And one time he came up to me --
40
156330
2000
02:38
he was about seven or eight years old -- he came up to me.
41
158330
2000
02:40
And there was a wasp's nest
42
160330
2000
02:42
that I had let grow in my yard,
43
162330
2000
02:44
right outside my door.
44
164330
3000
02:47
And most people knock them down when they're small.
45
167330
2000
02:49
But it was fascinating to me,
46
169330
2000
02:51
because I was looking at this sort of fine Italian end papers.
47
171330
3000
02:54
And he came up to me and he knocked.
48
174330
2000
02:56
He would come every day with something to show me.
49
176330
3000
02:59
And like, knock like a woodpecker on my door until I opened it up.
50
179330
3000
03:02
And he asked me
51
182330
4000
03:06
how I had made the house for those wasps,
52
186330
7000
03:13
because he had never seen one this big.
53
193330
3000
03:16
And I told him, "You know, Cody,
54
196330
3000
03:19
the wasps actually made that."
55
199330
2000
03:21
And we looked at it together.
56
201330
2000
03:23
And I could see why he thought,
57
203330
4000
03:27
you know -- it was so beautifully done.
58
207330
2000
03:29
It was so architectural. It was so precise.
59
209330
3000
03:32
But it occurred to me, how in his small life
60
212330
4000
03:36
had he already believed the myth
61
216330
4000
03:40
that if something was that well done,
62
220330
4000
03:44
that we must have done it.
63
224330
2000
03:46
How did he not know --
64
226330
3000
03:49
it's what we've all forgotten --
65
229330
3000
03:52
that we're not the first ones to build.
66
232330
3000
03:55
We're not the first ones to process cellulose.
67
235330
3000
03:58
We're not the first ones to make paper. We're not the first ones
68
238330
2000
04:00
to try to optimize packing space,
69
240330
3000
04:03
or to waterproof, or to try to heat and cool a structure.
70
243330
3000
04:06
We're not the first ones to build houses for our young.
71
246330
6000
04:12
What's happening now, in this field called biomimicry,
72
252330
4000
04:16
is that people are beginning to remember
73
256330
3000
04:19
that organisms, other organisms,
74
259330
4000
04:23
the rest of the natural world,
75
263330
2000
04:25
are doing things very similar to what we need to do.
76
265330
4000
04:29
But in fact they are doing them in a way
77
269330
2000
04:31
that have allowed them to live gracefully on this planet
78
271330
2000
04:33
for billions of years.
79
273330
3000
04:36
So these people, biomimics,
80
276330
3000
04:39
are nature's apprentices.
81
279330
2000
04:41
And they're focusing on function.
82
281330
2000
04:43
What I'd like to do is show you a few of the things
83
283330
3000
04:46
that they're learning.
84
286330
3000
04:49
They have asked themselves,
85
289330
2000
04:51
"What if, every time I started to invent something,
86
291330
4000
04:55
I asked, 'How would nature solve this?'"
87
295330
3000
04:58
And here is what they're learning.
88
298330
2000
05:00
This is an amazing picture from a Czech photographer named Jack Hedley.
89
300330
3000
05:03
This is a story about an engineer at J.R. West.
90
303330
3000
05:06
They're the people who make the bullet train.
91
306330
2000
05:08
It was called the bullet train
92
308330
2000
05:10
because it was rounded in front,
93
310330
2000
05:12
but every time it went into a tunnel
94
312330
2000
05:14
it would build up a pressure wave,
95
314330
2000
05:16
and then it would create like a sonic boom when it exited.
96
316330
3000
05:19
So the engineer's boss said,
97
319330
2000
05:21
"Find a way to quiet this train."
98
321330
3000
05:24
He happened to be a birder.
99
324330
2000
05:26
He went to the equivalent of an Audubon Society meeting.
100
326330
4000
05:30
And he studied -- there was a film about king fishers.
101
330330
2000
05:32
And he thought to himself, "They go from one density of medium,
102
332330
3000
05:35
the air, into another density of medium, water,
103
335330
3000
05:38
without a splash. Look at this picture.
104
338330
3000
05:41
Without a splash, so they can see the fish.
105
341330
3000
05:44
And he thought, "What if we do this?"
106
344330
3000
05:47
Quieted the train.
107
347330
3000
05:50
Made it go 10 percent faster on 15 percent less electricity.
108
350330
5000
05:55
How does nature repel bacteria?
109
355330
2000
05:57
We're not the first ones to have to protect ourselves
110
357330
3000
06:00
from some bacteria.
111
360330
2000
06:02
Turns out that -- this is a Galapagos Shark.
112
362330
4000
06:06
It has no bacteria on its surface, no fouling on its surface, no barnacles.
113
366330
5000
06:11
And it's not because it goes fast.
114
371330
2000
06:13
It actually basks. It's a slow-moving shark.
115
373330
3000
06:16
So how does it keep its body free of bacteria build-up?
116
376330
3000
06:19
It doesn't do it with a chemical.
117
379330
2000
06:21
It does it, it turns out, with the same denticles
118
381330
2000
06:23
that you had on Speedo bathing suits,
119
383330
4000
06:27
that broke all those records in the Olympics,
120
387330
2000
06:29
but it's a particular kind of pattern.
121
389330
2000
06:31
And that pattern, the architecture of that pattern
122
391330
3000
06:34
on its skin denticles
123
394330
3000
06:37
keep bacteria from being able to land and adhere.
124
397330
4000
06:41
There is a company called Sharklet Technologies
125
401330
2000
06:43
that's now putting this on the surfaces in hospitals
126
403330
4000
06:47
to keep bacteria from landing,
127
407330
2000
06:49
which is better than dousing it with anti-bacterials or harsh cleansers
128
409330
6000
06:55
that many, many organisms are now becoming drug resistant.
129
415330
4000
06:59
Hospital-acquired infections are now killing
130
419330
2000
07:01
more people every year in the United States
131
421330
3000
07:04
than die from AIDS or cancer or car accidents combined --
132
424330
5000
07:09
about 100,000.
133
429330
2000
07:11
This is a little critter that's in the Namibian desert.
134
431330
3000
07:14
It has no fresh water that it's able to drink,
135
434330
3000
07:17
but it drinks water out of fog.
136
437330
3000
07:20
It's got bumps on the back of its wing covers.
137
440330
3000
07:23
And those bumps act like a magnet for water.
138
443330
3000
07:26
They have water-loving tips, and waxy sides.
139
446330
3000
07:29
And the fog comes in and it builds up on the tips.
140
449330
3000
07:32
And it goes down the sides and goes into the critter's mouth.
141
452330
3000
07:35
There is actually a scientist here at Oxford
142
455330
3000
07:38
who studied this, Andrew Parker.
143
458330
2000
07:40
And now kinetic and architectural firms like Grimshaw
144
460330
4000
07:44
are starting to look at this as a way
145
464330
2000
07:46
of coating buildings
146
466330
3000
07:49
so that they gather water from the fog.
147
469330
2000
07:51
10 times better than our fog-catching nets.
148
471330
5000
07:56
CO2 as a building block.
149
476330
2000
07:58
Organisms don't think of CO2 as a poison.
150
478330
3000
08:01
Plants and organisms that make shells,
151
481330
2000
08:03
coral, think of it as a building block.
152
483330
3000
08:06
There is now a cement manufacturing company
153
486330
3000
08:09
starting in the United States called Calera.
154
489330
3000
08:12
They've borrowed the recipe from the coral reef,
155
492330
3000
08:15
and they're using CO2 as a building block
156
495330
3000
08:18
in cement, in concrete.
157
498330
2000
08:20
Instead of -- cement usually
158
500330
2000
08:22
emits a ton of CO2 for every ton of cement.
159
502330
3000
08:25
Now it's reversing that equation,
160
505330
2000
08:27
and actually sequestering half a ton of CO2
161
507330
3000
08:30
thanks to the recipe from the coral.
162
510330
2000
08:32
None of these are using the organisms.
163
512330
2000
08:34
They're really only using the blueprints or the recipes
164
514330
2000
08:36
from the organisms.
165
516330
3000
08:39
How does nature gather the sun's energy?
166
519330
3000
08:42
This is a new kind of solar cell
167
522330
2000
08:44
that's based on how a leaf works.
168
524330
2000
08:46
It's self-assembling.
169
526330
2000
08:48
It can be put down on any substrate whatsoever.
170
528330
2000
08:50
It's extremely inexpensive
171
530330
2000
08:52
and rechargeable every five years.
172
532330
3000
08:55
It's actually a company a company that I'm involved in called OneSun,
173
535330
3000
08:58
with Paul Hawken.
174
538330
2000
09:00
There are many many ways that nature filters water
175
540330
4000
09:04
that takes salt out of water.
176
544330
3000
09:07
We take water and push it against a membrane.
177
547330
3000
09:10
And then we wonder why the membrane clogs
178
550330
2000
09:12
and why it takes so much electricity.
179
552330
2000
09:14
Nature does something much more elegant.
180
554330
2000
09:16
And it's in every cell.
181
556330
2000
09:18
Every red blood cell of your body right now
182
558330
3000
09:21
has these hourglass-shaped pores
183
561330
2000
09:23
called aquaporins.
184
563330
2000
09:25
They actually export water molecules through.
185
565330
3000
09:28
It's kind of a forward osmosis.
186
568330
2000
09:30
They export water molecules through,
187
570330
2000
09:32
and leave solutes on the other side.
188
572330
3000
09:35
A company called Aquaporin is starting to make desalination
189
575330
3000
09:38
membranes mimicking this technology.
190
578330
4000
09:42
Trees and bones are constantly reforming themselves
191
582330
5000
09:47
along lines of stress.
192
587330
2000
09:49
This algorithm has been put into a software program
193
589330
4000
09:53
that's now being used to make bridges lightweight,
194
593330
2000
09:55
to make building beams lightweight.
195
595330
3000
09:58
Actually G.M. Opel used it
196
598330
2000
10:00
to create that skeleton you see,
197
600330
4000
10:04
in what's called their bionic car.
198
604330
3000
10:07
It lightweighted that skeleton using a minimum amount of material,
199
607330
3000
10:10
as an organism must,
200
610330
3000
10:13
for the maximum amount of strength.
201
613330
4000
10:17
This beetle, unlike this chip bag here,
202
617330
4000
10:21
this beetle uses one material, chitin.
203
621330
3000
10:24
And it finds many many ways
204
624330
2000
10:26
to put many functions into it.
205
626330
2000
10:28
It's waterproof.
206
628330
2000
10:30
It's strong and resilient.
207
630330
2000
10:32
It's breathable. It creates color through structure.
208
632330
4000
10:36
Whereas that chip bag has about seven layers to do all of those things.
209
636330
4000
10:40
One of our major inventions
210
640330
3000
10:43
that we need to be able to do
211
643330
2000
10:45
to come even close to what these organisms can do
212
645330
2000
10:47
is to find a way
213
647330
4000
10:51
to minimize the amount of material, the kind of material we use,
214
651330
3000
10:54
and to add design to it.
215
654330
2000
10:56
We use five polymers in the natural world
216
656330
3000
10:59
to do everything that you see.
217
659330
2000
11:01
In our world we use about 350 polymers
218
661330
4000
11:05
to make all this.
219
665330
5000
11:10
Nature is nano.
220
670330
2000
11:12
Nanotechnology, nanoparticles, you hear a lot of worry about this.
221
672330
5000
11:17
Loose nanoparticles. What is really interesting to me
222
677330
4000
11:21
is that not many people have been asking,
223
681330
3000
11:24
"How can we consult nature about how to make nanotechnology safe?"
224
684330
5000
11:29
Nature has been doing that for a long time.
225
689330
2000
11:31
Embedding nanoparticles in a material for instance, always.
226
691330
4000
11:35
In fact, sulfur-reducing bacteria,
227
695330
2000
11:37
as part of their synthesis,
228
697330
3000
11:40
they will emit, as a byproduct,
229
700330
2000
11:42
nanoparticles into the water.
230
702330
2000
11:44
But then right after that, they emit a protein
231
704330
2000
11:46
that actually gathers and aggregates those nanoparticles
232
706330
3000
11:49
so that they fall out of solution.
233
709330
5000
11:54
Energy use. Organisms sip energy,
234
714330
5000
11:59
because they have to work or barter for every single bit that they get.
235
719330
5000
12:04
And one of the largest fields right now,
236
724330
3000
12:07
in the world of energy grids,
237
727330
2000
12:09
you hear about the smart grid.
238
729330
2000
12:11
One of the largest consultants are the social insects.
239
731330
4000
12:15
Swarm technology. There is a company called Regen.
240
735330
3000
12:18
They are looking at how ants and bees
241
738330
3000
12:21
find their food and their flowers
242
741330
3000
12:24
in the most effective way
243
744330
2000
12:26
as a whole hive.
244
746330
2000
12:28
And they're having appliances in your home
245
748330
3000
12:31
talk to one another through that algorithm,
246
751330
3000
12:34
and determine how to minimize peak power use.
247
754330
6000
12:40
There's a group of scientists in Cornell
248
760330
3000
12:43
that are making what they call a synthetic tree,
249
763330
2000
12:45
because they are saying, "There is no pump at the bottom of a tree."
250
765330
4000
12:49
It's capillary action and transpiration pulls
251
769330
4000
12:53
water up, a drop at a time,
252
773330
2000
12:55
pulling it, releasing it from a leaf and pulling it up through the roots.
253
775330
5000
13:00
And they're creating -- you can think of it as a kind of wallpaper.
254
780330
3000
13:03
They're thinking about putting it on the insides of buildings
255
783330
4000
13:07
to move water up without pumps.
256
787330
6000
13:13
Amazon electric eel -- incredibly endangered,
257
793330
2000
13:15
some of these species --
258
795330
2000
13:17
create 600 volts of electricity
259
797330
4000
13:21
with the chemicals that are in your body.
260
801330
3000
13:24
Even more interesting to me is that
261
804330
2000
13:26
600 volts doesn't fry it.
262
806330
3000
13:29
You know we use PVC, and we sheath wires
263
809330
3000
13:32
with PVC for insulation.
264
812330
2000
13:34
These organisms, how are they insulating
265
814330
2000
13:36
against their own electric charge?
266
816330
3000
13:39
These are some questions that we've yet to ask.
267
819330
3000
13:42
Here's a wind turbine manufacturer that went to a whale.
268
822330
4000
13:46
Humpback whale has scalloped edges on its flippers.
269
826330
4000
13:50
And those scalloped edges
270
830330
2000
13:52
play with flow in such a way
271
832330
3000
13:55
that is reduces drag by 32 percent.
272
835330
3000
13:58
These wind turbines can rotate in incredibly slow windspeeds, as a result.
273
838330
6000
14:04
MIT just has a new radio chip
274
844330
3000
14:07
that uses far less power than our chips.
275
847330
4000
14:11
And it's based on the cochlear of your ear,
276
851330
3000
14:14
able to pick up internet, wireless, television signals
277
854330
5000
14:19
and radio signals, in the same chip.
278
859330
3000
14:22
Finally, on an ecosystem scale.
279
862330
4000
14:26
At Biomimicry Guild, which is my consulting company,
280
866330
3000
14:29
we work with HOK Architects.
281
869330
2000
14:31
We're looking at building whole cities
282
871330
4000
14:35
in their planning department.
283
875330
2000
14:37
And what we're saying is that,
284
877330
2000
14:39
shouldn't our cities do at least as well,
285
879330
3000
14:42
in terms of ecosystem services,
286
882330
2000
14:44
as the native systems that they replace?
287
884330
3000
14:47
So we're creating something called Ecological Performance Standards
288
887330
4000
14:51
that hold cities to this higher bar.
289
891330
4000
14:55
The question is -- biomimicry is an incredibly powerful
290
895330
3000
14:58
way to innovate.
291
898330
3000
15:01
The question I would ask is, "What's worth solving?"
292
901330
3000
15:04
If you haven't seen this, it's pretty amazing.
293
904330
2000
15:06
Dr. Adam Neiman.
294
906330
3000
15:09
This is a depiction of
295
909330
2000
15:11
all of the water on Earth
296
911330
2000
15:13
in relation to the volume of the Earth --
297
913330
2000
15:15
all the ice, all the fresh water, all the sea water --
298
915330
3000
15:18
and all the atmosphere that we can breathe, in relation to the volume of the Earth.
299
918330
4000
15:22
And inside those balls
300
922330
2000
15:24
life, over 3.8 billion years,
301
924330
4000
15:28
has made a lush, livable place for us.
302
928330
5000
15:33
And we are in a long, long line
303
933330
3000
15:36
of organisms
304
936330
2000
15:38
to come to this planet and ask ourselves,
305
938330
3000
15:41
"How can we live here gracefully over the long haul?"
306
941330
4000
15:45
How can we do what life has learned to do?
307
945330
5000
15:50
Which is to create conditions conducive to life.
308
950330
4000
15:54
Now in order to do this, the design challenge
309
954330
4000
15:58
of our century, I think,
310
958330
3000
16:01
we need a way to remind ourselves of those geniuses,
311
961330
5000
16:06
and to somehow meet them again.
312
966330
3000
16:09
One of the big ideas, one of the big projects
313
969330
2000
16:11
I've been honored to work on
314
971330
2000
16:13
is a new website. And I would encourage you all to please go to it.
315
973330
3000
16:16
It's called AskNature.org.
316
976330
3000
16:19
And what we're trying to do, in a TEDesque way,
317
979330
3000
16:22
is to organize all biological information
318
982330
2000
16:24
by design and engineering function.
319
984330
4000
16:28
And we're working with EOL, Encyclopedia of Life,
320
988330
3000
16:31
Ed Wilson's TED wish.
321
991330
2000
16:33
And he's gathering all biological information
322
993330
3000
16:36
on one website.
323
996330
2000
16:38
And the scientists who are contributing to EOL are answering a question,
324
998330
3000
16:41
"What can we learn from this organism?"
325
1001330
3000
16:44
And that information will go into AskNature.org.
326
1004330
4000
16:48
And hopefully, any inventor, anywhere in the world,
327
1008330
3000
16:51
will be able, in the moment of creation,
328
1011330
3000
16:54
to type in, "How does nature remove salt from water?"
329
1014330
5000
16:59
And up will come mangroves, and sea turtles
330
1019330
3000
17:02
and your own kidneys.
331
1022330
2000
17:04
And we'll begin to
332
1024330
3000
17:07
be able to
333
1027330
2000
17:09
do as Cody does,
334
1029330
2000
17:11
and actually be in touch
335
1031330
3000
17:14
with these incredible models,
336
1034330
3000
17:17
these elders that have been here
337
1037330
2000
17:19
far, far longer than we have.
338
1039330
2000
17:21
And hopefully, with their help,
339
1041330
2000
17:23
we'll learn how to live on this Earth,
340
1043330
3000
17:26
and on this home that is ours, but not ours alone.
341
1046330
4000
17:30
Thank you very much.
342
1050330
2000
17:32
(Applause)
343
1052330
5000
About this website

This site will introduce you to YouTube videos that are useful for learning English. You will see English lessons taught by top-notch teachers from around the world. Double-click on the English subtitles displayed on each video page to play the video from there. The subtitles scroll in sync with the video playback. If you have any comments or requests, please contact us using this contact form.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7