Noreena Hertz: How to use experts -- and when not to

66,601 views ・ 2011-02-21

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:15
It's Monday morning.
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In Washington,
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the president of the United States
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is sitting in the Oval Office,
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assessing whether or not
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to strike Al Qaeda
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in Yemen.
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At Number 10 Downing Street,
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David Cameron is trying to work out
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whether to cut more public sector jobs
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in order to stave off a double-dip recession.
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In Madrid, Maria Gonzalez
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is standing at the door,
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listening to her baby crying and crying,
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trying to work out whether she should let it cry
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until it falls asleep
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or pick it up and hold it.
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And I am sitting by my father's bedside in hospital,
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trying to work out
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whether I should let him drink
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the one-and-a-half-liter bottle of water
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that his doctors just came in and said,
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"You must make him drink today," --
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my father's been nil by mouth for a week --
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or whether, by giving him this bottle,
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I might actually kill him.
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We face momentous decisions
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with important consequences
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throughout our lives,
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and we have strategies for dealing with these decisions.
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We talk things over with our friends,
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we scour the Internet,
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we search through books.
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But still,
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even in this age
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of Google and TripAdvisor
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and Amazon Recommends,
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it's still experts
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that we rely upon most --
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especially when the stakes are high
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and the decision really matters.
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Because in a world of data deluge
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and extreme complexity,
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we believe that experts
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are more able to process information than we can --
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that they are able to come to better conclusions
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than we could come to on our own.
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And in an age
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that is sometimes nowadays frightening
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or confusing,
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we feel reassured
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by the almost parental-like authority
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of experts
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who tell us so clearly what it is
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we can and cannot do.
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But I believe
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that this is a big problem,
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a problem with potentially dangerous consequences
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for us as a society,
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as a culture
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and as individuals.
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It's not that experts
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have not massively contributed to the world --
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of course they have.
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The problem lies with us:
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we've become addicted to experts.
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We've become addicted to their certainty,
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their assuredness,
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their definitiveness,
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and in the process,
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we have ceded our responsibility,
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substituting our intellect
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and our intelligence
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for their supposed words of wisdom.
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We've surrendered our power,
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trading off our discomfort
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with uncertainty
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for the illusion of certainty
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that they provide.
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This is no exaggeration.
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03:39
In a recent experiment,
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a group of adults
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had their brains scanned in an MRI machine
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as they were listening to experts speak.
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The results were quite extraordinary.
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As they listened to the experts' voices,
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the independent decision-making parts of their brains
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switched off.
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It literally flat-lined.
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And they listened to whatever the experts said
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and took their advice, however right or wrong.
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But experts do get things wrong.
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Did you know that studies show
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that doctors misdiagnose
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four times out of 10?
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Did you know
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that if you file your tax returns yourself,
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you're statistically more likely
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to be filing them correctly
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than if you get a tax adviser
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to do it for you?
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And then there's, of course, the example
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that we're all too aware of:
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financial experts
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getting it so wrong
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that we're living through the worst recession
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since the 1930s.
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For the sake of our health,
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our wealth
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and our collective security,
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it's imperative that we keep
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the independent decision-making parts of our brains
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switched on.
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And I'm saying this as an economist
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who, over the past few years,
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has focused my research
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on what it is we think
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and who it is we trust and why,
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but also --
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and I'm aware of the irony here --
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as an expert myself,
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as a professor,
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as somebody who advises prime ministers,
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heads of big companies,
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international organizations,
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but an expert who believes
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that the role of experts needs to change,
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that we need to become more open-minded,
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more democratic
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and be more open
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to people rebelling against
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our points of view.
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So in order to help you understand
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where I'm coming from,
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let me bring you into my world,
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the world of experts.
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Now there are, of course, exceptions,
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wonderful, civilization-enhancing exceptions.
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But what my research has shown me
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is that experts tend on the whole
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to form very rigid camps,
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that within these camps,
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a dominant perspective emerges
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that often silences opposition,
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that experts move with the prevailing winds,
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often hero-worshipping
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their own gurus.
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Alan Greenspan's proclamations
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that the years of economic growth
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would go on and on,
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not challenged by his peers,
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until after the crisis, of course.
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You see,
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we also learn
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that experts are located,
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are governed,
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by the social and cultural norms
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of their times --
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whether it be the doctors
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in Victorian England, say,
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who sent women to asylums
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for expressing sexual desire,
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or the psychiatrists in the United States
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who, up until 1973,
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were still categorizing homosexuality
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as a mental illness.
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And what all this means
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is that paradigms
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take far too long to shift,
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that complexity and nuance are ignored
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and also that money talks --
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because we've all seen the evidence
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of pharmaceutical companies
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funding studies of drugs
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that conveniently leave out
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their worst side effects,
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or studies funded by food companies
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of their new products,
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massively exaggerating the health benefits
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of the products they're about to bring by market.
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The study showed that food companies exaggerated
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typically seven times more
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than an independent study.
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And we've also got to be aware
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that experts, of course,
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also make mistakes.
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They make mistakes every single day --
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mistakes born out of carelessness.
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A recent study in the Archives of Surgery
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reported surgeons
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removing healthy ovaries,
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operating on the wrong side of the brain,
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carrying out procedures on the wrong hand,
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elbow, eye, foot,
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and also mistakes born out of thinking errors.
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A common thinking error
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of radiologists, for example --
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when they look at CT scans --
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is that they're overly influenced
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by whatever it is
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that the referring physician has said
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that he suspects
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the patient's problem to be.
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So if a radiologist
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is looking at the scan
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of a patient with suspected pneumonia, say,
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what happens is that,
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if they see evidence
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of pneumonia on the scan,
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they literally stop looking at it --
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thereby missing the tumor
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sitting three inches below
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on the patient's lungs.
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I've shared with you so far
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some insights into the world of experts.
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These are, of course,
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not the only insights I could share,
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but I hope they give you a clear sense at least
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of why we need to stop kowtowing to them,
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why we need to rebel
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and why we need to switch
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our independent decision-making capabilities on.
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But how can we do this?
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Well for the sake of time,
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I want to focus on just three strategies.
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First, we've got to be ready and willing
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to take experts on
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and dispense with this notion of them
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as modern-day apostles.
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This doesn't mean having to get a Ph.D.
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in every single subject,
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you'll be relieved to hear.
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But it does mean persisting
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in the face of their inevitable annoyance
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when, for example,
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we want them to explain things to us
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in language that we can actually understand.
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Why was it that, when I had an operation,
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my doctor said to me,
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"Beware, Ms. Hertz,
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of hyperpyrexia,"
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when he could have just as easily said,
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"Watch out for a high fever."
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You see, being ready to take experts on
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is about also being willing
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to dig behind their graphs,
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their equations, their forecasts,
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their prophecies,
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and being armed with the questions to do that --
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questions like:
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What are the assumptions that underpin this?
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What is the evidence upon which this is based?
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What has your investigation focused on?
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And what has it ignored?
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It recently came out
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that experts trialing drugs
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before they come to market
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typically trial drugs
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first, primarily on male animals
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and then, primarily on men.
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It seems that they've somehow overlooked the fact
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that over half the world's population are women.
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And women have drawn the short medical straw
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because it now turns out that many of these drugs
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don't work nearly as well on women
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as they do on men --
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and the drugs that do work well work so well
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that they're actively harmful for women to take.
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Being a rebel is about recognizing
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that experts' assumptions
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and their methodologies
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can easily be flawed.
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Second,
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we need to create the space
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for what I call "managed dissent."
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If we are to shift paradigms,
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if we are to make breakthroughs,
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if we are to destroy myths,
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we need to create an environment
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in which expert ideas are battling it out,
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in which we're bringing in
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new, diverse, discordant, heretical views
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into the discussion,
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fearlessly,
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in the knowledge that progress comes about,
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not only from the creation of ideas,
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but also from their destruction --
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and also from the knowledge
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that, by surrounding ourselves
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by divergent, discordant,
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heretical views.
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All the research now shows us
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that this actually makes us smarter.
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Encouraging dissent is a rebellious notion
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because it goes against our very instincts,
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which are to surround ourselves
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with opinions and advice
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that we already believe
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or want to be true.
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And that's why I talk about the need
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to actively manage dissent.
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Google CEO Eric Schmidt
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is a practical practitioner
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of this philosophy.
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In meetings, he looks out for the person in the room --
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arms crossed, looking a bit bemused --
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and draws them into the discussion,
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trying to see if they indeed are
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the person with a different opinion,
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so that they have dissent within the room.
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Managing dissent
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is about recognizing the value
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of disagreement, discord
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and difference.
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But we need to go even further.
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We need to fundamentally redefine
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who it is that experts are.
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The conventional notion
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is that experts are people
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with advanced degrees,
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fancy titles, diplomas,
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best-selling books --
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high-status individuals.
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But just imagine
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if we were to junk
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this notion of expertise
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as some sort of elite cadre
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and instead embrace the notion
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of democratized expertise --
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whereby expertise was not just the preserve
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of surgeons and CEO's,
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but also shop-girls -- yeah.
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Best Buy,
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the consumer electronics company,
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gets all its employees --
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the cleaners, the shop assistants,
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the people in the back office,
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not just its forecasting team --
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to place bets, yes bets,
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on things like whether or not
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a product is going to sell well before Christmas,
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15:23
on whether customers' new ideas
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15:26
are going to be or should be taken on by the company,
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15:30
on whether a project
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will come in on time.
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By leveraging
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and by embracing
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the expertise within the company,
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Best Buy was able to discover, for example,
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that the store that it was going to open in China --
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its big, grand store --
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was not going to open on time.
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Because when it asked its staff,
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all its staff, to place their bets
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15:57
on whether they thought the store would open on time or not,
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16:01
a group from the finance department
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placed all their chips
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on that not happening.
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It turned out that they were aware,
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as no one else within the company was,
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of a technological blip
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that neither the forecasting experts,
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nor the experts on the ground in China,
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were even aware of.
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The strategies
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that I have discussed this evening --
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embracing dissent,
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taking experts on,
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democratizing expertise,
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rebellious strategies --
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16:39
are strategies that I think
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would serve us all well to embrace
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as we try to deal with the challenges
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of these very confusing, complex,
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difficult times.
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For if we keep
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our independent decision-making part
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of our brains switched on,
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if we challenge experts, if we're skeptical,
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if we devolve authority,
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if we are rebellious,
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but also
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if we become much more comfortable
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with nuance,
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uncertainty and doubt,
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and if we allow our experts
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to express themselves
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using those terms too,
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we will set ourselves up
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much better
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for the challenges of the 21st century.
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For now, more than ever,
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is not the time
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to be blindly following,
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blindly accepting,
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blindly trusting.
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Now is the time to face the world
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with eyes wide open --
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yes, using experts
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to help us figure things out, for sure --
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17:52
I don't want to completely do myself out of a job here --
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but being aware
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of their limitations
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and, of course, also our own.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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About this website

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