Brewster Kahle: A digital library, free to the world

47,526 views ใƒป 2008-09-11

TED


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Ali Bahan ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Anwar Dafa-Alla
00:16
We really need to put the best we have to offer within reach of our children.
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ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุญู‚ุงู‹ ุฌุนู„ ุฃูุถู„ ู…ุง ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ููŠ ู…ุชู†ุงูˆู„ ูŠุฏ ุฃุทูุงู„ู†ุง
00:20
If we don't do that, we're going to get the generation we deserve.
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ุฅุฐุง ู„ู… ู†ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ, ุณู†ุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌูŠู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุณุชุญู‚
00:25
They're going to learn from whatever it is they have around them.
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ุณูˆู ูŠุชุนู„ู…ูˆู† ู…ู† ุฃูŠ ุดูŠุก ุญูˆู„ู‡ู…
00:28
And we, as now the elite, parents, librarians, professionals, whatever it is,
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ูˆ ู†ุญู† ูƒูˆู†ู†ุง, ุงู„ู†ุฎุจุฉ, ุงู„ุขุจุงุก, ุงู…ู†ุงุก ุงู„ู…ูƒุชุจุงุช, ุงู„ู…ุญุชุฑููˆู†, ุฃูŠุง ูƒุงู†,
00:36
a bunch of our activities are, in fact, in trying to get the best we have to offer
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ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ู†ุดุงุทุงุชู†ุง ู‡ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ุฌุนู„ ุฃูุถู„ ู…ุง ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง
00:40
within reach of those around us, or as broadly as we can.
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ุจู…ุชู†ุงูˆู„ ุฃูˆู„ุฆูƒ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู…ู† ุญูˆู„ู†ุง ุฃูˆ ุฃูˆุณุน ุดุฑูŠุญุฉ ู…ู…ูƒู†ุฉ
00:44
I'm going to start and end this talk with a couple things that are carved in stone.
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ุณุฃุณุชู‡ู„ ูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ุจุดูŠุฆูŠู† ู…ู†ู‚ูˆุดูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุฌุฑ
00:47
One is what's on the Boston Public Library.
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"ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠ ู„ู„ุฌู…ูŠุน", ู‡ูŠ ุฅุญุฏุงู‡ู…ุง ุงู„ู…ู†ู‚ูˆุดุฉ
00:51
Carved above their door is, "Free to All."
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ููˆู‚ ุจุงุจ ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ุจูˆุณุทู† ุงู„ุนุงู…ุฉ
00:54
It's kind of an inspiring statement,
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ุงู†ู‡ ู†ุต ูŠุจุนุซ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงู„ู‡ุงู…
00:56
and I'll go back at the end of this.
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ูˆ ุณุฃุนูˆุฏ ุงู„ูŠู‡ ููŠ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ
00:58
I'm a librarian, and what I'm trying to do is bring all of the works of knowledge
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ุฃู†ุง ุฃู…ูŠู† ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ, ูˆู…ุง ุฃุญุงูˆู„ ุฃู† ุฃูุนู„ู‡ ุฃู† ุฃุฌุนู„ ูƒู„ ุฃุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุจู…ุชู†ุงูˆู„
01:03
to as many people as want to read it.
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ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุนุฏุฏ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุงุบุจูŠู† ุจู‚ุฑุงุกุชู‡ุง
01:07
And the idea of using technology is perfect for us.
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ูˆ ููƒุฑุฉ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ู‡ูŠ ู…ุซุงู„ูŠุฉ ู„ู†ุง
01:09
I think we have the opportunity to one-up the Greeks.
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ุงุนุชู‚ุฏ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงู„ูุฑุตุฉ ู„ู†ุชููˆู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠูˆู†ุงู†ูŠูŠู†
01:13
It's not easy to one-up the Greeks. But with the industriousness of the Egyptians,
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ู„ูŠุณ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู‡ู„ ุงู„ุชููˆู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠูˆู†ุงู†ูŠูŠู†. ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ู… ุงุณุชุทุงุนูˆุง ุจู†ุงุก ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ุงู„ุงุณูƒู†ุฏุฑูŠุฉ
01:18
they were able to build the Library of Alexandria --
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ุจู…ุฌู‡ูˆุฏ ุงู„ู…ุตุฑูŠูŠู†
01:20
the idea of a copy of every book of all the peoples of the world.
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ููƒุฑุฉ ู†ุณุฎ ูƒู„ ูƒุชุงุจ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…
01:24
The problem was you actually had to go to Alexandria to go to it.
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ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ูƒุงู†ุช ุฃู†ู‡ ุชูˆุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ูุนู„ุงู‹ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุณูƒู†ุฏุฑูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ู„ู„ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ.
01:27
On the other hand, if you did, then great things happened.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุจุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ ุงุฐุง ูุนู„ุช ูุฅู† ุฃู…ูˆุฑุงู‹ ุนุธูŠู…ุฉ ุญุฏุซุช.
01:30
I think we can one-up the Greeks and achieve something.
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ุงุนุชู‚ุฏ ุงู†ู‡ ุจุงู…ูƒุงู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุชููˆู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠูˆู†ุงู†ูŠูŠู† ูˆ ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ ุดูŠุฆ ู…ุง.
01:33
And I'm going to try to argue only one point today:
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ูˆ ุณูˆู ุฃุญุงูˆู„ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุฃู† ุฃุญุงูˆุฑ ุญูˆู„ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู‡ูŠ:
01:36
that universal access to all knowledge is within our grasp.
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ุฃู† ุงู„ูˆู„ูˆุฌ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠ ู„ูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ู‡ูˆ ููŠ ู‚ุจุถุชู†ุง
01:41
So if I'm successful, then you'll actually come away thinking,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุงุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ู†ุงุฌุญุฃ, ูุณูˆู ุชุบุงุฏุฑ ู…ููƒุฑุฃู‹
01:44
yeah, we could actually achieve the great vision of everything ever published,
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ู†ุนู… , ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ูุนู„ุงู‹ ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ ุงู„ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนุธูŠู…ุฉ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุชู… ู†ุดุฑู‡
01:51
everything that was ever meant for distribution,
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ูˆ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุฃุนุฏ ู„ู„ุชูˆุฒูŠุน
01:53
available to anybody in the world that's ever wanted to have access to it.
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ู…ุชุงุญุงู‹ ู„ุฃูŠ ุดุฎุต ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ูŠุฑุบุจ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุงู„ูŠู‡
01:57
Yes, there's issues about how money should be distributed,
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ู†ุนู…, ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ุณุงุฆู„ ุญูˆู„ ูƒู… ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงู„ ูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ุตุฑูู‡
02:01
and that's still being refigured out.
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ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุง ุฒุงู„ ูŠุจุญุซ ููŠู‡
02:03
But I'd say there's plenty of money, and there's plenty of demand,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ุง ุฃุฑุบุจ ุจู‚ูˆู„ู‡ ุฃู†ู‡ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงู„ ูˆ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุทู„ุจ
02:05
so we can actually achieve that.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุญู‚ุฃู‹ ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ู‡
02:08
But I'm going to go over the technological, social
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ุณุฃู‚ูˆู… ุจุงุณุชุนุฑุงุถ ุงู„ุฌูˆุงู†ุจ ุงู„ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠุฉ
02:11
and sort of where are we as a whole, trying to get to that particular vision.
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ูˆ ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ุง ุงูŠู† ู†ุญู† ุงู„ุงู† ููŠ ุฅุทุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ู„ู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ู„ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุญุฏุฏุฉ.
02:15
And the way I'm going to try to do this is do it like the Amazon.com website,
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ูˆ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุณุฃุญุงูˆู„ ุจู‡ุง ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู† ุฃูุนู„ู‡ุง ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุดุงุจู‡ุฉ ู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ุฃู…ุงุฒูˆู† Amazon.com
02:20
the books, music, video and just go step -- media type by media type,
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ู…ู† ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ, ุงู„ู…ูˆุณูŠู‚ู‰, ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ูˆ ูƒุฎุทูˆุฉ ุฃุจุนุฏ , ุญุณุจ ู†ูˆุนูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ูŠุฏูŠุง
02:25
just go and say, all right, how're we doing on this?
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ูˆ ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„, ุญุณู†ุงู‹ ูƒูŠู ู†ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒุŸ
02:28
So if we start with books, you know, sort of where are we?
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ุงุฐุง ู…ุง ุจุฏุฃู†ุง ุจุงู„ูƒุชุจ, ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ุง , ุฃูŠู† ู†ุญู†ุŸ
02:32
Well, first you have to, as an engineer, scope the problem. How big is it?
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹, ูƒู…ู‡ู†ุฏุณ ุนู„ูŠูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุฃู† ุชุณุชู‡ุฏู ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ. ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุญุฌู…ู‡ุงุŸ
02:36
If you wanted to put all of the published works online
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ูƒู… ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ุญุฌู… ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงุฐุง ุฃุฑุฏุช
02:39
so that anybody could have it available, well, how big a problem is it?
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ุฃู† ุชุถุน ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฃุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑุฉ ุจุญูŠุซ ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุชุงุญุฉ ู„ุฃูŠ ุดุฎุต ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฑู†ุชุŸ
02:43
Well, we don't really know, but the largest print library in the world
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹, ู†ุญู† ู„ุง ู†ุนุฑู ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹, ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฃุถุฎู… ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ูƒุชุจ ู…ุทุจูˆุนุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…
02:47
is the Library of Congress. It's 26 million volumes, 26 million volumes.
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ู‡ูŠ ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุบุฑุณ -- 26 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ู…ุฌู„ุฏ,
02:51
It is, by far and away, the largest print library in the world.
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ุฅู† 26 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ู…ุฌู„ุฏ ูŠุฌุนู„ู‡ุง ุฃุถุฎู… ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ูƒุชุจ ู…ุทุจูˆุนุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…
02:54
And a book, if you had a book, is about a megabyte,
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ูˆุญุณุจ ู…ุง ุชุนู„ู… ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชู…ู„ูƒ ูƒุชุงุจุงู‹ ุจุตูŠุบุฉ Microsoft Word
02:58
so -- you know, if you had it in Microsoft Word.
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ูุฅู† ุญุฌู…ู‡ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ู…ูŠุบุงุจุงูŠุช ูˆุงุญุฏ
03:02
So a megabyte, 26 million megabytes is 26 terabytes --
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ, 26 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ู…ูŠุบุงุจุงูŠุช ูŠุนุทูŠ 26 ุชูŠุฑุงุจุงูŠุช
03:06
it goes mega-, giga-, tera-. 26 terabytes.
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ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุณูŠุฑ ุจุงุชุฌุงู‡ ู…ูŠุบุง, ุบูŠุบุง, ุชูŠุฑุง, 26 ุชูŠุฑุง ุจุงูŠุช.
03:09
26 terabytes fits in a computer system that's about this big,
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ุชุชุณุน 26 ุชูŠุฑุง ุจุงูŠุช ููŠ ู†ุธุงู… ูƒู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญุฌู…
03:12
on spinning Linux drives, and it costs about 60,000 dollars.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุณูˆุงู‚ุงุช ู„ูŠู†ูˆูƒุณ ุงู„ุฏูˆุงุฑุฉ, ูˆ ุชูƒู„ูุชู‡ุง ุจุญุฏูˆุฏ 60,000 ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ
03:17
So for the cost of a house -- or around here, a garage --
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ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจูƒู„ูุฉ ุจูŠุช ุฃูˆ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ ู…ุฑุขุจ
03:21
you can put, you can have spinning all of the words in the Library of Congress.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ูˆุถุน -- ูˆ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุงุญุชูุงุธ ุจุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ููŠ ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุบุฑุณ
03:26
That's pretty neat.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุฃู†ูŠู‚ ุญู‚ุงู‹
03:28
Then the question is, what do you get?
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ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ู„ุงุญู‚ุงู‹ ู‡ูˆ: ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุงุฐุง ุญุตู„ุชุŸ
03:30
You know, is it worth trying to get there?
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ู‡ู„ ูŠุณุชุญู‚ ุงู„ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ู„ู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุŸ
03:32
Do you actually want it online?
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ู‡ู„ ุชุฑูŠุฏู‡ ุญู‚ุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฑู†ุชุŸ
03:34
Some of the first things that people do is they make book readers
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ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุงู…ูˆุฑ ุงู„ุงูˆู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠูุนู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ูŠุตู†ุนูˆุง ู‚ุงุฑุฆ ูƒุชุจ
03:37
that allow you to search inside the books, and that's kind of fun.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ, ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ู…ุชุน
03:40
And you can download these things, and look around them in new and different ways.
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ูˆ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุชู†ุฒูŠู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ูˆ ุงู„ุจุญุซ ููŠู‡ู… ุจุทุฑู‚ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ูˆ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ
03:43
And you can get at them remotely, if you happen to have a laptop.
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ูˆ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ุนู† ุจุนุฏ, ุงุฐุง ุญุฏุซ ูˆ ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ูƒู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑ ู…ุญู…ูˆู„
03:49
There's starting to be some of these sort of page turn-y interfaces
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุฏุฃุช ูˆุตู„ุงุช ุชุนุฏูŠู„ ุงู„ุตูุญุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุดุจู‡
03:53
that look a whole lot like books in certain ways,
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ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุจุทุฑู‚ ู…ุญุฏุฏุฉ ุจุงู„ุธู‡ูˆุฑ.
03:56
and you can search them, make little tabs, and it's kind of cute --
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ูˆ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุจุญุซ ููŠู‡ู…, ูˆุถุน ุชุจูˆูŠุจุงุช ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ูˆ ู…ุงุฒุงู„ุช
03:58
still very book-like -- on your laptop.
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ุดุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุงู„ุดุจู‡ ุจุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑูƒ ุงู„ู…ุญู…ูˆู„
04:01
But I don't know, reading things on a laptop --
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ู„ุง ุฃุนู„ู…, ุงู„ู‚ุฑุงุกุฉ ู…ู† ุงูƒู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑ ุงู„ู…ุญู…ูˆู„--
04:04
whenever I pull up my laptop, it always feels like work.
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ูƒู„ู…ุง ุณุญุจุช ุฌู‡ุงุฒูŠ ู„ุฃู‚ุฑุฃ ูุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุนุทูŠ ุดุนูˆุฑุงู‹ ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุนู…ู„
04:06
I think that's one of the reasons why the Kindle is so great.
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุฃุณุจุงุจ ูƒูˆู† ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ูƒู†ุฏู„ ุฑุงุฆุน
04:09
I don't have to feel like I'm at work to read a Kindle.
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ู„ุง ูŠุชูˆุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠ ุฃู† ุฃุดุนุฑ ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ู„ุฃู‚ุฑุฃ ู…ู† ูƒู†ุฏู„
04:12
It's starting to be a little bit more specified.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฃุตุจุญ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุชุญุฏุฏูŠุฏุงู‹ ุจุดูƒู„ ู‚ู„ูŠู„
04:15
But I have to say that there's older technologies that I tend to like.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุนู„ูŠ ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„ ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ ุฃู‚ุฏู… ุฃู…ูŠู„ ุงู„ูŠู‡ุง
04:22
I like the physical book.
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ุฃู†ุง ุฃุญุจ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ูˆุฑู‚ูŠุฉ
04:25
And I think we can go and use our technology to go and digitize things,
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ูˆ ุฃุธู†ู†ุง ู‚ุงุฏุฑูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ูˆ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุชู‚ู†ูŠุชู†ุง ู„ุฑู‚ู…ู†ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก
04:30
put them on the Net, and then download,
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ูˆุฑูุนู‡ู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฑู†ุช ูˆ ู…ู† ุซู… ุชู†ุฒูŠู„ู‡ู…
04:32
print them and bind them, and end up with books again.
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ุทุจุงุนุชู‡ู… ูˆุชุฌู„ูŠุฏู‡ู… ูˆ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰
04:34
And we sort of said, well, how hard is this?
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ูˆ ู†ุญู† ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุญุณู†ุงู‹ ู‡ู„ ูƒุงู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุตุนุจุงู‹
04:36
And it turns out to not be very hard.
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ูˆ ู†ูƒุชุดู ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ูŠุณ ุตุนุจุงู‹ ุฌุฏุงู‹
04:38
We actually went off to make a bookmobile.
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ู†ุญู† ูุนู„ุงู‹ ุงู†ุตุฑูู†ุง ู„ุตู†ุน ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ู…ุชุฌูˆู„ุฉ
04:40
And a bookmobile -- the size of a van with a satellite dish,
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ูˆ ุงู„ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุฌูˆู„ุฉ -- ุจุญุฌู… ุณูŠุงุฑุฉ ูุงู† ู…ุน ุตุญู† ู„ุงู‚ุท ุตู†ุงุนูŠ
04:42
a printer, binder and cutter, and kids make their own books.
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ูˆุทุงุจุนุฉ, ุนุฏุฉ ุชุฌู„ูŠุฏ ูˆ ู‚ุทุงุนุฉ ูˆุงู„ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ูŠุตู†ุนูˆู† ูƒุชุจู‡ู… ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ
04:44
It costs about three dollars to download, print and bind a normal, old book.
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ุฅู† ุชู†ุฒูŠู„ ูˆุทุจุงุนุฉ ูˆ ุชุบู„ูŠู ูƒุชุงุจ ู‚ุฏูŠู… ุนุงุฏูŠ ูŠูƒู„ู ุซู„ุงุซ ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑุงุช
04:50
And they actually come out kind of nice looking.
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ูˆ ู‡ู… ุญู‚ุงู‹ ูŠุธู‡ุฑูˆู† ุจุดูƒู„ ุฌู…ูŠู„
04:52
You can actually get really good-looking books
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุญู‚ุงู‹ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒุชุจ ุฌู…ูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุธู‡ุฑ
04:55
for on the order of one penny per page, sort of the parts cost for doing this.
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ุจุชูƒู„ูุฉ ุจู†ุณ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู„ู„ุตูุญุฉ ูƒู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุชูƒู„ูุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ู„ุงุฒู…ุฉ ู„ุนู…ู„ ุฐู„ูƒ
04:59
So the idea of -- this technology actually may end up
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูุฅู† ููƒุฑุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุณุชุคุฏูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ
05:02
putting books back in people's hands again.
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ู„ูˆุถุน ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุจูŠู† ุฃูŠุฏูŠ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ
05:04
There are some other bookmobiles running around.
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ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ูƒุชุจุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชู†ู‚ู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุญุงู„ูŠุงู‹ ุจุงู„ุชุฌูˆุงู„
05:06
This is Eric Eldred making books at Walden Pond -- Thoreau's works.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงูŠุฑูŠูƒ ุงูŠู„ุฏูŠุฑุฏ ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจุตู†ุน ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ููŠ ูˆุงู„ุฏู† ุจูˆู†ุฏ, ุฃุนู…ุงู„ ุซูˆุฑูˆ
05:10
This is just before he got kicked out by the Parks Services,
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ุฐู„ูƒ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ ู‚ุจู„ ุฃู† ูŠุทุฑุฏู‡ ุนู…ุงู„ ุฎุฏู…ุงุช ุงู„ุญุฏุงุฆู‚
05:13
for competing with the bookstore there.
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ู„ู…ู†ุงูุณุชู‡ ู…ุน ู…ุญู„ ุจูŠุน ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ
05:16
In India, they've got another couple bookmobiles running around.
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ููŠ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏ, ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุถุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูƒุชุจุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชู†ู‚ู„ุฉ ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุงู„ุชุฌูˆุงู„
05:19
And this is the opening day at the Library of Alexandria,
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ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุงูุชุชุงุญ ููŠ ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ุงู„ุงุณูƒู†ุฏุฑูŠุฉ
05:22
the new Library of Alexandria, in Egypt.
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ุงู„ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู„ู„ุงุณูƒู†ุฏุฑูŠุฉ ููŠ ู…ุตุฑ
05:26
It was quite popularly attended.
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ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุญุถูˆุฑ ุดุนุจูŠุงู‹ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ
05:28
And kids starting to make their own books,
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ูˆ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุนู…ู„ูˆู† ูƒุชุจู‡ู… ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ
05:31
and a happy kid with the first book that he's ever owned.
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ูˆ ุทูู„ ุณุนูŠุฏ ุจุฃูˆู„ ูƒุชุงุจ ูŠู…ุชู„ูƒู‡ ุฃุจุฏุงู‹
05:34
So the idea of being able to use this technology
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูุฅู† ููƒุฑุฉ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู‚ุงุฏุฑุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ
05:36
to end up with paper where I can handle sort of sounds a little retro,
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ู„ุชู†ุชู‡ูŠ ุจุงู„ูˆุฑู‚ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุงุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู„ุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุนู‡ ุชุจุฏูˆ ุฑุฌุนูŠุฉ ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ุง
05:39
but I think it still has its place.
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ู…ุง ุฃุฒุงู„ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ู„ู‡ุง ู…ูƒุงู†ุงู‹
05:42
And being from the Silicon Valley, sort of utopian
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ูˆ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ุง ู…ู† ูˆุงุฏูŠ ุงู„ุณูŠู„ูŠูƒูˆู† , ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุงู„ุฃู…ุซู„
05:46
sort of world,
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ูˆ -- ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ุง ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…
05:48
we thought, if we can make this technology work in rural Uganda,
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ููƒุฑู†ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ู†ุง ุฌุนู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ ุชุนู…ู„ ููŠ ู‚ุฑู‰ ุฃูˆุบู†ุฏุฉ
05:51
we might have something.
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ุฑุจู…ุง ุณู†ุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุดูŠุฆ ู…ุง
05:53
So we actually got some funding from the World Bank to try it out.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุญุตู„ู†ุง ูุนู„ุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุชู…ูˆูŠู„ ู…ู† ุจู†ูƒ ูˆูˆุฑู„ุฏ ู„ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ
05:57
And we found in about 30 days we could go and take a couple folks from Silicon Valley,
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ูˆูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ููŠ ุบุถูˆู† 30 ูŠูˆู… ุงุณุชุทุนู†ุง ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ูˆุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุดุฎุตูŠู† ู…ู† ูˆุงุฏูŠ ุงู„ุณูŠู„ูŠูƒูˆู†
06:01
fly them to Uganda, buy a car, set up the first Internet connection
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ู†ู‚ู„ู†ุงู‡ู… ุจุงู„ุทุงุฆุฑุฉ ู„ุฃูˆุบู†ุฏุง, ุงุดุชุฑูŠู†ุง ุณูŠุงุฑุฉ , ูˆุงุณุณู†ุง ุฃูˆู„ ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจุดุจูƒุฉ ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฑู†ุช
06:07
at the National Library of Uganda, figure out what they wanted,
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ู…ู† ุฏุงุฎู„ ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ุฃูˆุบู†ุฏุฉ ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠุฉ, ูˆ ุญุฏุฏู†ุง ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุฑูŠุฏูˆู†
06:10
and get a program going making books in rural Uganda.
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ูˆ ุฌุนู„ู†ุง ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ูŠุณูŠุฑ ููŠ ู‚ุฑู‰ ุฃูˆุบู†ุฏุฉ
06:13
And it actually -- so technologically, it works.
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ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ-- ุจุดูƒู„ ุชู‚ู†ูŠ ุจุญุช, ุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุนู…ู„
06:16
What we found out of this is we didn't have the right books.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูˆุฌุฏู†ุงู‡ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู„ู… ู†ูƒู† ู†ู…ู„ูƒ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ู…ู„ุงุฆู…ุฉ
06:20
So the books were in the library. We could get it to people, if they're digitized,
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ูˆ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ. ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู† ู†ู‚ุฏู… ุงู„ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ู„ู„ู†ุงุณ ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ู…ุฑู‚ู…ู†ุฉ
06:23
but we didn't know how to quite get them digitized.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ู„ู… ู†ุนู„ู… ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุฑู‚ู…ู†ุชู‡ู…
06:26
Everybody thought the answer is, send things to India and China.
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ุงุฑุณุงู„ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู„ู„ุตูŠู† ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏ ูƒุงู† ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน
06:31
And so we've tried that, and I'll go over that in a moment.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูู‚ุฏ ุญุงูˆู„ู†ุง ุฐู„ูƒ, ูˆ ุณูˆู ุงุณุชุนุฑุถู‡ ููŠ ุบุถูˆู† ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ
06:33
There are some newer technologies for delivering
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ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุชู‚ู†ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุงุญุฏุซ ู„ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจู†ู‚ู„ู‡ุง
06:36
that have happened that are actually quite exciting as well.
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ูˆ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูˆุงูู‚ ูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ุซูŠุฑุฉ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹
06:39
One is a print-on-demand machine that looks like a Rube Goldberg machine.
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ุงุญุฏุงู‡ุง ู‡ูŠ ุขู„ุฉ ุงู„ุทุจุงุนุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุทู„ุจ, ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุจุฏูˆ ูƒุขู„ุฉ ุฑูˆุจ ุบูˆู„ุฏุจูŠุฑุบ
06:42
We have one of these things now. It's completely cool.
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุขู†. ุงู†ู‡ุง ุธุฑูŠูุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹
06:44
It's all conveyor belt, and it makes a book.
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุญุฒุงู… ู†ุงู‚ู„ ูˆ ุชุนู…ู„ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ.
06:49
And it's called the "Espresso Book Machine,"
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ูˆ ุชุฏุนู‰: ุขู„ุฉ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ุฅุณุจุฑูŠุณูˆ (ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ู‡ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุณุฑูŠุนุฉ)
06:51
and in about 10 minutes, you can press a button and make a book.
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ูˆ ููŠ ุบุถูˆู† 10 ุฏู‚ุงุฆู‚ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุถุบุท ุงู„ุฒุฑ ูˆ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒุชุงุจ
06:55
Something else I'm quite excited about in this particular domain,
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดูŠุฆ ุขุฎุฑ ูŠุจู‡ุฌู†ูŠ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุฌุงู„
07:01
beyond these sort of kiosk-y things where you can get books on demand,
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ู…ุง ูˆุฑุงุก ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃูƒุดุงูƒ ุญูŠุซ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุญุณุจ ุงู„ุทู„ุจ
07:05
is some of these new little screens that are coming out.
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ุจุนุถ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุดุงุดุงุช ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุธู‡ุฑ
07:09
And one of my favorites in this is the $100 laptop.
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ูˆูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุฃูุถู„ู‡ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ูƒู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑ ุงู„ู…ุญู…ูˆู„ ุฐูˆ ูƒู„ูุฉ 100 ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ
07:13
And I don't mean to steal any thunder here,
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ูˆ ู„ุง ุฃู†ูˆูŠ ู‡ู†ุง ุฃู† ุฃูุณุฏ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ
07:19
but we've gone and used one of these things to be an e-book reader.
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ุฌุนู„ู†ุง ู…ู† ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู‚ุงุฑุฆ ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠุฉ
07:24
So here's one of the beta units and you can --
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ูˆ ู‡ู†ุง ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ู…ุงุฐุฌ ุงู„ุชุฌุฑูŠุจูŠุฉ ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ--
07:30
it actually turns out to be a really good-looking e-book reader.
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุตูŠุฑ ู‚ุงุฑุฆ ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠุฉ ุฌู…ูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุธู‡ุฑ ุญู‚ุงู‹
07:38
And we have a quick hack that we did to try to put one of our books on it,
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ูˆ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ู‚ุฑุตู†ุฉ ุณุฑูŠุนุฉ ุฃู†ู†ุง ุญุงูˆู„ู†ุง ูˆุถุน ุฃุญุฏ ูƒุชุจู†ุง ุนู„ูŠู‡
07:42
and it turns out that 200 dots per inch
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ูˆ ู„ูˆุญุธ ุฃู† 200 ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุงู†ุด
07:45
means that you can put scanned books on them that look really good.
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ุชุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ูˆุถุน ูƒุชุงุจ ู…ู…ุณูˆุญ ุถูˆุฆูŠุงู‹ ููŠู‡ู… ูˆ ูŠุจุฏูˆู† ุฌูŠุฏูŠู† ูุนู„ุงู‹
07:48
At 200 dots per inch, it's kind of the equivalent of a 300 dot print laser printer.
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ุนู†ุฏ 200 ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู„ู„ุจูˆุตุฉ, ุงู†ู‡ ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ุง ู…ุณุงูˆู ู„ู€ 300 ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู„ู„ุจูˆุตุฉ ู…ุทุจูˆุนุฉ ุจุทุงุจุนุฉ ู„ูŠุฒุฑ
07:52
We're in good enough shape.
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ู†ุญู† ุงู„ุงู† ุจู‡ูŠุฆุฉ ุฌูŠุฏุฉ ูƒูุงูŠุฉ
07:54
You actually can go and read scanned books quite easily.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุญู‚ุงู‹ ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ูˆ ู‚ุฑุงุกุฉ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ู…ู…ุณูˆุญุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ุณู‡ู„ ุฌุฏุงู‹
07:57
So the idea of electronic books is starting to come about.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูุฅู† ููƒุฑุฉุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ุงู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠุฉ ุจุตุฏุฏ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ู…ุณุงุฑู‡ุง
08:01
But how do you go about doing all this scanning?
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงุฌุฑุงุก ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุณุญ ุงู„ุถูˆุฆูŠุŸ
08:03
So we thought, okay, well, let's try out this send books to India thing.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ููƒุฑู†ุง, ุญุณู†ุงู‹ ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุงุฑุณุงู„ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏ
08:06
And there was a project with, funded by the National Science Foundation --
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ูˆ ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ู…ุดุฑูˆุน-- ู…ู…ูˆู„ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุคุณุณุฉ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠุฉ
08:11
sent a bunch of scanners, and the American libraries were supposed to send books.
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ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ุงุณุญุงุช ุงู„ุถูˆุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฑุณู„ุฉ, ูˆ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ูƒุงู† ูŠูุชุฑุถ ุงุฑุณุงู„ู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ู…ูƒุชุจุงุช ุงู„ุงู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ
08:15
Well, they didn't. They didn't want to send their books.
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹, ุงู†ู‡ู… ู„ู… ูŠุฑุบุจูˆุง ุจุงุฑุณุงู„ ูƒุชุจู‡ู…
08:18
So we bought 100,000 books and sent them to India.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุดุฑุงุก 100,000 ูƒุชุงุจ ูˆ ุงุฑุณู„ู†ุงู‡ุง ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏ
08:20
And then we learned why you don't want to send books to India.
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ูˆ ุนู†ุฆุฐ ุนุฑูู†ุง ู„ู…ุง ู„ุง ุชุฑูŠุฏ ุงุฑุณุงู„ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ู„ู„ู‡ู†ุฏ
08:23
The lesson we learned out of this is, scan your own books.
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ุงู„ุฏุฑุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุนู„ู…ู†ุงู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ ุนู„ูŠูƒ ู…ุณุญ ูƒุชุจูƒ ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ
08:27
If you really care about books, you're going to scan them better,
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ุงุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุญู‚ุงู‹ ู…ู‡ุชู…ุงู‹ ุจุงู„ูƒุชุจ, ูุงู†ูƒ ุณุชู‚ูˆู… ุจู…ุณุญู‡ู… ุถูˆุฆูŠุงู‹ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฃูุถู„
08:31
especially if they're valuable books.
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ุฎุงุตุฉ, ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ
08:33
If they're new books and you can just, you know, butcher them,
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ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุญุฏูŠุซุฉ ุชุณุชุทูŠุน ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู… ุฃู† ุชุณููƒ ุจู‡ู…
08:35
because you could just buy another one,
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ู„ุฃู†ูƒ ุจุจุณุงุทุฉ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุดุฑุงุกู‡ู… ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ
08:37
that's not such a big deal in terms of doing high-quality scanning.
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ุงู†ู‡ ู„ูŠุณ ุจุงู„ุดุฃู† ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑ ู„ุนู…ู„ ู…ุณุญ ุถูˆุฆูŠ ุนุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฌูˆุฏุฉ
08:41
But do things that you love.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญุจู‡ุง
08:44
But the Indians have been scanning a lot of their own books --
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู‡ู†ูˆุฏ ู‚ุงู…ูˆุง ุจู…ุณุญ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ูƒุชุจู‡ู… ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ---
08:47
about 300,000 now -- doing very well.
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ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 300,000 ู„ู„ุขู† --- ุงู†ู‡ู… ูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆู† ุจุนู…ู„ ุฌูŠุฏ ุฌุฏุงู‹
08:49
The Chinese did over a million, and the Egyptians are about 30,000.
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ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠูˆู† ุงู†ู‡ูˆุง ู…ุง ูŠู†ูˆู ุนู† ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ูƒุชุงุจ ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุตุฑูŠูˆู† ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ 30,000
08:54
But we sent -- thought, OK, if we're going to need to do this, let's do it in-library.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃุฑุณู„ู†ุง -- ุฃุธู†ู‡ ู„ุง ุจุฃุณ ุงุฐุง ูƒู†ุง ุณู†ุญุชุงุฌ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ, ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ.
09:00
How do we go and do this, and how do we get it down
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ูƒูŠู ุณู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ ูˆ ู†ุฑูƒุฒ ุนู„ูŠู‡
09:02
so that it's a cost point that we could afford?
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ุจุญูŠุซ ุฃู† ุชูƒู„ูุชู‡ ุชู‚ุงุฑุจ ู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุชุญู…ู„ู‡
09:04
And we sort of picked the price point of 10 cents a page.
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ูˆ ู†ุญู† ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ ูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ุงู„ุณุนุฑ ุจุญุฏูˆุฏ 10 ุณู†ุชุงุช ู„ู„ุตูุญุฉ
09:07
If it's basically the cost of xeroxing to basically digitize, OCR, package it up,
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ุงู†ู‡ ุจุดูƒู„ ุงุณุงุณูŠ ุชูƒู„ูุฉ ุงู„ุฑู‚ู…ู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ู…ุงุณุญุฉ ุฒูŠุฑูˆูƒุณ, ู…ู† ุซู… ุชุญูˆูŠู„ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู„ู†ุต, ูˆ ุชูˆุถูŠุจู‡
09:13
make it so that you could download, print and bind it -- the whole shebang --
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ุฌุนู„ู‡ ุจุญูŠุซ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุชู†ุฒูŠู„ู‡, ุทุจุงุนุชู‡ ูˆ ุชุฌู„ูŠุฏู‡, ูˆูƒู„ ุงู„ุจุงู‚ูŠ
09:16
we would have achieved something.
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ุณู†ูƒูˆู† ู‚ุฏ ุญู‚ู‚ู†ุง ุดูŠุฆุงู‹ ู…ุง
09:18
So we started out trying to figure out. How do we get to 10 cents?
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุฏุฃู†ุง ุจู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ูƒูŠู ุณู†ุตู„ ุงู„ู‰ 10 ุณู†ุช
09:20
And we tried these robot things, and they worked pretty well --
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ูˆ ุฌุฑุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุงู„ูŠุฉ ูˆ ู„ู‚ุฏ ุนู…ู„ุช ุฌูŠุฏุงู‹
09:23
sort of these auto-page-turning things.
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ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ู† ุชู‚ู„ูŠุจ ุงู„ุตูุญุงุช ุงู„ุขู„ูŠ
09:25
If we can have Mars Rovers, you'd think you could turn pages.
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ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุจุงู…ูƒุงู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุณุชูƒุดูุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ, ูุณูˆู ุชุธู† ุงู†ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุชู‚ู„ูŠุจ ุงู„ุตูุญุงุช
09:29
But it actually turns out to be pretty hard to turn pages, and the volume isn't there.
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุชุจูŠู† ุฃู† ุชู‚ู„ูŠุจ ุงู„ุตูุญุงุช ุนู…ู„ ุตุนุจ ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุฌู„ุฏ ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ
09:33
So anyway -- so we ended up making our own book scanner,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠุฉ ุญุงู„, ุงู†ุชู‡ูŠู†ุง ุจุตู†ุน ู…ุงุณุญุชู†ุง ุงู„ุถูˆุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ
09:39
and with two digital, high-grade, professional digital cameras,
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ูˆ ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ูƒุงู…ูŠุฑุชูŠู† ุงุญุชุฑุงููŠุชูŠู† ุนุงู„ูŠุชูŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰
09:43
controlled museum lighting, so even if it's a black and white book,
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ูˆ ุถูˆุก ุงู„ู…ุชุญู ุงู„ู…ุชุญูƒู… ุจู‡ -- ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุญุชู‰ ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ูƒุชุงุจุง ุฃุจูŠุถ ูˆ ุฃุณูˆุฏ
09:46
you can go and get the proper intonation.
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ุชุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ูˆ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉ
09:50
So you basically do a beautiful, respectful job.
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ูˆ ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุชูƒูˆู† ู‚ุฏ ุนู…ู„ุช ุนู…ู„ุงู‹ ุฌู…ูŠู„ุงู‹
09:53
This is not a fax, this is -- the idea is to do a beautiful job
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ู‡ุฐุง ู„ูŠุณ ูุงูƒุณุงู‹, ุงู†ู‡ -- ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ุฃู† ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุนู…ู„ ุฌู…ูŠู„
09:57
as you're going through these libraries.
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ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุชุชุฌูˆู„ ุฎู„ุงู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ูƒุชุจุงุช
10:00
And we've been able to achieve 10 cents a page if we run things in volume.
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ูˆ ุงุณุชุทุนู†ุง ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ู„ุชูƒู„ูุฉ 10 ุณู†ุชุงุช ู„ู„ุตูุญุฉ ุงุฐุง ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุชุทุจูŠู‚ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดูŠุฆ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฌู„ุฏุงุช
10:04
This is what it looks like at the University of Toronto.
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ู‡ูƒุฐุง ู…ุง ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ููŠ ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ุชูˆุฑูŠู†ุชูˆ
10:07
And actually, it turns out to, you know, pay a living wage.
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ูˆ ุชุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุงู…ุฑ ุงู„ู‰ ุนู…ู„ ุจุฃุฌุฑ
10:10
People seem to love it.
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ุจุฏุง ุฃู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุชุญุจู‡
10:12
Yes, it's a little boring, but some people kind of get into the Zen of it.
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ู†ุนู… , ุงู†ู‡ ู…ู…ู„ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹ ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุจุฏูˆุง ูˆ ูƒุฃู†ู‡ู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุฒู† ( ุทุงุฆูุฉ ุตูŠู†ูŠุฉ)
10:16
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
10:19
And especially if it's kind of interesting books that you care about,
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ูˆ ุฎุงุตุฉ ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู‡ู…ูƒ
10:21
in languages that you can read.
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ูˆ ุจู„ุบุฉ ุชุณุทูŠุน ู‚ุฑุงุกุชู‡ุง
10:23
We actually have been able to do a pretty good job of this, at getting 10 cents a page.
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ู†ุญู† ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ูƒู†ุง ู‚ุงุฏุฑูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงุฏุงุก ุนู…ู„ ุฌูŠุฏ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุจุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุงู„ู‰ 10 ุณู†ุชุงุช ู„ู„ุตูุญุฉ
10:29
So 10 cents a page, 300 pages in your average book, 30 dollars a book.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ 10 ุณู†ุชุงุช ู„ู„ุตูุญุฉ, 300 ุตูุญุฉ ููŠ ูƒุชุงุจูƒ ุงู„ุงุนุชูŠุงุฏูŠ , 30 ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ ู„ู„ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ
10:33
The Library of Congress, if you did the whole darn thing --
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ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุบุฑุณ, ุงุฐุง ุนู…ู„ุช ูƒู„ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู„ุนูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุทู„ูˆุจ
10:37
26 million books -- is about 750 million dollars, right?
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26 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ูƒุชุงุจ -- ุงู†ู‡ ุจุญุฏูˆุฏ 750 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ, ุงู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
10:41
But a million books, I think, actually would be a pretty good start,
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ูƒุชุงุจ-- ุฃุธู†ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุฌูŠุฏุฉ
10:45
and that would cost 30 million dollars. That's not that big a bill.
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ูˆ ุฐู„ูƒ ุณูŠูƒู„ู 30 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ. ูˆ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู„ูŠุณุช ุจุงู„ูุงุชูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ
10:48
And what we've been able to do is get into libraries.
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ูˆ ู…ุง ูƒู†ุง ู‚ุงุฏุฑูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ูุนู„ู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฏุฎูˆู„ ู„ู„ู…ูƒุชุจุงุช
10:51
We've now got eight of these scanning centers in three countries,
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ูˆ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ู…ุฑุงูƒุฒ ุงู„ู…ุณุญ ููŠ ุซู„ุงุซ ุฏูˆู„
10:55
and libraries are up for having their books scanned.
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ูˆ ุงู„ู…ูƒุชุจุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ุทุฑูŠู‚ ู…ุณุญ ูƒุชุจู‡ุง
10:58
The Getty here is moving their books to the UCLA,
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ุบูŠุชุชูŠ ู‡ู†ุง ุชู†ู‚ู„ ูƒุชุจู‡ุง ุงู„ู‰ UCLA
11:01
which is where we have one these scanning centers,
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ุญูŠุซ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฃุญุฏ ู…ุฑุงูƒุฒ ุงู„ู…ุณุญ ุงู„ุถูˆุฆูŠ
11:04
and scanning their out-of-copyright books, which is fabulous.
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ูˆ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู…ุณุญ ูƒุชุจู‡ู… ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุง ุชุญู…ู„ ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุทุจุงุนุฉ, ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ุดูŠุฆ ุฑุงุฆุน
11:08
So we're starting to get the institutional responsibility.
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ูˆ ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุจุฏุฃู†ุง ุจุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุคุณุณุงุช ุชุฃุฎุฐ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุนุงุชู‚ู‡ุง
11:11
The thing we're missing is the 10 cents.
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ุงู„ุดูŠุฆ ุงู„ุบุงุฆุจ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ 10 ุณู†ุช
11:14
If we can get the 10 cents, all the rest of it flows.
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ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุจุงู…ูƒุงู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ 10 ุณู†ุชุงุช ูุฅู† ุงู„ุจุงู‚ูŠ ุณูŠุฌุฑูŠ
11:17
We've scanned about 200,000 books.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจู…ุณุญ 200,000 ูƒุชุงุจ
11:20
Now we're scanning about 15,000 books a month,
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ูˆ ุงู„ุงู† ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจู…ุณุญ 15,000 ูƒุชุงุจ ุดู‡ุฑูŠุงู‹
11:23
and it's starting to gear up another factor of two from there.
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ูˆ ู„ู‚ุฏ ุจุฏุฃ ุจุงู„ุชุณุงุฑุน ุจุดูƒู„ ุฃุณูŠ ู…ุถุงุนู ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ
11:27
So all in all, that's going very well.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูˆุจุดูƒู„ ุงุฌู…ุงู„ูŠ ุงู†ู‡ ูŠุณูŠุฑ ุญุณู†ุงู‹
11:30
And we're starting to move out of the just out-of-copyright
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ูˆ ุจุฏุฃู†ุง ุจุงู„ุฎุฑูˆุฌ ู…ู† ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุจุฏูˆู† ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ู†ุดุฑ
11:33
into the out-of-print world.
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ุงู„ู‰ ุนุงู„ู… ุจุฏูˆู† ุทุจุงุนุฉ
11:35
So I think of -- we're kind of going from the out-of-copyright, library stuff,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃุธู† ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุฎุฑุฌ ู…ู† ุงุทุงุฑ ุจุฏูˆู† ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ู†ุดุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูƒุชุจุงุช
11:39
and Amazon.com is coming from the in-print world.
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ูˆ ุฃู…ุงุฒูˆู† ุฏูˆุช ูƒูˆู… ู‚ุงุฏู…ุฉ ู…ู† ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุทุจุงุนุฉ
11:44
And I think we'll meet in the middle some place,
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ูˆ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุงู†ู†ุง ุณู†ุชู‚ุงุจู„ ููŠ ู…ู†ุชุตู ู…ูƒุงู† ู…ุง
11:46
and have the classic thing that you have,
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ูˆ ู†ุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ูƒู„ุงุณูŠูƒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุฏูŠูƒ
11:48
which is a publishing system and a library system working in parallel.
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ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู†ุธุงู… ู†ุดุฑ ูˆู†ุธุงู… ู…ูƒุชุจู†ุช ูŠุนู…ู„ุงู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชูˆุงุฒูŠ
11:52
And so we're starting up a program to do out-of-print works, but loaning them.
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ูˆ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู†ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ ูŠุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุนุฏู… ุงู„ุทุจุงุนุฉ ุจู„ ุงู„ุงุนุงุฑุฉ
11:58
Exactly what loaning means, I'm not quite sure.
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ู…ุงุฐุง ุชุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุงุนุงุฑุฉ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹, ุฃู†ุง ู„ุณุช ู…ุชุฃูƒุฏุงู‹
12:00
But anyway, loaning out-of-print works from the Boston Public Library,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ุญุงู„, ุงุนุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุงุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุฎุตุตุฉ ู„ู„ุทุจุงุนุฉ ู…ู† ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ุจูˆุณุทู† ุงู„ุนุงู…ุฉ
12:05
the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute and a few other libraries
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ู…ุนู‡ุฏ ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุงุช ูˆ ู…ูƒุชุจุงุช ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ
12:09
that are starting to participate in this program,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุจุฏุฃุช ููŠ ุงู„ุงุดุชุฑุงูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ
12:11
to try out this model of where does a library stop
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ู„ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุญูŠุซ ุชุชูˆู‚ู ุงู„ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ
12:14
and where does the bookstore take over.
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ูˆ ุญูŠุซ ุชุชูˆู„ู‰ ู…ุชุงุฌุฑ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ
12:17
So all in all, it's possible to do this in large scale.
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ูˆุจุดูƒู„ ุงุฌู…ุงู„ูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุนู…ู„ู‡ ุจู†ุทุงู‚ ูˆุงุณุน
12:21
We're also going back over microfilm and getting that online.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุงู„ุนูˆุฏุฉ ุจู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆ ููŠู„ู… ูˆ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดุจูƒุฉ
12:26
So, we can do 10 cents a page, we're going 15,000 books a month
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุนู…ู„ 10 ุณู†ุชุงุช ู„ู„ุตูุญุฉ, ูˆ ู†ุญู† ู†ุนู…ู„ 15000 ูƒุชุงุจ ููŠ ุงู„ุดู‡ุฑ
12:29
and we've got about 250,000 books online,
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ูˆ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง 250,000 ูƒุชุงุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดุจูƒุฉ
12:32
counting all the other projects that are starting to add in.
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ู…ุน ุงุนุชุจุงุฑ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ู…ุดุงุฑูŠุน ุงู„ุชูŠ ุจุฏุฃุช ุจุงู„ุงุถุงูุฉ
12:34
So what I wanted to argue is, books are within our grasp.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุง ุฃูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฌุฏุงู„ ุญูˆู„ู‡ ุฃู† ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุจู…ุชู†ุงูˆู„ ูŠุฏูŠู†ุง
12:38
The idea of taking on the whole ball of wax is not that big a deal.
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ูˆ ููƒุฑุฉ ุชุญุฏูŠ ูƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ุดู…ุน ูƒู„ู‡ุง ู„ูŠุณุช ุจุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑ
12:44
Yes, it costs tens of millions, low hundreds of millions,
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ู†ุนู… ุงู†ู‡ุง ุชูƒู„ู ุนุดุฑุงุช ุงู„ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† , ุจุถุน ู…ุฆุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู†
12:48
but one time shot and we've got basically the history of printed literature online.
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ุจู„ู…ุญุฉ ุฎุงุทูุฉ ู†ุญุตู„ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฃุณุงุณูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ุงุฏุจ ุงู„ู…ุทุจูˆุน ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดุจูƒุฉ
12:55
And then, there's business model issues
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ูˆ ุนู†ุฏุฆุฐ ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ู…ุณุงุฆู„ ุฃู†ู…ุงุท ุงู„ุนู…ู„
12:57
about how to try to effectively market it and get it to people.
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ุญูˆู„ ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุชุณูˆูŠู‚ู‡ุง ูˆ ุชู‚ุฏูŠู…ู‡ุง ู„ู„ู†ุงุณ
13:01
But it is within our grasp, technologically and law-wise,
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุจู…ุชู†ุงูˆู„ู†ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠุฉ
13:05
at least for the out of print and out of copyright,
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ุฎุตูˆุตุงู‹ ุจุฎุตูˆุต ุงู„ุงุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุนุฏุฉ ู„ู„ุทุจุงุนุฉ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุจู„ุง ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ู†ุดุฑ
13:08
we suggest, to be able to get the whole darn thing online.
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ูˆ ู†ู‚ุชุฑุญ ุจุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุจู…ู‚ุฏูˆุฑู†ุง ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดุจูƒุฉ
13:13
Now let's go for audio, and I'm going to go through these.
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ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ุงู„ุงู† ู†ุฐู‡ุจ ู„ู„ุตูˆุชูŠุงุช, ูˆ ุฃู†ุง ุณุฃุฎูˆุถ ููŠู‡ู…
13:16
So how much is there?
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ , ูƒู… ู‡ู†ุงูƒุŸ
13:18
Well, as best we can tell, there are about two to three million disks
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹, ุจุฃูุถู„ ู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„, ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ู…ู„ูŠูˆู†ูŠู† ุฃูˆ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ู‚ุฑุต
13:21
having been published -- so 78s, long-playing records and CDs --
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ุชู… ู†ุดุฑู‡ุง-- ู„ุฐู„ูƒ 78 ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ูƒุฒู…ู† ุชุณุฌูŠู„ ูˆ ุงู‚ุฑุงุต ู…ุฏู…ุฌุฉ
13:26
or at least that's the largest archives of published materials
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ุฃูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงู‚ู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุงุฑุดูŠู ุงู„ุงุถุฎู… ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ู†ุดูˆุฑุฉ
13:29
we've been able to sort of point at.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงุดุงุฑุฉ ู„ู‡
13:31
It costs about 10 dollars a piece to go and take a disk
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ูŠูƒู„ููƒ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 10 ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑุงุช ู„ุชุฐู‡ุจ ูˆ ุชุฃุฎุฐ ู‚ุฑุตุงู‹
13:35
and put it online, if you're doing things in volume.
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ูˆ ุชุถุนู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดุจูƒุฉ ุงุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุงู„ุญุฌู…
13:39
But we've found that the rights issues are really quite thorny.
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุงู„ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ูˆุฌุฏู†ุงู‡ ุดุงุฆูƒุงู‹ ุญู‚ุงู‹
13:42
This is a fairly heavily litigated area,
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ู‚ุงุจู„ุฉ ู„ู„ู…ู‚ุงุถุงุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ูƒุจูŠุฑ
13:44
so we've found that there are niches in the music world
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูƒูˆุฉ ููŠ ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ู…ูˆุณูŠู‚ุง
13:47
that aren't served terribly well by the classic commercial publishing system.
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ู„ู… ุชุฎุฏู… ุจุดูƒู„ ุฌูŠุฏ ุจุดูƒู„ ูุธูŠุน ุจุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุชู‚ู„ูŠุฏูŠ ุงู„ุชุฌุงุฑูŠ ู„ู„ู†ุดุฑ
13:50
And we've been starting to make these available by going
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ูˆ ุจุฏุฃู†ุง ุจุฌุนู„ู‡ุง ู…ุชุงุญุฉ ุจุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ
13:54
and offering shelf space on the Net.
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ูˆ ุชุฃู…ูŠู† ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ุฑู ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดุจูƒุฉ
13:56
In the United States, it doesn't cost you to give something away. Right?
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ ู„ุง ูŠูƒู„ููƒ ุดูŠุฆุงู‹ ู„ู„ุชุฎู„ูŠ ุนู† ุดูŠุฆ, ุตุญูŠุญุŸ
14:00
If you give something to a charity or to the public,
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ุงุฐุง ุฃุนุทูŠุช ุดูŠุฆุงู‹ ูƒุชุจุฑุน ุฃูˆ ู„ู„ุนุงู…ุฉ
14:07
you get a pat on the back and a tax donation --
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ุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุฑุจูŠุชุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุธู‡ุฑ ูˆ ู‡ุจุฉ ุถุฑุงุฆุจ
14:09
except on the Net, where you can go broke.
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ู…ุง ุนุฏุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดุจูƒุฉ ุญูŠุซ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชูู„ุณ
14:11
If you put up a video of your garage band, and it starts getting heavily accessed,
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ุงุฐุง ุญู…ู„ุช ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ุนู† ูุฑู‚ุฉ ุงู„ูƒุฑุงุฌ ุฎุงุตุชูƒ ูˆ ุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ุฏุฎูˆู„ ุงู„ูŠู‡ ูŠุชุฒุงูŠุฏ ุจุดูƒู„ ูƒุจูŠุฑ
14:16
you can lose your guitars or your house.
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู† ุชุฎุณุฑ ุบูŠุชุงุฑุงุชูƒ ุงูˆ ุจูŠุชูƒ
14:18
This doesn't make any sense.
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ูˆ ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ูŠุณ ู„ู‡ ู…ุนู†ู‰
14:20
So we've offered unlimited storage, unlimited bandwidth, forever, for free,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูู†ุญู† ูˆูุฑู†ุง ู…ุณุงุญุงุช ุชุฎุฒูŠู† ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุญุฏูˆุฏุฉ, ู…ุฏู‰ ุญุฒู…ุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุญุฏูˆุฏ ู„ู„ุงุจุฏ ู…ุฌุงู†ุงู‹
14:25
to anybody that has something to share that belongs in a library.
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ู„ุฃูŠ ุดุฎุต ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุดูŠุฆุงู‹ ู„ูŠุดุงุฑูƒู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ
14:28
And we've been getting a lot of takers. One is the rock 'n' rollers.
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ูˆูƒู†ุง ู†ุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุขุฎุฐูŠู†. ุฃุญุฏู‡ู… ูƒุงู† ุฑูˆูƒ ุงู†ุฏ ุฑูˆู„ุฑุฒ
14:32
The rock 'n' rollers had a tradition of sharing,
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ุงู„ุฑูˆูƒ ุงู†ุฏ ุฑูˆู„ุฑุฒ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุนุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ุดุงุฑูƒุฉ
14:34
as long as nobody made any money. You could --
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ุทุงู„ู…ุง ุฃู† ู„ุง ุฃุญุฏ ูŠุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุงู„. ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ
14:36
concert recordings, it's not the commercial recordings,
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ุจุซ ุชุณุฌูŠู„ุงุชูƒ ุงู†ู‡ุง ู„ูŠุณุช ุงู„ุชุณุฌูŠู„ุงุช ุงู„ุชุฌุงุฑูŠุฉ
14:38
but concert recordings, started by the Grateful Dead.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุจุซ ุงู„ุชุณุฌูŠู„ุงุช ุจุฏุฃ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุบุฑูŠุชููˆู„ ุฏูŠุฏ
14:41
And we get about two or three bands a day signing up.
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ูˆูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจุงู„ุชุณุฌูŠู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ ุงุซู†ุงู† ุงูˆ ุซู„ุงุซ ูุฑู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…
14:44
They give permission, and we get about 40 or 50 concerts a day.
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ู‡ู… ูŠู…ู†ุญูˆู† ุงู„ุณู…ุงุญูŠุฉ ูˆ ู†ุญุตู„ ูŠูˆู…ูŠุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ 40 ุฃูˆ 50 ุญูู„ุฉ ุจุงู„ูŠูˆู…
14:49
We have about 40,000 concerts, everything the Grateful Dead ever did,
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 400,000 ุญูู„ุฉ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ู‚ุงู… ุงู„ุบุฑูŠุชููˆู„ ุฏูŠุฏ ุจุชุญู…ูŠู„ู‡ุง
14:52
up on the Net, so that people can see it and listen to this material.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดุจูƒุฉ ุจุญูŠุซ ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู„ู†ุงุณ ุฑุคูŠุฉ ูˆุณู…ุงุน ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ
14:58
So audio is possible to put up, but the rights issues are really pretty thorny.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฑูุน ุงู„ุตูˆุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดุจูƒุฉ, ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ูˆุงุถูŠุน ุงู„ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุดุงุฆูƒุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹
15:02
We've got a lot of collections now --
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ุญุตู„ู†ุง ุงู„ุงู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช
15:04
a couple hundred thousand items -- and it's growing over time.
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ู…ุฆุชูŠ ุฃู„ู ู…ุงุฏุฉ -- ูˆ ุงู†ู‡ุง ุชุฒุฏุงุฏ ุจู…ุฑูˆุฑ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช
15:08
Moving images: if you think of theatrical releases,
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ุชุญุฑูŠูƒ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ: ุงุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชุธู† ุจุชุญุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณุฑุญ
15:10
there are not that many of them.
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ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู†ู‡ู…
15:12
As best we can tell, there are about 150,000 to 200,000 movies ever
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ูˆ ุจุฃูุถู„ ู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„, ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 150,000 ุงู„ู‰ 200,000 ูู„ู…
15:16
that are really meant for a large-scale theatrical distribution. It's just not that many.
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ูˆ ุฐู„ูƒ ุญู‚ุงู‹ ูˆุฌุฏ ู„ู„ู†ุดุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณุฑุญูŠ ูˆุงุณุน ุงู„ู†ุทุงู‚. ุงู†ู‡ ู„ูŠุณ ูƒุซูŠุฑุงู‹ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹
15:21
But half of those were Indian.
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ูˆ ู†ุตูู‡ู… ู‡ู†ุฏูŠ
15:23
But anyway, it's doable,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ุญุงู„ ู‚ุงุจู„ูŠู† ู„ู„ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚
15:25
but we've only found about a thousand of these things that --
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ูู‚ุท ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ุงู„ู ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ--
15:28
to be out of copyright.
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ู„ูŠุณ ู„ู‡ุง ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ู†ุดุฑ
15:30
So we've digitized those and made those available.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุฑู‚ู…ู†ุชู‡ู… ูˆ ุฌุนู„ู‡ู… ุจู…ุชู†ุงูˆู„ ุงู„ูŠุฏ
15:32
But we've found that there's lots of other types of movies
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุงุฎุฑู‰ ู„ู„ุฃูู„ุงู…
15:34
that haven't really seen the light of day -- archival films.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ู… ุชุฑ ุงู„ู†ูˆุฑ ุจุนุฏ -- ุงู„ุงูู„ุงู… ุงู„ุงุฑุดูŠููŠุฉ
15:37
We've found, also, a lot of political films, a lot of amateur films,
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ูˆ ุฌุฏู†ุง ุงูŠุถุงู‹ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงูู„ุงู… ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงูู„ุงู… ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุฉ
15:42
all sorts of things that are basically needing a home, a permanent home.
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ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฃุณุงุณูŠ ู„ุจูŠุช, ู„ุจูŠุช ุฏุงุฆู…
15:47
So we've been starting to make these available and it's grown to be very popular.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุฏุฃู†ุง ุจุฌุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุชุงุญุงู‹ ูˆ ู†ู…ุง ุจุญูŠุซ ุงุตุจุญ ุดุนุจูŠุงู‹
15:51
We're not quite a YouTube.
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ู†ุญู† ู„ุณุชุง ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ ูŠูˆ ุชูŠูˆุจ
15:53
We tended towards longer-term things
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ุนู…ุฏู†ุง ู„ุงู…ูˆุฑ ุงูƒุซุฑ ุฏูŠู…ูˆู…ุฉ
15:55
and also things that people can reuse and make into new movies,
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ูˆ ุงูŠุถุงู‹ ุงุดูŠุงุก ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู…ู† ุงุนุงุฏุฉ ุงุณุชุนู…ุงู„ู‡ุง ููŠ ุงูู„ุงู… ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ
15:59
which has just been great fun.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู† ู…ู…ุชุนุงู‹ ุฌุฏุงู‹
16:02
Television comes quite a bit larger.
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ุงู„ุชู„ูุฒูŠูˆู† ูŠุฃุชูŠ ุจุดูƒู„ ุงูƒุจุฑ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹
16:04
We started recording 20 channels of television 24 hours a day.
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ุจุฏุฃู†ุง ุจุชุณุฌูŠู„ 20 ู‚ู†ุงุฉ ุชู„ูุฒูŠูˆู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู€ 24 ุณุงุนุฉ ุจุงู„ูŠูˆู…
16:07
It's sort of the biggest TiVo box you've ever seen.
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ุงู†ู‡ ู†ูˆุนุง ู…ุง ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุชุงูŠููˆ ู‚ุฏ ุฑุฃูŠุชู‡ ุฃุจุฏุงู‹
16:11
It's about a petabyte, so far, of worldwide television --
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ุงู†ู‡ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ุจูŠุฏูˆ ุจุงูŠุช , ู†ูˆุนุง ู…ุง ุชู„ูุฒูŠูˆู† ุนุงู„ู…ูŠ
16:14
Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Iraqi, Al Jazeera, BBC, CNN, ABC, CBS, NBC --
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ุฑูˆุณูŠ, ุตูŠู†ูŠ, ูŠุงุจุงู†ูŠ, ุนุฑุงู‚ูŠ, ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฑุฉ, BBC, CNN, ABC, CBS, NBC
16:19
24 hours a day.
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24 ุณุงุนุฉ ูŠูˆู…ูŠุงู‹
16:21
We only put one week up,
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ูˆุถุนู†ุง-- ู„ู‚ุฏ ูˆุถุนู†ุง ูู‚ุท ุงุณุจูˆุน ูˆุงุญุฏ
16:23
which is mostly for cost reasons, which is the 9/11,
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ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ุชูƒุงู„ูŠู ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ 11/9
16:28
sort of from 9/11/2001. For one week, what did the world see?
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ู†ูˆ ุนุงู‹ ู…ู† 9/11/2001 ู„ู…ุฏุฉ ุงุณุจูˆุน ูˆุงุญุฏ, ู…ุงุฐุง ุดุงู‡ุฏ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŸ
16:32
CNN was saying that Palestinians were dancing in the streets.
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ุณูŠ ุงู† ุงู† ุชู‚ูˆู„ ุงู† ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠูŠู† ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุฑู‚ุตูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุดูˆุงุฑุน
16:36
Were they? Let's look at the Palestinian television and find out.
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ุฃุญู‚ุงู‹ ุฐู„ูƒุŸ ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุฑ ุงู„ุชู„ูุฒูŠูˆู† ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠ ูˆ ู†ุญูƒู…
16:39
How can we have critical thinking without being able to quote
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ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุชุฃุฒู… ุจุฏูˆู† ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุจุงุณ
16:43
and being able to compare what happened in the past?
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ูˆ ู†ูƒูˆู† ู‚ุงุฏุฑูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ ู…ุง ูŠุญุตู„ ุจุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠ
16:46
And television is dreadfully unrecorded and unquotable,
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ูˆ ุงู„ุชู„ูุงุฒ ุบูŠุฑ ู‚ุงุจู„ ู„ู„ุงู‚ุชุจุงุณ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุชุณุฌูŠู„ ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุฎูŠู
16:50
except by Jon Stewart, who does a fabulous job.
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ู…ุง ุนุฏุง ุฌูˆู† ุณุชูŠูˆุงุฑุช ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุงุฏู‰ ุนู…ู„ุงู‹ ุฌูŠุฏุงู‹
16:54
So anyway, television is, I would suggest, within our grasp.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠุฉ ุญุงู„, ุงู„ุชู„ูุงุฒ ู‡ูˆ ูƒู…ุง ุงู‚ุชุฑุญ ุจู…ุชู†ุงูˆู„ ุงูŠุฏูŠู†ุง
16:58
So 15 dollars per video hour, and also about 100 dollars to 150 dollars per celluloid hour,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ 15 ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ ู„ุณุงุนุฉ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ูˆ ุงูŠุถุงู‹ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 100 ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ ุงู„ู‰ 150 ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑ ู„ุณุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุชุณุฌูŠู„ ุงู„ุณูŠู†ู…ุงุฆูŠ
17:03
we're able to go and get materials online very inexpensively
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ูˆ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฑุฎูŠุต ุฌุฏุงู‹
17:07
and have them up on the Net.
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ูˆ ุฑูุนู‡ู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดุจูƒุฉูŽ
17:09
And we've got, now, a lot of these materials.
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ูˆ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุงู† ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ
17:11
So we've got about 100,000 pieces up there.
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 100,000 ู‚ุทุนุฉ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ
17:14
So books, music, video, software. There's only 50,000 titles of it.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ, ุงู„ู…ูˆุณูŠู‚ู‰, ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ, ุงู„ุจุฑุงู…ุฌ ุงู„ูƒูˆู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑูŠุฉ-- ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูู‚ุท 50,000 ุนู†ูˆุงู† ู„ู‡ุง
17:19
Mostly the issues there are legal issues and breaking copy protections.
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ูˆ ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ู…ุณุงุฆู„ ู‡ูŠ ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠุฉ ูˆ ู…ุณุงุฆู„ ูƒุณุฑ ุญู…ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู†ุณุฎ
17:25
But we've worked through some of those,
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ุนู…ู„ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุถู‡ู…
17:27
but we've still got real problems in Washington.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ุง ุฒู„ู†ุง ู†ูˆุงุฌู‡ ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ููŠ ูˆุงุดู†ุทูˆู†
17:29
Well, we're best known as the World Wide Web.
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ ู†ุญู† ู…ุนุฑูˆููˆู† ุจุฃูุถู„ ุดูƒู„ ูƒุดุจูƒุฉ ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฑู†ุช
17:32
We've been archiving the World Wide Web since 1996.
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ู†ุญู† ูƒู†ุง ู†ุฃุฑุดู ุงู„ุดุจูƒุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ู…ู†ุฐ 1996
17:34
We take a snapshot of every website and all of the pages on it, every two months.
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ู†ุฃุฎุฐ ู„ู‚ุทุฉ ู…ู† ูƒู„ ู…ูˆู‚ุน ูˆ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุงุชู‡ ูƒู„ ุดู‡ุฑูŠู†
17:40
And actually, it's really been pioneered by Alexa Internet,
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ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน, ูƒุงู† ู…ูˆู‚ุน ุฃู„ูŠูƒุณุง ุฑุงุฆุฏุงู‹
17:44
which donates this collection to the Internet Archive.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุจุฑุน ุจุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู„ุฃุฑุดูŠู ุงู„ุดุจูƒุฉ
17:48
And it's been growing along for the last 11 years, and it's a fantastic resource.
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ูˆ ูƒุงู† ูŠู†ู…ูˆ ู„ู„ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุงู„ู€ 11 ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุฉ ูˆ ูƒุงู† ู…ูˆุฑุฏุงู‹ ุฑุงุฆุนุงู‹
17:54
And we've made a Wayback Machine
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ูˆ ุตู†ุนู†ุง ุงู„ุฉ ุงุนุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฒู…ู†
17:56
that you can then go and see old websites kind of the way they were.
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ุจุญูŠุซ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ูˆ ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉ ูƒู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ุง
18:00
If you go and search on something -- this is Google.com,
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ุงุฐุง ุจุญุซุช ุนู† ุดูŠุฆ ู…ุง, ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุบูˆุบู„ ุฏูˆุช ูƒูˆู…
18:04
the different versions of it that we have,
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ุงู„ุงุตุฏุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ ูˆ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง
18:06
this is what it looks like when it was an alpha release,
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ู‡ูƒุฐุง ุจุฏุง ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุงุตุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุชุฌุฑูŠุจูŠ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„
18:08
and this is what it looked like at Stanford.
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ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ุจุฏุง ููŠ ุณุชุงู†ููˆุฑุฏ
18:10
So anyway, you've got basically an idea of where things came from.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ุญุงู„, ุญุตู„ุช ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุจุฏุฆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ููƒุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุฃูŠู† ุฃุชุช ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก
18:14
Mostly, people want to see their old stuff out of this.
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ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูŠูˆุฏูˆู† ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุฃุดูŠุงุกู‡ู… ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉ ุฎุงุฑุฌ ู‡ุฐุง
18:17
If there's one thing that we want to learn from the Library of Alexandria version one,
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ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ุง ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุชุนู„ู…ู‡ ู…ู† ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ุงู„ุงุณูƒู†ุฏุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงูˆู„ู‰
18:21
which is probably best known for burning,
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ูˆ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนุฑูุช ุจุญุฑูŠู‚ู‡ุง
18:25
is, don't just have one copy.
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ูู‡ูˆ: ู„ุง ุชุญุชูุธ ุจู†ุณุฎุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ูู‚ุท
18:27
So we've started to -- we've made another copy of all of this
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุฏุฃู†ุง-- ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุนู…ู„ ู†ุณุฎุฉ ู…ู† ูƒู„ ุฐู„ูƒ
18:33
and we actually put it back in the Library of Alexandria.
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ูˆ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจูˆุถุนู‡ุง ููŠ ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ุงู„ุงุณูƒู†ุฏุฑูŠุฉ
18:36
So this is a picture of the Internet Archive at the Library of Alexandria.
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ูˆ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู„ุฃุฑุดูŠู ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฑู†ุช ููŠ ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ุงู„ุงุณูƒู†ุฏุฑูŠุฉ
18:39
And we now have also another copy building up in Amsterdam.
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ูˆ ู†ุญู† ุงู„ุขู† ู†ู…ู„ูƒ ู†ุณุฎุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุจู†ุงุฆู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู…ุณุชุฑุฏุงู…
18:43
So, we should put it in the San Andreas Fault Line in San Francisco,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ูˆุถุนู‡ุง ููŠ ุณุงู† ุงู†ุฏุฑูŠุงุณ ููˆู„ุช ู„ุงูŠู† ููŠ ุณุงู† ูุฑุงู†ุณูŠุณูƒูˆ
18:47
flood zone in Amsterdam and in the Middle East. Right, so anyway ...
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ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ููŠุถุงู† ููŠ ุงู…ุณุชุฑุฏุงู… ูˆ ุงู„ุดุฑู‚ ุงู„ุฃูˆุณุท ุตุญูŠุญุŸ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠุฉ ุญุงู„
18:52
so we're hedging our bets here.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู†ุญู† ู†ุตูˆู† ุฑู‡ุงู†ู†ุง ู‡ู†ุง
18:55
If we go and put it in a couple more places, I think we'll be in good shape.
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ุงุฐุง ุฐู‡ุจู†ุง ูˆูˆุถุนู†ุงู‡ ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู†ูŠูŠู† ุขุฎุฑูŠู†โ€™ ุฃุธู† ุงู†ู†ุง ุณู†ูƒูˆู† ุจุญุงู„ ุฌูŠุฏุฉ
19:00
There's a political and social question out of this.
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ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุณุคุงู„ ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠ ูˆ ุณูŠุงุณูŠ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ
19:02
Is all of this, as we go digital, is it going to be public or private?
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ู‡ู„ ูƒู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ูˆ ู†ุญู† ู†ุณูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุฑู‚ู…ู†ุฉ , ู‡ู„ ุณุชุฐู‡ุจ ุจุงุชุฌุงู‡ ุงู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุนุงู…ุฉ ุฃูˆ ุฎุงุตุฉุŸ
19:06
There's some large companies that have seen this vision,
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุงุช ุงู„ุถุฎู…ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฑุฃุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฑุคูŠุฉ
19:08
that are doing large-scale digitization,
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ุงู†ู‡ู… ูŠุฐู‡ุจูˆู† ุจุงุชุฌุงู‡ ุงู„ุฑู‚ู…ู†ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุทุงู‚ ูˆุงุณุน
19:10
but they're locking up the public domain.
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ูŠู‚ูู„ูˆู† ุงู„ู†ุทุงู‚ ุงู„ุนุงู…
19:12
The question is, is that the world that we really want to live in?
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ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ู‡ูˆ: ู‡ู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุงู„ุนูŠุด ููŠู‡
19:15
What's the role of the public versus the private as things go forward?
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ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุญูƒู… ุงู„ุนุงู… ุถุฏ ุงู„ุฎุงุต ู…ุน ุชู‚ุฏู… ุงู„ุงู…ูˆุฑ
19:19
How do we go and have a world where we both have libraries
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ูƒูŠู ู†ุฐู‡ุจ ูˆ ู†ู…ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุญูŠุซ ูƒู„ุงู†ุง ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ
19:23
and publishing in the future, just as we basically benefited as we were growing up?
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ูˆ ู†ู†ุดุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„, ุชู…ุงู…ุง ู…ุน ูƒูˆู†ู†ุง ู…ุณุชููŠุฏูŠู† ู…ุน ู†ู…ูˆู†ุง
19:28
So universal access to all knowledge --
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ุงูŠ ุงู„ูˆู„ูˆุฌ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ูŠ ู„ูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ
19:31
I think it can be one of the greatest achievements of humankind,
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ุงุนุชู‚ุฏ ุงู†ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃุนุธู… ู…ุง ุชูˆุตู„ ุงู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠ
19:34
like the man on the moon, or the Gutenberg Bible, or the Library of Alexandria.
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ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุงู†ุณุงู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ู…ุฑ ุฃูˆ ุงู†ุฌูŠู„ ูŠูˆุญู†ุง ุฃูˆ ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ุงู„ุงุณูƒู†ุฏุฑูŠุฉ
19:38
It could be something that we're remembered for,
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ุงู†ู‡ ุดูŠุฆ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ู†ุฐูƒุฑ ุจู‡
19:40
for millennia, for having achieved.
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ุจุฃู„ููŠุฉ ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ู‡
19:43
And as I said before, I'll end with something
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ูˆ ูƒู…ุง ู‚ู„ุช ุณุงุจู‚ุงู‹ ุณุฃู†ุชู‡ูŠ ุจุดูŠุฆ
19:45
that's carved above the door of the Carnegie Library.
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ู…ุญููˆุฑ ููˆู‚ ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ูƒุงุฑู†ูŠุฌูŠ--
19:48
Carnegie -- one of the great capitalists of this country --
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ูƒุงุฑู†ูŠุฌูŠ-- ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุฃุณู…ุงู„ูŠูŠู† ุงู„ุนุธู…ุงุก ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุจู„ุฏ
19:50
carved above his legacy, "Free to the People."
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ู…ุญููˆุฑ ููˆู‚ ุงุฑุซู‡: " ู…ุฌุงู†ุงู‹ ู„ู„ู†ุงุณ"
19:54
Thank you very much.
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ุดูƒุฑุงู‹ ุฌุฒูŠู„ุงู‹ ู„ูƒู…
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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