Brewster Kahle: A digital library, free to the world

47,361 views ใƒป 2008-09-11

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Gilad Tauber ืžื‘ืงืจ: Royi Noiman
00:16
We really need to put the best we have to offer within reach of our children.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•.
00:20
If we don't do that, we're going to get the generation we deserve.
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ืื ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช, ื ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœื•.
00:25
They're going to learn from whatever it is they have around them.
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ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื.
00:28
And we, as now the elite, parents, librarians, professionals, whatever it is,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื•, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืขืœื™ืช, ื”ื•ืจื™ื, ืกืคืจื ื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข, ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”,
00:36
a bunch of our activities are, in fact, in trying to get the best we have to offer
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ืžืงื‘ืฅ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืŸ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืข
00:40
within reach of those around us, or as broadly as we can.
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ืœื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื›ื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื•.
00:44
I'm going to start and end this talk with a couple things that are carved in stone.
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื•ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ื• ืขื ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื—ืงื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืื‘ืŸ.
00:47
One is what's on the Boston Public Library.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื—ืงื•ืง ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ.
00:51
Carved above their door is, "Free to All."
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ื—ืงื•ืง ืžืขืœ ืœื“ืœืชื, "ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืœื›ืœ."
00:54
It's kind of an inspiring statement,
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ื–ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ื”ืฉืจืื”,
00:56
and I'll go back at the end of this.
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ื•ืื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื–ื”.
00:58
I'm a librarian, and what I'm trying to do is bring all of the works of knowledge
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ืื ื™ ืกืคืจืŸ ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข
01:03
to as many people as want to read it.
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ืœืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžืกืคืจ ืืœื• ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืื•ืชื.
01:07
And the idea of using technology is perfect for us.
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ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•.
01:09
I think we have the opportunity to one-up the Greeks.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื.
01:13
It's not easy to one-up the Greeks. But with the industriousness of the Egyptians,
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืงืœ ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉืงื“ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื,
01:18
they were able to build the Library of Alexandria --
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ื”ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื” --
01:20
the idea of a copy of every book of all the peoples of the world.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืชืง ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:24
The problem was you actually had to go to Alexandria to go to it.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœื›ืช ืœืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ืช ืืœื™ื•.
01:27
On the other hand, if you did, then great things happened.
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ืœื›ืชื, ืื– ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืงืจื•.
01:30
I think we can one-up the Greeks and achieve something.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืฉื”ื•ื.
01:33
And I'm going to try to argue only one point today:
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืจืง ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื•ื:
01:36
that universal access to all knowledge is within our grasp.
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ืื•ืชื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“ื™ื ื•.
01:41
So if I'm successful, then you'll actually come away thinking,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืืฆืœื™ื—, ืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ืชืœื›ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
01:44
yeah, we could actually achieve the great vision of everything ever published,
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"ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ,
01:51
everything that was ever meant for distribution,
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ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื—ืœื•ืงื”,
01:53
available to anybody in the world that's ever wanted to have access to it.
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ื ื’ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ืจืฆื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืœื™ื•."
01:57
Yes, there's issues about how money should be distributed,
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ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื›ืกืฃ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืœืง
02:01
and that's still being refigured out.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ.
02:03
But I'd say there's plenty of money, and there's plenty of demand,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ,
02:05
so we can actually achieve that.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื–ื”.
02:08
But I'm going to go over the technological, social
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
02:11
and sort of where are we as a whole, trying to get to that particular vision.
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ื•ื‘ืขืจืš ืื™ืคื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืฉืœื ื”ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื–ื”.
02:15
And the way I'm going to try to do this is do it like the Amazon.com website,
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืืชืจ ืฉืœ ืืžื–ื•ืŸ (Amazon.com) --
02:20
the books, music, video and just go step -- media type by media type,
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ื”ืกืคืจื™ื, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืงื˜ืขื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฆืขื“, ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืื—ืจ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช,
02:25
just go and say, all right, how're we doing on this?
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ืจืง ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืžื” ืžืฆื‘ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื?
02:28
So if we start with books, you know, sort of where are we?
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ืื– ืื ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื‘ืขืจืš ืื™ืคื” ืื ื—ื ื•?
02:32
Well, first you have to, as an engineer, scope the problem. How big is it?
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ืื– ืงื•ื“ื ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš, ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื”ื ื“ืก, ืœืกืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”, ื›ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื?
02:36
If you wanted to put all of the published works online
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื•
02:39
so that anybody could have it available, well, how big a problem is it?
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืชืŸ ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช, ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื™ื–ื” ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ืืช?
02:43
Well, we don't really know, but the largest print library in the world
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื
02:47
is the Library of Congress. It's 26 million volumes, 26 million volumes.
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ื”ื™ื ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก (ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™) -- ื”ื™ื 26 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืจื›ื™ื, 26 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืจื›ื™ื.
02:51
It is, by far and away, the largest print library in the world.
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ื–ื• ืœืœื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
02:54
And a book, if you had a book, is about a megabyte,
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ื•ืกืคืจ, ืื ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืกืคืจ, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืžื’ื”ื‘ื™ื™ื˜,
02:58
so -- you know, if you had it in Microsoft Word.
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ืื– -- ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื•ื•ืจื“ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜.
03:02
So a megabyte, 26 million megabytes is 26 terabytes --
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ืื– ืžื’ื”ื‘ื™ื™ื˜, 26 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื’ื”ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื 26 ื˜ืจื”ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื,
03:06
it goes mega-, giga-, tera-. 26 terabytes.
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืžื’ื”, ื’'ื™ื’ื”, ื˜ืจื”, 26 ื˜ืจื”ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื.
03:09
26 terabytes fits in a computer system that's about this big,
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26 ื˜ืจื”ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื–ื”,
03:12
on spinning Linux drives, and it costs about 60,000 dollars.
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ืขืœ ื›ื•ื ื ื™ ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก, ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืขืจืš 60,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
03:17
So for the cost of a house -- or around here, a garage --
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช -- ืื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื—ื ื™ื” --
03:21
you can put, you can have spinning all of the words in the Library of Congress.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื™ื -- ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืœื›ื•ื ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก.
03:26
That's pretty neat.
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘.
03:28
Then the question is, what do you get?
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื: ืžื” ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื?
03:30
You know, is it worth trying to get there?
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืื ื–ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื?
03:32
Do you actually want it online?
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ื”ืื ืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ืจืฉืช?
03:34
Some of the first things that people do is they make book readers
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื•ืจืื™ ืกืคืจื™ื
03:37
that allow you to search inside the books, and that's kind of fun.
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื“ื™ื™ ื›ื™ืฃ.
03:40
And you can download these things, and look around them in new and different ways.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ืœื—ืคืฉ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
03:43
And you can get at them remotely, if you happen to have a laptop.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”ื ืžืจื—ื•ืง, ืื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื ื™ื™ื“.
03:49
There's starting to be some of these sort of page turn-y interfaces
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืงื™ื ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื“ืคื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช
03:53
that look a whole lot like books in certain ways,
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ืฉื ืจืื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช
03:56
and you can search them, make little tabs, and it's kind of cute --
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ื‘ื”ื, ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื—ืžื•ื“ --
03:58
still very book-like -- on your laptop.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืกืคืจ -- ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ ืฉืœื›ื.
04:01
But I don't know, reading things on a laptop --
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืœืงืจื•ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื ื™ื™ื“ --
04:04
whenever I pull up my laptop, it always feels like work.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื ื™ ืคื•ืชื— ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ ืฉืœื™ ื–ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
04:06
I think that's one of the reasons why the Kindle is so great.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœืŸ ื”ืงื™ื ื“ืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ืฆืœื—.
04:09
I don't have to feel like I'm at work to read a Kindle.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ืงื™ื ื“ืœ.
04:12
It's starting to be a little bit more specified.
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ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื•ืจื˜.
04:15
But I have to say that there's older technologies that I tend to like.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื ื™ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื—ื‘ื‘.
04:22
I like the physical book.
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ืื ื™ ืžื—ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™.
04:25
And I think we can go and use our technology to go and digitize things,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืœืžื“ื™ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช --
04:30
put them on the Net, and then download,
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ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืจืฉืช ื•ืื– ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“,
04:32
print them and bind them, and end up with books again.
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ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ื•ืœื›ืจื•ืš ืื•ืชื ื•ืœื’ืžื•ืจ ืขื ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื•ื‘.
04:34
And we sort of said, well, how hard is this?
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืืœื ื•, ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ืงืฉื”?
04:36
And it turns out to not be very hard.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืกื•ื‘ืš.
04:38
We actually went off to make a bookmobile.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืชืงื“ืžื ื• ื”ืœืื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ื™ื™ื“ืช ืกืคืจื™ื.
04:40
And a bookmobile -- the size of a van with a satellite dish,
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ื•ื ื™ื™ื“ืช ืกืคืจื™ื - ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื˜ื ื“ืจ ืขื ืฆืœื—ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืช,
04:42
a printer, binder and cutter, and kids make their own books.
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ืžื“ืคืกืช, ื›ื•ืจืš ื•ื—ื•ืชืš, ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื ืกืคืจื™ื.
04:44
It costs about three dollars to download, print and bind a normal, old book.
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ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืขืจืš 3 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“, ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ื•ืœื›ืจื•ืš ืกืคืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ.
04:50
And they actually come out kind of nice looking.
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ื•ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ื“ื™ื™ ื™ืคื™ื.
04:52
You can actually get really good-looking books
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ืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืกืคืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืคื™ื
04:55
for on the order of one penny per page, sort of the parts cost for doing this.
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ืฉื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ ืื—ื“ ืœืขืžื•ื“, ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”.
04:59
So the idea of -- this technology actually may end up
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ืื– ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืกื•ืฃ
05:02
putting books back in people's hands again.
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ืœื”ื—ื–ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื‘.
05:04
There are some other bookmobiles running around.
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ื™ืฉ ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช.
05:06
This is Eric Eldred making books at Walden Pond -- Thoreau's works.
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ื–ื”ื• ืืจื™ืง ืืœื“ืจื“ ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืื’ื ื•ื•ืœื“ืŸ, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื•.
05:10
This is just before he got kicked out by the Parks Services,
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ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืืจืง.
05:13
for competing with the bookstore there.
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ืขืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขื ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื.
05:16
In India, they've got another couple bookmobiles running around.
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ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ื ื™ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช.
05:19
And this is the opening day at the Library of Alexandria,
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื™ื•ื ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื“ื ืจื™ื”,
05:22
the new Library of Alexandria, in Egypt.
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ื”ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื”, ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื.
05:26
It was quite popularly attended.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืขื ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ืช.
05:28
And kids starting to make their own books,
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ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื,
05:31
and a happy kid with the first book that he's ever owned.
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ื•ื™ืœื“ ืฉืžื— ืขื ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื• ืžืขื•ืœื.
05:34
So the idea of being able to use this technology
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ืื– ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื˜ืชื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
05:36
to end up with paper where I can handle sort of sounds a little retro,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื™ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืคืขืœ ื ืฉืžืข ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืื—ื•ืจ,
05:39
but I think it still has its place.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื•.
05:42
And being from the Silicon Valley, sort of utopian
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ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืขื™ืŸ ืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ, ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื”,
05:46
sort of world,
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ื•-- ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื,
05:48
we thought, if we can make this technology work in rural Uganda,
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ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ื’ื ื“ื” ื”ื›ืคืจื™ืช,
05:51
we might have something.
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืฉื”ื•.
05:53
So we actually got some funding from the World Bank to try it out.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉื’ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
05:57
And we found in about 30 days we could go and take a couple folks from Silicon Valley,
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ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›-30 ื™ื•ื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœืงื—ืช ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ,
06:01
fly them to Uganda, buy a car, set up the first Internet connection
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ืœื”ื˜ื™ืก ืื•ืชื ืœืื•ื’ื ื“ื”, ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉื ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช, ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
06:07
at the National Library of Uganda, figure out what they wanted,
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ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื’ื ื“ื”, ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื”ื ืจืฆื•,
06:10
and get a program going making books in rural Uganda.
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ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ื’ื ื“ื” ื”ื›ืคืจื™ืช
06:13
And it actually -- so technologically, it works.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” -- ืื– ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
06:16
What we found out of this is we didn't have the right books.
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืžื–ื”, ื–ื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
06:20
So the books were in the library. We could get it to people, if they're digitized,
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ืื– ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื”. ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™,
06:23
but we didn't know how to quite get them digitized.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื“ื™ื’ื˜ืœื™.
06:26
Everybody thought the answer is, send things to India and China.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชื ืœื”ื•ื“ื• ืื• ืกื™ืŸ.
06:31
And so we've tried that, and I'll go over that in a moment.
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ืื ื™ ืืืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจื’ืข.
06:33
There are some newer technologies for delivering
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืžืกื™ืจื”,
06:36
that have happened that are actually quite exciting as well.
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ืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ื™ ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื•ืช.
06:39
One is a print-on-demand machine that looks like a Rube Goldberg machine.
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ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื“ืคืก-ืขืœ-ืคื™-ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉื ืจืืช ื›ืžื• ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’.
06:42
We have one of these things now. It's completely cool.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•. ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื”.
06:44
It's all conveyor belt, and it makes a book.
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื” ืžืกื•ืข ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืกืคืจ.
06:49
And it's called the "Espresso Book Machine,"
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช "ืžื›ื•ื ืช ืืกืคืจืกื• ืกืคืจื™ื".
06:51
and in about 10 minutes, you can press a button and make a book.
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ื•ื‘ื‘ืขืจืš 10 ื“ืงื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ืืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจ.
06:55
Something else I'm quite excited about in this particular domain,
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ื“ื™ื™ ืžืชืœื”ื‘ ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื”,
07:01
beyond these sort of kiosk-y things where you can get books on demand,
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื•ื›ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื‘ื”ื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื”,
07:05
is some of these new little screens that are coming out.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืกื›ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
07:09
And one of my favorites in this is the $100 laptop.
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคื™ื ืขืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืคื˜ื•ืค 100 ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ื–ื”.
07:13
And I don't mean to steal any thunder here,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืคื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืจืง,
07:19
but we've gone and used one of these things to be an e-book reader.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืœื›ื ื• ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ืงื•ืจื ืกืคืจื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื.
07:24
So here's one of the beta units and you can --
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืื—ืช ืžื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื --
07:30
it actually turns out to be a really good-looking e-book reader.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ืจื ืกืคืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืคื”.
07:38
And we have a quick hack that we did to try to put one of our books on it,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชื›ื ื•ืช ื–ืจื™ื– ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืืœื™ื•,
07:42
and it turns out that 200 dots per inch
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ื•ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉ200 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืื™ื ืฆ'
07:45
means that you can put scanned books on them that look really good.
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ืžืฉืžืขื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืกืคืจื™ื ืกืจื•ืงื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘.
07:48
At 200 dots per inch, it's kind of the equivalent of a 300 dot print laser printer.
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ื‘200 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืื™ื ืฆ', ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืžื“ืคืกืช ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืฉืœ 300-ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช-ืœื”ื“ืคืกื”.
07:52
We're in good enough shape.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง.
07:54
You actually can go and read scanned books quite easily.
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ืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœืงืจื•ื ืกืคืจื™ื ืกืจื•ืงื™ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
07:57
So the idea of electronic books is starting to come about.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช.
08:01
But how do you go about doing all this scanning?
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกืจื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืืœื•?
08:03
So we thought, okay, well, let's try out this send books to India thing.
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•, ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ืกื” ืืช ื”ืฉืœื— ืกืคืจื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื–ื”.
08:06
And there was a project with, funded by the National Science Foundation --
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืขื -- ืฉืžื•ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงืจืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืžื“ืข,
08:11
sent a bunch of scanners, and the American libraries were supposed to send books.
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ืฉืœื—ื• ื›ืžื” ืกื•ืจืงื™ื, ื•ื”ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืกืคืจื™ื.
08:15
Well, they didn't. They didn't want to send their books.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืŸ ืœื -- ื”ืŸ ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
08:18
So we bought 100,000 books and sent them to India.
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ืื– ืงื ื™ื ื• 100,000 ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืฉืœื—ื ื• ืื•ืชื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•.
08:20
And then we learned why you don't want to send books to India.
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ื•ืื– ืœืžื“ื ื• ืœืžื” ืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืกืคืจื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•.
08:23
The lesson we learned out of this is, scan your own books.
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ื”ืœืงื— ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืžื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืš, ืกืจื•ืง ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœืš ื‘ืขืฆืžืš.
08:27
If you really care about books, you're going to scan them better,
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ืื ื‘ืืžืช ืื›ืคืช ืœืš ืžืกืคืจื™ื, ืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืกืจื•ืง ืื•ืชื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
08:31
especially if they're valuable books.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ืืœื” ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืจืš.
08:33
If they're new books and you can just, you know, butcher them,
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ืื ืืœื” ืกืคืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืœืฉื—ื•ื˜ ืื•ืชื
08:35
because you could just buy another one,
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ื›ื™ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“,
08:37
that's not such a big deal in terms of doing high-quality scanning.
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ื–ื• ืœื ื›ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืกืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
08:41
But do things that you love.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื.
08:44
But the Indians have been scanning a lot of their own books --
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืกืจืงื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื --
08:47
about 300,000 now -- doing very well.
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ื‘ืขืจืš 300,000 ืขื“ ื›ื” -- ื›ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“.
08:49
The Chinese did over a million, and the Egyptians are about 30,000.
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ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื ืขืฉื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 30,000.
08:54
But we sent -- thought, OK, if we're going to need to do this, let's do it in-library.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืœื—ื ื• -- ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•, ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืกืคืจื™ื”.
09:00
How do we go and do this, and how do we get it down
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ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื•ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื–ื”
09:02
so that it's a cost point that we could afford?
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื• ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”?
09:04
And we sort of picked the price point of 10 cents a page.
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ื•ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื—ืจื ื• ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ 10 ืกื ื˜ ืœืขืžื•ื“.
09:07
If it's basically the cost of xeroxing to basically digitize, OCR, package it up,
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ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืกืžืš ืœืขื•ืชืง ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™, ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœื˜ืงืกื˜, ืืจื™ื–ื”,
09:13
make it so that you could download, print and bind it -- the whole shebang --
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ื”ื›ื ื” ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“, ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ื•ืœื›ืจื•ืš, ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ,
09:16
we would have achieved something.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฉื™ื’ ืžืฉื”ื•.
09:18
So we started out trying to figure out. How do we get to 10 cents?
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœ10 ืกื ื˜?
09:20
And we tried these robot things, and they worked pretty well --
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื•ื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ื“ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ --
09:23
sort of these auto-page-turning things.
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ื“ืคื™ื ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™.
09:25
If we can have Mars Rovers, you'd think you could turn pages.
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื“ืคื™ื.
09:29
But it actually turns out to be pretty hard to turn pages, and the volume isn't there.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื–ื” ื“ื™ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื“ืคื™ื, ื•ื”ืžืกื” ืœื ืฉื.
09:33
So anyway -- so we ended up making our own book scanner,
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ืื– ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” -- ืื– ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืกื•ืจืง ืกืคืจื™ื ืžืฉืœื ื•.
09:39
and with two digital, high-grade, professional digital cameras,
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ื•ืขื ืฉืชื™ ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
09:43
controlled museum lighting, so even if it's a black and white book,
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ืชืื•ืจืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉืœื˜ืช -- ื›ืš ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื–ื” ืกืคืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ,
09:46
you can go and get the proper intonation.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชืงื™ื ื™ื.
09:50
So you basically do a beautiful, respectful job.
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ืื– ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ืคื” ื•ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ืช.
09:53
This is not a fax, this is -- the idea is to do a beautiful job
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ื–ื” ืœื ืคืงืก, ื–ื” -- ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ืคื”.
09:57
as you're going through these libraries.
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
10:00
And we've been able to achieve 10 cents a page if we run things in volume.
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ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ 10 ืกื ื˜ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืื ืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
10:04
This is what it looks like at the University of Toronto.
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ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื˜ื•ืจื•ื ื˜ื•.
10:07
And actually, it turns out to, you know, pay a living wage.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชื‘ืจืจ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืฉืžืฉืœื ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ืžื—ื™ื”.
10:10
People seem to love it.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
10:12
Yes, it's a little boring, but some people kind of get into the Zen of it.
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ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืžืฉืขืžื, ืื‘ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื–ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื”.
10:16
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:19
And especially if it's kind of interesting books that you care about,
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ืืœื” ืกืคืจื™ื ื“ื™ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื›ืคืช ืœื›ื ืžื”ื
10:21
in languages that you can read.
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ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื,
10:23
We actually have been able to do a pretty good job of this, at getting 10 cents a page.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื–ื” ื‘10 ืกื ื˜ ืœืขืžื•ื“.
10:29
So 10 cents a page, 300 pages in your average book, 30 dollars a book.
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ืื– 10 ืกื ื˜ ืœืขืžื•ื“, 300 ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืžื•ืฆืข, 30 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืกืคืจ.
10:33
The Library of Congress, if you did the whole darn thing --
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ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก, ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืืจื•ืจ --
10:37
26 million books -- is about 750 million dollars, right?
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26 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืกืคืจื™ื -- ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš 750 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
10:41
But a million books, I think, actually would be a pretty good start,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืกืคืจื™ื -- ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื‘ืืžืช, ืฉื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
10:45
and that would cost 30 million dollars. That's not that big a bill.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ืขืœื” 30 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ื–ื” ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
10:48
And what we've been able to do is get into libraries.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช.
10:51
We've now got eight of these scanning centers in three countries,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืจื’ืข ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืกืจื™ืงื” ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
10:55
and libraries are up for having their books scanned.
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ื•ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ืกืจืงื• ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
10:58
The Getty here is moving their books to the UCLA,
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ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื˜ื™ ืฉื›ืืŸ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช UCLA,
11:01
which is where we have one these scanning centers,
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ืฉื–ื” ืื™ืคื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื—ื“ ืžืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืกืจื™ืงื” ื”ืืœื”,
11:04
and scanning their out-of-copyright books, which is fabulous.
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ื•ื”ื ืกื•ืจืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ืฉื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ.
11:08
So we're starting to get the institutional responsibility.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื™ืช.
11:11
The thing we're missing is the 10 cents.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื—ืกืจ ืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืกื ื˜ื™ื.
11:14
If we can get the 10 cents, all the rest of it flows.
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ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืกื ื˜ื™ื, ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ ื–ื•ืจื.
11:17
We've scanned about 200,000 books.
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ืกืจืงื ื• ื‘ืขืจืš 200 ืืœืฃ ืกืคืจื™ื.
11:20
Now we're scanning about 15,000 books a month,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืกื•ืจืงื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 15 ืืœืฃ ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ,
11:23
and it's starting to gear up another factor of two from there.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื›ืคื•ืœ ืžืฉื.
11:27
So all in all, that's going very well.
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ืื– ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ, ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื™ืคื” ืžืื•ื“.
11:30
And we're starting to move out of the just out-of-copyright
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืžืกืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืจืง ืžื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื.
11:33
into the out-of-print world.
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ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื•ื“ืคืกื™ื ืขื•ื“.
11:35
So I think of -- we're kind of going from the out-of-copyright, library stuff,
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ืื–, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ -- ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืื™ื ืžื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื,
11:39
and Amazon.com is coming from the in-print world.
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ื•ืืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก,
11:44
And I think we'll meet in the middle some place,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื™ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืื™ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื
11:46
and have the classic thing that you have,
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ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื,
11:48
which is a publishing system and a library system working in parallel.
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ืฉื–ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ.
11:52
And so we're starting up a program to do out-of-print works, but loaning them.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื•ื“ืคืกื™ื ืขื•ื“, ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉืื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื.
11:58
Exactly what loaning means, I'm not quite sure.
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ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืื™ืœื™ื, ืื ื™ ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
12:00
But anyway, loaning out-of-print works from the Boston Public Library,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ืžืฉืื™ืœื™ื ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื•ื“ืคืกื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืžื”ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ,
12:05
the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute and a few other libraries
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ืžื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืงืื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืก ื”ื•ืœ ื•ืžืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช
12:09
that are starting to participate in this program,
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ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช,
12:11
to try out this model of where does a library stop
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืคื” ืกืคืจื™ื” ื ืคืกืงืช
12:14
and where does the bookstore take over.
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ื•ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืžืฉืชืœื˜ืช.
12:17
So all in all, it's possible to do this in large scale.
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ืื– ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
12:21
We're also going back over microfilm and getting that online.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื™ืœืžื™ื ื•ืžืขืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืจืฉืช.
12:26
So, we can do 10 cents a page, we're going 15,000 books a month
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช 10 ืกื ื˜ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“, ืื ื—ื ื• ืกื•ืจืงื™ื 15 ืืœืฃ ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ
12:29
and we've got about 250,000 books online,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขืจืš 250 ืืœืฃ ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช,
12:32
counting all the other projects that are starting to add in.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืขืจื.
12:34
So what I wanted to argue is, books are within our grasp.
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“ื™ื ื•.
12:38
The idea of taking on the whole ball of wax is not that big a deal.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืœื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
12:44
Yes, it costs tens of millions, low hundreds of millions,
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ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื, ืžืื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื,
12:48
but one time shot and we've got basically the history of printed literature online.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื›ื” ืื—ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืคืกืช ื‘ืจืฉืช.
12:55
And then, there's business model issues
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืขืกืงื™
12:57
about how to try to effectively market it and get it to people.
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ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื•ืง ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื.
13:01
But it is within our grasp, technologically and law-wise,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ืช,
13:05
at least for the out of print and out of copyright,
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก ืขื•ื“ ื•ืฉืคื’ื• ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
13:08
we suggest, to be able to get the whole darn thing online.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืืจื•ืจ ืœืจืฉืช.
13:13
Now let's go for audio, and I'm going to go through these.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฉืžืข, ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืืœื”.
13:16
So how much is there?
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ืื– ื›ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœืœ?
13:18
Well, as best we can tell, there are about two to three million disks
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ, ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืกืงื™ื
13:21
having been published -- so 78s, long-playing records and CDs --
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ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื• -- ืื– ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืžืคืงื˜ ื“ื™ืกืงื™ื --
13:26
or at least that's the largest archives of published materials
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ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืคื•ืจืกื
13:29
we've been able to sort of point at.
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš.
13:31
It costs about 10 dollars a piece to go and take a disk
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ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืขืจืš 10 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื“ื™ืกืง
13:35
and put it online, if you're doing things in volume.
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ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืจืฉืช, ืื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
13:39
But we've found that the rights issues are really quite thorny.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื“ื™ื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™.
13:42
This is a fairly heavily litigated area,
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ื–ื”ื• ืื–ื•ืจ ื“ื™ื™ ืžืœื ื‘ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื'
13:44
so we've found that there are niches in the music world
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ืื– ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
13:47
that aren't served terribly well by the classic commercial publishing system.
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ืฉืœื ืžืฉื•ืจืชื•ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช.
13:50
And we've been starting to make these available by going
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืœื›ื ื•
13:54
and offering shelf space on the Net.
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ื•ื”ืฆืขื ื• ืžืงื•ื ืื™ื›ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
13:56
In the United States, it doesn't cost you to give something away. Right?
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ืœื” ืœืš ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื•. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
14:00
If you give something to a charity or to the public,
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ืื ืืชื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืœืฆื“ืงื” ืื• ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
14:07
you get a pat on the back and a tax donation --
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ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื˜ืคื™ื—ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ื ื•ื”ืงืœื” ื‘ืžืก --
14:09
except on the Net, where you can go broke.
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื‘ืจืฉืช, ืฉื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืจื•ืฉืฉ.
14:11
If you put up a video of your garage band, and it starts getting heavily accessed,
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ืื ืืชื ืžืขืœื™ื ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ืงื” ืฉืœืš ื‘ืžื—ืกืŸ ืœืจืฉืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช,
14:16
you can lose your guitars or your house.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื ืื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช.
14:18
This doesn't make any sense.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™.
14:20
So we've offered unlimited storage, unlimited bandwidth, forever, for free,
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ืื– ื”ืฆืขื ื• ื ืคื— ืื™ื›ืกื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™, ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืœืชืžื™ื“, ื‘ื—ื™ื ื,
14:25
to anybody that has something to share that belongs in a library.
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ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืฉืžืชืื™ื ืœืกืคืจื™ื”.
14:28
And we've been getting a lot of takers. One is the rock 'n' rollers.
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื. ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืช ื”ืŸ ืœื”ืงื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืง.
14:32
The rock 'n' rollers had a tradition of sharing,
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ืœืœื”ืงื•ืช ืจื•ืง ื™ืฉ ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ,
14:34
as long as nobody made any money. You could --
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ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืกืฃ. ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื --
14:36
concert recordings, it's not the commercial recordings,
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ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ืœื ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ื•ืช,
14:38
but concert recordings, started by the Grateful Dead.
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ืืœื ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช, ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืคื•ืœ ื“ื“.
14:41
And we get about two or three bands a day signing up.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืœื”ืงื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื•ืช ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
14:44
They give permission, and we get about 40 or 50 concerts a day.
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ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืจืฉื•ืช, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 40 ืื• 50 ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื.
14:49
We have about 40,000 concerts, everything the Grateful Dead ever did,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขืจืš 40,000 ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืคื•ืœ ื“ื“ ืื™ ืคืขื ืขืฉื•,
14:52
up on the Net, so that people can see it and listen to this material.
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ื‘ืจืฉืช ื›ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”.
14:58
So audio is possible to put up, but the rights issues are really pretty thorny.
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ืื– ืฉืžืข ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืœืจืฉืช, ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช ื“ื™ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™.
15:02
We've got a lot of collections now --
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• --
15:04
a couple hundred thousand items -- and it's growing over time.
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ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื -- ื•ื–ื” ื’ื“ืœ ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
15:08
Moving images: if you think of theatrical releases,
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ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื ืขื•ืช: ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืงื•ืช ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขื™ื•ืช,
15:10
there are not that many of them.
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ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืŸ.
15:12
As best we can tell, there are about 150,000 to 200,000 movies ever
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ืœื”ืขืจื›ืชื ื•, ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš 150 ืื• 200 ืืœืฃ ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืกืš ืžืขื•ืœื
15:16
that are really meant for a large-scale theatrical distribution. It's just not that many.
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ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ืคืฆื” ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ื”. ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”.
15:21
But half of those were Indian.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื ื”ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ื.
15:23
But anyway, it's doable,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข,
15:25
but we've only found about a thousand of these things that --
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆืื ื• ืจืง ื‘ืขืจืš ืืœืฃ ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืฉ--
15:28
to be out of copyright.
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ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื.
15:30
So we've digitized those and made those available.
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ืื– ื”ื”ืคื›ื ื• ืื•ืชื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื ืœื–ืžื™ื ื™ื.
15:32
But we've found that there's lots of other types of movies
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆืื ื• ื’ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ื™ื
15:34
that haven't really seen the light of day -- archival films.
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ืฉืœื ืžืžืฉ ื™ืฆืื• ืœืืงืจื ื™ื -- ืกืจื˜ื™ ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ.
15:37
We've found, also, a lot of political films, a lot of amateur films,
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ืžืฆืื ื• ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกืจื˜ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื,
15:42
all sorts of things that are basically needing a home, a permanent home.
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช, ืœื‘ื™ืช ืงื‘ื•ืข.
15:47
So we've been starting to make these available and it's grown to be very popular.
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื ื•ื–ื” ืฆืžื— ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™.
15:51
We're not quite a YouTube.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง YouTube,
15:53
We tended towards longer-term things
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ืคื•ื ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš
15:55
and also things that people can reuse and make into new movies,
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ื•ื’ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
15:59
which has just been great fun.
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ืฉื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
16:02
Television comes quite a bit larger.
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ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื–ื” ืชื—ื•ื ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
16:04
We started recording 20 channels of television 24 hours a day.
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ืงืœื™ื˜ 20 ืขืจื•ืฆื™ ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” 24 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžืžื”.
16:07
It's sort of the biggest TiVo box you've ever seen.
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ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคืกืืช ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืžืขื•ืœื.
16:11
It's about a petabyte, so far, of worldwide television --
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื˜ื”-ื‘ื™ื™ื˜, ืขื“ ื›ื”, ืฉืœ ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื --
16:14
Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Iraqi, Al Jazeera, BBC, CNN, ABC, CBS, NBC --
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ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืจื•ืกื™ืช, ืกื™ื ื™ืช, ื™ืคื ื™ืช, ืขื™ืจืืงื™ืช, ืืœ ื’'ืื–ื™ืจื”, BBC, CNN, ABC, CBC, NBC --
16:19
24 hours a day.
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24 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžืžื”.
16:21
We only put one week up,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื™ื -- ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืขืœื ื• ืจืง ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื—ื“,
16:23
which is mostly for cost reasons, which is the 9/11,
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื•ืช, ืฉื–ื” ื”11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ,
16:28
sort of from 9/11/2001. For one week, what did the world see?
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ืžืขื™ืŸ ืž11/09/2001: ืœืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื—ื“, ืžื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ืจืื”?
16:32
CNN was saying that Palestinians were dancing in the streets.
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ื‘ CNN ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ืคืœืกืชื™ื ืื™ื ืจืงื“ื• ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
16:36
Were they? Let's look at the Palestinian television and find out.
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ื”ืื ื”ื? ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื” ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืคืœืกืชื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื ื’ืœื”.
16:39
How can we have critical thinking without being able to quote
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ืื™ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื• ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฆื˜ื˜
16:43
and being able to compare what happened in the past?
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ?
16:46
And television is dreadfully unrecorded and unquotable,
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ื•ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื•ืจื ืœื ืžื•ืงืœื˜ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜,
16:50
except by Jon Stewart, who does a fabulous job.
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื•ืืจื˜, ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืช.
16:54
So anyway, television is, I would suggest, within our grasp.
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ืื– ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฆื™ืข, ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“ื™ื ื•.
16:58
So 15 dollars per video hour, and also about 100 dollars to 150 dollars per celluloid hour,
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ืื– 15 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืฉืขืช ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื•ื’ื ื‘ืขืจืš 100 ืื• 150 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืฉืขืช ืฆืœื•ืœื•ืื™ื“,
17:03
we're able to go and get materials online very inexpensively
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืจืฉืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”
17:07
and have them up on the Net.
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ื•ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืจืฉืช.
17:09
And we've got, now, a lot of these materials.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•, ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
17:11
So we've got about 100,000 pieces up there.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขืจืš 100,000 ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื‘ืจืฉืช.
17:14
So books, music, video, software. There's only 50,000 titles of it.
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ืื– ืกืคืจื™ื, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ื•ื™ื“ืื•, ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช -- ื™ืฉ ืจืง 50,000 ื›ื•ืชืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
17:19
Mostly the issues there are legal issues and breaking copy protections.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชืงื”.
17:25
But we've worked through some of those,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื‘ืจื ื• ื“ืจืš ื›ืžื” ืžืืœื•,
17:27
but we've still got real problems in Washington.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ.
17:29
Well, we're best known as the World Wide Web.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืจืฉืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช (World Wide Web).
17:32
We've been archiving the World Wide Web since 1996.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืืช ืจืฉืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืžืื– 1996.
17:34
We take a snapshot of every website and all of the pages on it, every two months.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืืชืจ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืคื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื.
17:40
And actually, it's really been pioneered by Alexa Internet,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœืงืกื”,
17:44
which donates this collection to the Internet Archive.
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ืฉืชื•ืจืžืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืœืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฉืช.
17:48
And it's been growing along for the last 11 years, and it's a fantastic resource.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš 11 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื ืคืœื.
17:54
And we've made a Wayback Machine
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื• "ืžื•ื›ื ืช ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ"
17:56
that you can then go and see old websites kind of the way they were.
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ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืฉ ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืืชืจื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื ื ืจืื•.
18:00
If you go and search on something -- this is Google.com,
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ืื ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•, ื–ื” Google.com,
18:04
the different versions of it that we have,
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ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•,
18:06
this is what it looks like when it was an alpha release,
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ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืจืกืช ืืœืคื”
18:08
and this is what it looked like at Stanford.
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ื•ื›ื›ื” ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื‘ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“.
18:10
So anyway, you've got basically an idea of where things came from.
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ืื– ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•.
18:14
Mostly, people want to see their old stuff out of this.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื–ื”
18:17
If there's one thing that we want to learn from the Library of Alexandria version one,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ืกืคืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื” ื’ื™ืจืกื 1,
18:21
which is probably best known for burning,
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ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืฉืจืคื”,
18:25
is, don't just have one copy.
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ื–ื”: ืืœ ืชืฉืžื•ืจ ืจืง ืขื•ืชืง ืื—ื“.
18:27
So we've started to -- we've made another copy of all of this
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• -- ื”ื›ื ื• ืขื•ืชืง ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื”
18:33
and we actually put it back in the Library of Alexandria.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉืžื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื”.
18:36
So this is a picture of the Internet Archive at the Library of Alexandria.
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ืื– ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื”.
18:39
And we now have also another copy building up in Amsterdam.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืขื•ืชืง ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื.
18:43
So, we should put it in the San Andreas Fault Line in San Francisco,
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ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืงื• ื”ืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืกืŸ ืื ื“ืจืืก ื‘ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•,
18:47
flood zone in Amsterdam and in the Middle East. Right, so anyway ...
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื˜ืคื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ื•ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ื™ื•ืคื™, ืื– ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”...
18:52
so we're hedging our bets here.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื“ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ.
18:55
If we go and put it in a couple more places, I think we'll be in good shape.
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ืื ื ืœืš ื•ื ืžืงื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“.
19:00
There's a political and social question out of this.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืืœื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืžื–ื”.
19:02
Is all of this, as we go digital, is it going to be public or private?
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ื”ืื ื›ืœ ื–ื”, ื›ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืื• ืคืจื˜ื™?
19:06
There's some large companies that have seen this vision,
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืจืื• ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
19:08
that are doing large-scale digitization,
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ืฉืžื›ื™ื ื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
19:10
but they're locking up the public domain.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ืกื•ื’ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™.
19:12
The question is, is that the world that we really want to live in?
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื: ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•?
19:15
What's the role of the public versus the private as things go forward?
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ืžื” ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื?
19:19
How do we go and have a world where we both have libraries
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ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื’ื ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช
19:23
and publishing in the future, just as we basically benefited as we were growing up?
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ื•ื’ื ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื ื• ื›ืฉื’ื“ืœื ื•?
19:28
So universal access to all knowledge --
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ืื– ื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข --
19:31
I think it can be one of the greatest achievements of humankind,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
19:34
like the man on the moon, or the Gutenberg Bible, or the Library of Alexandria.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ืื• ื”ืชื "ืš ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’ ืื• ื”ืกืคืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื”.
19:38
It could be something that we're remembered for,
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื–ื›ืจื• ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื•
19:40
for millennia, for having achieved.
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ืœืžืฉืš ืžื™ืœื ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉื ื• ืื•ืชื•.
19:43
And as I said before, I'll end with something
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื, ืื ื™ ืืกื™ื™ื ืขื ืžืฉื”ื•
19:45
that's carved above the door of the Carnegie Library.
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ืฉื—ืงื•ืง ื‘ืื‘ืŸ ืžืขืœ ื”ื“ืœืช ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืงืจื ื’ื™ --
19:48
Carnegie -- one of the great capitalists of this country --
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ืงืจื ื’ื™ -- ืื—ื“ ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื• --
19:50
carved above his legacy, "Free to the People."
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ื—ืงืง ืžืขืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœื•: "ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืœืื ืฉื™ื."
19:54
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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