Paul Romer: Why the world needs charter cities

163,593 views ใƒป 2009-08-05

TED


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Faisal Jeber ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Mahmoud Aghiorly
00:18
Take a look at this picture.
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ู„ู†ู„ู‚ูŠ ู†ุธุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ.
00:21
It poses a very fascinating puzzle for us.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชู†ุทูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ู„ุบุฒ ุฑุงุฆุน ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ.
00:24
These African students are doing their homework
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ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ุทู„ุงุจ ุงู„ุฃูุงุฑู‚ุฉ ูŠู†ุฌุฒูˆู† ูˆุงุฌุจุงุชู‡ู… ุงู„ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠุฉ
00:28
under streetlights at the airport in the capital city
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ุชุญุช ุงู†ุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุดูˆุงุฑุน ููŠ ู…ุทุงุฑ ุงู„ุนุงุตู…ุฉ
00:31
because they don't have any electricity at home.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ู… ู„ุง ูŠู…ู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุจุงุก ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุฒู„.
00:35
Now, I haven't met these particular students,
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ุงู„ุขู† ุŒ ุฃู†ุง ู„ู… ุงุฌุชู…ุน ุจู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ุทู„ุงุจ ุŒ
00:37
but I've met students like them.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ูŠ ู‚ุฏ ุงุฌุชู…ุนุช ุจุทู„ุงุจ ู…ุซู„ู‡ู….
00:39
Let's just pick one -- for example, the one in the green shirt.
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ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุฎุชุงุฑ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูู‚ุท ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ุŒ ุฐูˆ ุงู„ู‚ู…ูŠุต ุงู„ุฃุฎุถุฑ.
00:43
Let's give him a name, too: Nelson.
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ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ู…ู†ุญู‡ ุงุณู…ุง : ู†ูŠู„ุณูˆู†.
00:45
I'll bet Nelson has a cellphone.
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ุฃุฑุงู‡ู† ุงู† ู†ูŠู„ุณูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ู‡ุงุชู ู…ุญู…ูˆู„.
00:48
So here is the puzzle.
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ุฅุฐู† ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ู„ุบุฒ.
00:50
Why is it that Nelson has access
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุชู…ูƒู† ู†ูŠู„ุณูˆู† ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„
00:52
to a cutting-edge technology, like the cellphone,
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ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุงู„ู…ุชุทูˆุฑุฉ ุŒ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุชู ุงู„ู…ุญู…ูˆู„ุฉ ุŒ
00:55
but doesn't have access to a 100-year-old technology
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุนู…ุฑู‡ุง 100 ุนุงู…ุง
00:58
for generating electric light in the home?
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ู„ุชูˆู„ูŠุฏ ุถูˆุก ูƒู‡ุฑุจุงุฆูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุฒู„ุŸ
01:02
Now, in a word, the answer is "rules."
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ุงู„ุขู† ุŒ ููŠ ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุŒ ูุฅู† ุงู„ุฌูˆุงุจ ู‡ูˆ "ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู†".
01:05
Bad rules can prevent the kind of win-win solution that's available
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุณูŠุฆุฉ ู…ู†ุน ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู„ ุงู„ุงูŠุฌุงุจูŠ ุงู„ู…ุชุงุญ
01:10
when people can bring new technologies in
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ุญูŠู† ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู„ู†ุงุณ ุชู‚ุฏูŠู… ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุงุช ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ
01:13
and make them available to someone like Nelson.
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ูˆุฌุนู„ู‡ุง ู…ุชุงุญุฉ ู„ุดุฎุต ู…ุซู„ ู†ูŠู„ุณูˆู†.
01:16
What kinds of rules?
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ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ู†ูˆุนูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู†ุŸ
01:18
The electric company in this nation
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ุดุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุจุงุก ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุจู„ุฏ
01:21
operates under a rule, which says that it has to sell
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ุชุนู…ู„ ุชุญุช ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ุชู‚ูˆู„ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชุจูŠุน
01:23
electricity at a very low, subsidized price --
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ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุจุงุก ุจุณุนุฑ ู…ู†ุฎูุถ ุฌุฏุง ุŒ ู…ุฏุนูˆู….
01:26
in fact, a price that is so low it loses money on every unit that it sells.
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุŒ ุงู† ุงู„ุณุนุฑ ู…ู†ุฎูุถ ู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฎุณุงุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ูˆุญุฏุฉ ุชุจุงุน.
01:30
So it has neither the resources, nor the incentives,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ู…ูˆุงุฑุฏ ุŒ ูˆู„ุง ุญูˆุงูุฒ ุŒ
01:34
to hook up many other users.
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ู„ู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุณุชุฎุฏู…ูŠู† ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู†.
01:36
The president wanted to change this rule.
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ูˆุฃุฑุงุฏ ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ.
01:39
He's seen that it's possible to have a different set of rules,
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ู„ุงูุชุง ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุŒ
01:42
rules where businesses earn a small profit,
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ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุญูŠุซ ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุงุช ุชุฌู†ูŠ ุฃุฑุจุงุญ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุŒ
01:45
so they have an incentive to sign up more customers.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุงู„ุญุงูุฒ ู„ุชุณุฌูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฒุจุงุฆู†.
01:47
That's the kind of rules that the cellphone company
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนู…ู„ ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุฉ
01:51
that Nelson purchases his telephony from operates under.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุงุดุชุฑู‰ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ู†ูŠู„ุณูˆู† ู‡ุงุชูู‡ ุงู„ู…ุญู…ูˆู„.
01:55
The president has seen how those rules worked well.
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ูˆุดุงู‡ุฏ ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณ ูƒูŠู ุงู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุชุนู…ู„ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฌูŠุฏ.
01:58
So he tried to change the rules for pricing on electricity,
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ู„ุฐุง ูู‚ุฏ ุญุงูˆู„ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุชุณุนูŠุฑ ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุจุงุก ุŒ
02:01
but ran into a firestorm of protest
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ุฌุงุจู‡ ุนุงุตูุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุญุชุฌุงุฌ
02:03
from businesses and consumers
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุงุช ูˆุงู„ู…ุณุชู‡ู„ูƒูŠู† ุŒ
02:05
who wanted to preserve the existing subsidized rates.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุฑูŠุฏูˆู† ุงู„ุญูุงุธ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุนุฏู„ุงุช ุงู„ุญุงู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฏุนูˆู…ุฉ.
02:09
So he was stuck with rules that prevented him
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุนู„ู‚ ุจุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ู…ู†ุนุชู‡
02:13
from letting the win-win solution help his country.
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ู…ู† ู…ุณุงุนุฏุฉ ุจู„ุงุฏู‡ ุจู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฑุจุญ ู„ู„ุทุฑููŠู†.
02:18
And Nelson is stuck studying under the streetlights.
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ูˆุนู„ู‚ ู†ูŠู„ุณูˆู† ููŠ ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุชุญุช ุงู†ุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุดูˆุงุฑุน.
02:23
The real challenge then, is to try to figure out
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ุงู„ุชุญุฏูŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ
02:25
how we can change rules.
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ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู†.
02:28
Are there some rules we can develop for changing rules?
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ู‡ู„ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู† ุชุทูˆุฑ ู„ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู…ุŸ
02:32
I want to argue that there is a general abstract insight
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ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„ ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ููƒุฑุฉ ุนุงู…ุฉ ู…ุฌุฑุฏุฉ
02:36
that we can make practical,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุฌุนู„ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุŒ
02:38
which is that, if we can give more choices to people,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงุนุทุงุก ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎูŠุงุฑุงุช ู„ู„ู†ุงุณ ุŒ
02:41
and more choices to leaders --
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ูˆุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎูŠุงุฑุงุช ู„ู„ู‚ุงุฏุฉ ุŒ
02:45
who, in many countries, are also people.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู‡ู… ููŠ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจู„ุฏุงู† ุŒ ุจุดุฑ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹.
02:48
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
02:51
But, it's useful to present the opposition between these two.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุŒ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏ ุฃู† ุชู‚ุฏูŠู… ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฑุถุฉ ุจูŠู† ู‡ุฐูŠู† ุงู„ุงุซู†ูŠู†.
02:55
Because the kind of choice you might want to give to a leader,
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ู„ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑ ู‚ุฏ ุชุฑุบุจ ููŠ ุงุนุทุงุฆู‡ ู„ุฒุนูŠู… ุŒ
02:58
a choice like giving the president the choice
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ุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑ ู…ุซู„ ุงุนุทุงุก ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณ ุงู„ุฎูŠุงุฑ
03:00
to raise prices on electricity,
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ู„ุฑูุน ุงู„ุฃุณุนุงุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุจุงุก ุŒ
03:03
takes away a choice that people in the economy want.
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ูŠู„ุบูŠ ุงู„ุฎูŠุงุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุญุจุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุฅู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠุงู‹.
03:06
They want the choice to be able to continue consuming
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ุงู†ู‡ู… ูŠุฑูŠุฏูˆู† ุฎูŠุงุฑุง ู„ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ู‚ุงุฏุฑูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุณุชู…ุฑุงุฑ ููŠ ุงุณุชู‡ู„ุงูƒ
03:08
subsidized electric power.
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ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุจุงุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฏุนูˆู…ุฉ.
03:11
So if you give just to one side or the other,
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ุญุชู‰ ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชุนุทูŠ ู„ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฌุงู†ุจ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฃูˆ ุขุฎุฑ ุŒ
03:13
you'll have tension or friction.
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ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุชูˆุชุฑ ุฃูˆ ุงุญุชูƒุงูƒ.
03:16
But if we can find ways to give more choices to both,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฅุฐุง ุงุณุชุทุนู†ุง ุฅูŠุฌุงุฏ ุณุจู„ ู„ุชู‚ุฏูŠู… ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎูŠุงุฑุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ุณูˆุงุก ุŒ
03:19
that will give us a set of rules
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุชูŠุญู‡ ู„ู†ุง ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู†
03:21
for changing rules that get us out of traps.
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ู„ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฎุฑุฌู†ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ูุฎุงุฎ.
03:26
Now, Nelson also has access to the Internet.
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ูˆุงู„ุขู† ุŒ ู†ูŠู„ุณูˆู† ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุช.
03:29
And he says that if you want to see
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ูˆูŠู‚ุงู„ ุฃู†ู‡ ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุชุฑู‰
03:31
the damaging effects of rules,
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ุงู„ุขุซุงุฑ ุงู„ุถุงุฑุฉ ู„ู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุŒ
03:33
the ways that rules can keep people in the dark,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุจู‚ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ููŠ ุงู„ุธู„ุงู… ุŒ
03:35
look at the pictures from NASA of the earth at night.
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ุงู†ุธุฑ ุงู„ู‰ ุตูˆุฑ ู…ู† ูˆูƒุงู„ุฉ ู†ุงุณุง ู„ู„ุฃุฑุถ ู„ูŠู„ุง.
03:39
In particular check out Asia.
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ูˆุจุฎุงุตุฉ ุขุณูŠุง.
03:41
If you zoom in here,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒุจุฑุช ู‡ู†ุง ุŒ
03:44
you can see North Korea, in outline here,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู† ุชุฑู‰ ูƒูˆุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ ุŒ ู‡ู†ุง ุŒ
03:46
which is like a black hole compared to its neighbors.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุซู‚ุจ ุงู„ุฃุณูˆุฏ ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ ุจุฌูŠุฑุงู†ู‡ุง.
03:49
Now, you won't be surprised to learn
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ุงู„ุขู† ุŒ ูู„ู† ุชุณุชุบุฑุจ
03:51
that the rules in North Korea
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ุฃู† ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ููŠ ูƒูˆุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ
03:53
keep people there in the dark.
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ูŠุชุฑูƒ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ููŠ ุธู„ุงู….
03:55
But it is important to recognize
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู‡ู… ุงู„ุงุนุชุฑุงู
03:57
that North Korea and South Korea
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ุงู† ูƒูˆุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ ูˆูƒูˆุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจูŠุฉ
03:59
started out with identical sets of rules
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ุจุฏุฃุช ุจู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ู…ุชู…ุงุซู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู†
04:02
in both the sense of laws and regulations,
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ู…ู† ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ูƒู„ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ูˆุงู„ู†ุธู… ุŒ
04:04
but also in the deeper senses of understandings,
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ูˆ ุฃูŠุถุง ููŠ ุญุณ ุฃุนู…ู‚ ู„ู„ุชูุงู‡ู…ุงุช ุŒ
04:08
norms, culture, values and beliefs.
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ุงู„ุนุงุฏุงุช ุŒ ุงู„ุซู‚ุงูุฉ ุŒ ุงู„ู‚ูŠู… ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุนุชู‚ุฏุงุช.
04:12
When they separated, they made choices
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุงุฎุชุงุฑุชุง ุฎูŠุงุฑุง ุงู„ุงู†ูุตุงู„
04:14
that led to very divergent paths
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ุฃุฏู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุณุงุฑุงุช ู…ุชุจุงูŠู†ุฉ ุฌุฏุง
04:16
for their sets of rules.
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ู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู†ู‡ู…ุง.
04:18
So we can change -- we as humans can change the rules
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ุญุชู‰ ู†ุชู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุŒ ูˆู†ุญู† ูƒุจุดุฑ ุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ
04:21
that we use to interact with each other,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง ู„ู†ุชูุงุนู„ ู…ุน ุจุนุถู†ุง ุงู„ุจุนุถ ุŒ
04:23
for better, or for worse.
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ู„ู„ุฃูุถู„ ุŒ ุฃูˆ ู„ู„ุฃุณูˆุฃ.
04:27
Now let's look at another region, the Caribbean.
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ุงู„ุขู† ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุŒ ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุจุญุฑ ุงู„ูƒุงุฑูŠุจูŠ.
04:30
Zoom in on Haiti,
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ุงู„ุชูƒุจูŠุฑ ููŠ ู‡ุงูŠุชูŠ ุŒ
04:32
in outline here.
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ุจุตูˆุฑุฉ ุนุงู…ุฉ .
04:34
Haiti is also dark,
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ู‡ุงูŠุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุฃูŠุถุง ู…ุธู„ู…ุฉ ุŒ
04:36
compared to its neighbor here, the Dominican Republic,
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ุจุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ ู…ุน ุฌุงุฑุชู‡ุง ู‡ู†ุง ุŒ ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏูˆู…ูŠู†ูŠูƒุงู† ุŒ
04:39
which has about the same number of residents.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุนุฏุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณูƒุงู†.
04:42
Both of these countries are dark compared to Puerto Rico,
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ูƒู„ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจู„ุฏุงู† ู‡ูŠ ู…ุธู„ู…ุฉ ุจุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ ู…ุน ุจูˆุฑุชูˆุฑูŠูƒูˆ ุŒ
04:45
which has half as many residents
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ู‡ุง ู†ุตู ุนุฏุฏ ุณูƒุงู†
04:47
as either Haiti or the Dominican Republic.
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ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุงูŠุชูŠ ุฃูˆ ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏูˆู…ูŠู†ูŠูƒุงู†.
04:50
What Haiti warns us is that
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ู…ุง ูŠู†ุฐุฑู†ุง ููŠ ู‡ุงูŠุชูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†
04:52
rules can be bad because governments are weak.
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุณูŠุฆุฉ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุงุช ุถุนูŠูุฉ.
04:56
It's not just that the rules are bad because
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ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุณูŠุฆุฉ ู„ูŠุณ ู„ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฃู†
04:58
the government is too strong and oppressive, as in North Korea.
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ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุฉ ู‚ูˆูŠุฉ ุฌุฏุง ูˆู‚ู…ุนูŠุฉ ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญุงู„ ููŠ ูƒูˆุฑูŠุง ุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ.
05:01
So that if we want to create environments with good rules,
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ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู†ู‡ ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุง ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุฎู„ู‚ ุจูŠุฆุงุช ุฌูŠุฏุฉ ู…ุน ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุฌูŠุฏุฉ ุŒ
05:04
we can't just tear down.
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ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฐู„ูƒ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠูƒ ูู‚ุท.
05:06
We've got to find ways to build up, as well.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูˆุตู„ู†ุง ุงู„ู‰ ุงูŠุฌุงุฏ ุณุจู„ ุจุงู„ุจู†ุงุก ุŒ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ.
05:10
Now, China dramatically demonstrates
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ุงู„ุขู† ุŒ ุงู„ุตูŠู† ุชูˆุถุญ ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุฐู‡ู„
05:13
both the potential and the challenges
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ู…ุน ูƒู„ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅู…ูƒุงู†ุงุช ูˆุงู„ุชุญุฏูŠุงุช
05:15
of working with rules.
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ู„ู„ุนู…ู„ ูˆูู‚ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู†.
05:18
Back in the beginning of the data presented in this chart,
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ูˆุจุงู„ุนูˆุฏุฉ ุงู„ู‰ ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ูˆุงุฑุฏุฉ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฌุฏูˆู„ ุŒ
05:21
China was the world's high-technology leader.
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ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุตูŠู† ุชู‚ูˆุฏ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ููŠ ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุงู„ู…ุชู‚ุฏู…ุฉ.
05:24
Chinese had pioneered technologies like steel, printing, gunpowder.
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ุงู„ุตูŠู† ุงุตุจุญุช ุฑุงุฆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุงุช ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุตู„ุจ ูˆุงู„ุทุจุงุนุฉ ูˆุงู„ุจุงุฑูˆุฏ.
05:29
But the Chinese never adopted, at least in that period,
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠูŠู† ู„ู… ูŠุนุชู…ุฏูˆุง ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ ููŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ูุชุฑุฉ ุŒ
05:32
effective rules for encouraging the spread of those ideas --
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ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ูุนุงู„ุฉ ู„ุชุดุฌูŠุน ุงู†ุชุดุงุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃููƒุงุฑ ุŒ [ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ุŒ ู„ุง ุชุดุฌูŠุน]
05:36
a profit motive that could have encouraged the spread.
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ุฏุงูุน ุงู„ุฑุจุญ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุดุฌุน ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงู†ุชุดุงุฑ.
05:38
And they soon adopted rules which
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ูˆุจุณุฑุนุฉ ู‚ุงู…ูˆุง ุจุฅุนุชู…ุงุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุชูŠ
05:40
slowed down innovation
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ุฃุจุทุฃุช ุงู„ุงุจุชูƒุงุฑ
05:43
and cut China off from the rest of the world.
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ูˆุนุฒู„ุช ุงู„ุตูŠู† ุนู† ุจู‚ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
05:45
So as other countries in the world innovated,
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ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ุจู„ุฏุงู† ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ููŠ ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุงุจุชูƒุงุฑ ุŒ
05:48
in the sense both of developing
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ููŠ ูƒู„ุง ู…ู† ู…ุฌุงู„ ุงู„ุชุทูˆูŠุฑ
05:50
newer technologies,
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ูˆ ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุงุช ุงู„ุฃุญุฏุซ ุŒ
05:52
but also developing newer rules,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฃูŠุถุง ุทูˆุฑุช ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุŒ
05:54
the Chinese were cut off from those advances.
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ุงู„ุตูŠู† ุนุฒู„ุช ุนู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑุงุช.
05:58
Income there stayed stagnant,
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ุงู„ุฏุฎู„ ุจู‚ูŠ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุฑูƒูˆุฏ ุŒ
06:00
as it zoomed ahead in the rest of the world.
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ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุงุฒุฏุงุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงู… ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
06:03
This next chart looks at more recent data.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฑุณู… ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ูŠุจูŠู† ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซุฉ.
06:06
It plots income, average income in China
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ูŠุจูŠู† ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุฏุฎู„ ุŒ ูˆู…ุชูˆุณุท ุงู„ุฏุฎู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุตูŠู†
06:08
as a percentage of average income in the United States.
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ูƒู†ุณุจุฉ ู…ุฆูˆูŠุฉ ู…ู† ู…ุชูˆุณุท ุงู„ุฏุฎู„ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ.
06:11
In the '50s and '60s you can see that it was hovering at about three percent.
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ููŠ ุงู„ุฎู…ุณูŠู†ุงุช ูˆ ุงู„ุณุชูŠู†ุงุช ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู† ุชุฑู‰ ุงู† ูƒุงู†ุช ุชุญูˆู… ุญูˆู„ ู†ุญูˆ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ.
06:14
But then in the late '70s something changed.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุฃูˆุงุฎุฑ ุงู„ุณุจุนูŠู†ุงุช ุดูŠุก ู…ุง ุชุบูŠุฑ.
06:17
Growth took off in China. The Chinese started catching up
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ุงู†ุทู„ู‚ ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆ ูู‰ ุงู„ุตูŠู†. ูˆุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠูˆู† ุงู„ู„ุญุงู‚ ุจุงู„ุฑูƒุจ
06:20
very quickly with the United States.
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ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ู…ุน ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ.
06:23
If you go back to the map at night, you can get a clue
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ุฅุฐุง ุนุฏู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฎุฑูŠุทุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠู„ ุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุฏู„ูŠู„
06:26
to the process that lead to the dramatic change in rules in China.
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ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุฏุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุฌุฐุฑูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุตูŠู†.
06:29
The brightest spot in China,
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ุฃู„ู…ุน ุจู‚ุนุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุตูŠู† ุŒ
06:32
which you can see on the edge of the outline here,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู† ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุญุงูุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฎุทุท ู‡ู†ุง ุŒ
06:35
is Hong Kong.
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ู‡ูˆู†ุฌ ูƒูˆู†ุฌ.
06:37
Hong Kong was a small bit of China
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ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ูˆู†ุฌ ูƒูˆู†ุฌ ู‚ุทุนุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตูŠู†
06:40
that, for most of the 20th century,
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ุฎู„ุงู„ ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ุนุดุฑูŠู† ุŒ
06:42
operated under a very different set of rules
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ุชุนู…ู„ ุชุญุช ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุชู…ุงู…ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู†
06:44
than the rest of mainland China --
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ุนู† ุจู‚ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจุฑ ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠ ุŒ
06:46
rules that were copied
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ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู… ุงุณุชู†ุณุงุฎู‡ุง
06:48
from working market economies of the time,
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ู…ู† ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ุณูˆู‚ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ุชุนู…ู„ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุŒ
06:50
and administered by the British.
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ูˆุชุฏุงุฑ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠูŠู†.
06:53
In the 1950s, Hong Kong was a place where
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ููŠ 1950s ุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆู†ุฌ ูƒูˆู†ุฌ ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู†
06:56
millions of people could go, from the mainland,
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ุงุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฑ ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠ ุงู† ุชุฐู‡ุจ ุŒ
06:58
to start in jobs like sewing shirts, making toys.
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ู„ู„ุจุฏุก ููŠ ุงุนู…ุงู„ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู…ุซู„ ุฎูŠุงุทุฉ ุงู„ู‚ู…ุตุงู† ูˆุตู†ุน ุงู„ู„ุนุจ.
07:03
But, to get on a process of increasing income,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุŒ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏุฎู„ ุŒ
07:06
increasing skills
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ูˆ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ู‡ุงุฑุงุช
07:08
led to very rapid growth there.
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ุฃุฏู‰ ุฅู„ู‰ ู†ู…ูˆ ุณุฑูŠุน ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ.
07:11
Hong Kong was also the model
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ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ูˆู†ุฌ ูƒูˆู†ุฌ ุฃูŠุถุง ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ
07:13
which leaders like Deng Xiaoping
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฒุนู…ุงุก ู…ุซู„ ุฏู†ุบ ุดูŠุงูˆ ุจูŠู†ุบ
07:16
could copy, when they decided to move
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ู… ู†ุณุฎู‡ ุŒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู‚ุฑุฑุช ู†ู‚ู„
07:18
all of the mainland towards the market model.
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ูƒู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฑ ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณู‰ ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠ ู†ุญูˆ ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุณูˆู‚.
07:22
But Deng Xiaoping instinctively understood
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ู„ูƒู† ุฏู†ุบ ุดูŠุงูˆ ุจูŠู†ุบ ูŠูู‡ู… ุบุฑูŠุฒูŠุง
07:24
the importance of offering choices to his people.
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ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ ุชู‚ุฏูŠู… ุฎูŠุงุฑุงุช ู„ุดุนุจู‡.
07:28
So instead of forcing everyone in China
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุฏู„ุง ู…ู† ุงุฌุจุงุฑ ูƒู„ ุดุฎุต ููŠ ุงู„ุตูŠู†
07:31
to shift immediately to the market model,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุญูˆู„ ููˆุฑุง ุฅู„ู‰ ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุณูˆู‚ ุŒ
07:33
they proceeded by creating some special zones
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ุดุฑุนูˆุง ุจุฎู„ู‚ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ุŒ
07:36
that could do, in a sense, what Britain did:
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชูุนู„ ุŒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ู…ุง ุŒ ู…ุง ูุนู„ุช ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠุง ุŒ
07:38
make the opportunity to go work with the market rules
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ุฌุนู„ ูุฑุตุฉ ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ูˆ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ูˆูู‚ ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุงู„ุณูˆู‚
07:40
available to the people who wanted to opt in there.
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ู…ุชุงุญุฉ ู„ู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุฑูŠุฏูˆู† ุงู„ุงุดุชุฑุงูƒ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ.
07:43
So they created four special economic zones around Hong Kong:
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ู‡ูƒุฐุง ุงุณุชุญุฏุซุช ุฃู‡ู… ุฃุฑุจุน ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠุฉ ุฎุงุตุฉ ุญูˆู„ ู‡ูˆู†ุฌ ูƒูˆู†ุฌ.
07:46
zones where Chinese could come and work,
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ุญูŠุซ ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู„ุตูŠู†ูŠู† ุงู„ู‚ุฏูˆู… ูˆุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุŒ
07:49
and cities grew up very rapidly there;
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ูˆู†ู…ุช ุงู„ู…ุฏู† ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุญูˆ ุณุฑูŠุน ุฌุฏุง ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุŒ
07:51
also zones where foreign firms could come in
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ูˆ ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุฃูŠุถุง ุญูŠุซ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุฃุชูŠ ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฌู†ุจูŠุฉ
07:54
and make things.
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ูˆ ุชุตู†ุน ุงู„ู…ู†ุชุฌุงุช.
07:56
One of the zones next to Hong Kong has a city called Shenzhen.
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ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุจุงู„ู‚ุฑุจ ู…ู† ู‡ูˆู†ุฌ ูƒูˆู†ุฌ ุชุฏุนู‰ ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุดู†ุชุดู†.
07:59
In that city there is a Taiwanese firm
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ููŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุดุฑูƒุฉ ุชุงูŠูˆุงู†ูŠุฉ
08:02
that made the iPhone that many of you have,
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ุตู†ุนุช ุงู„ุงูŠ ููˆู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ู„ูƒู‡ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู†ูƒู… ุŒ
08:05
and they made it with labor from Chinese
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ุตู†ุนูˆู‡ ุจุงูŠุฏูŠ ุนุงู…ู„ุฉ ุตูŠู†ูŠุฉ
08:08
who moved there to Shenzhen.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุงู†ุชู‚ู„ูˆุง ุงู„ู‰ ุดู†ุชุดู†.
08:10
So after the four special zones,
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ุจุนุฏ ุฃุฑุจุน ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุฎุงุตุฉ ุŒ
08:12
there were 14 coastal cites
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ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ 14 ู…ูˆู‚ุน ุณุงุญู„ูŠ ุŒ
08:14
that were open in the same sense,
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ูุชุญุช ู„ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุบุฑุถ.
08:16
and eventually demonstrated successes
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ูˆููŠ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุทุงู ุฃุซุจุชุช ุงู„ู†ุฌุงุญุงุช
08:19
in these places that people could opt in to,
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ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุงู†ุฎุฑุงุท ุŒ
08:21
that they flocked to because of the advantages they offered.
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ู†ุธุฑุง ู„ู„ู…ุฒุงูŠุง ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนุฑุถุช ุนู„ูŠู‡ู….
08:24
Demonstrated successes there led to a consensus for
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ุงู„ุจุฑู‡ู†ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู†ุฌุงุญุงุช ุฃุฏุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุชูˆุงูู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ุขุฑุงุก ุจุดุฃู†
08:28
a move toward the market model for the entire economy.
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ุฎุทูˆุฉ ู†ุญูˆ ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุณูˆู‚ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏ ุจุฃูƒู…ู„ู‡.
08:33
Now the Chinese example shows us several points.
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ุงู„ุขู† ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ุงู„ุตูŠู†ูŠ ูŠุจูŠู† ู„ู†ุง ุนุฏุฉ ู†ู‚ุงุท.
08:37
One is: preserve choices for people.
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ูˆุงุญุฏ ู‡ูˆ : ุงู„ุญูุงุธ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฎูŠุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุงุญุฉ ู„ู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต.
08:40
Two: operate on the right scale.
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ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุจุงู„ู…ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุงู„ู…ู„ุงุฆู… :.
08:42
If you try to change the rules in a village, you could do that,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชุญุงูˆู„ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฑูŠุฉ ุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ
08:45
but a village would be too small
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู‚ุฑูŠุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุฌุฏุง
08:47
to get the kinds of benefits you can get if you have millions of people
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ู„ู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู…ู† ุงู„ููˆุงุฆุฏ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุงู„ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ
08:49
all working under good rules.
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ูˆุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน ูŠุนู…ู„ ูˆูู‚ุง ู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุฌูŠุฏุฉ.
08:51
On the other hand, the nation is too big.
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ู…ู† ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุŒ ูุฅู† ุงู„ุจู„ุฏ ู‡ูˆ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุฌุฏุง.
08:54
If you try to change the rules in the nation,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชุญุงูˆู„ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ููŠ ุจู„ุฏ ุŒ
08:56
you can't give some people a chance
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ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงุนุทุงุก ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูุฑุตุฉ
08:58
to hold back, see how things turn out,
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ุงู„ุนูˆุฏุฉ ู„ู„ูˆุฑุงุก ุŒ ู„ุชุฑู‰ ูƒูŠู ุชุชุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุŒ
09:00
and let others zoom ahead and try the new rules.
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ูˆุชุฏุน ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฏู…ุฉ ู„ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ุชุทุจูŠู‚ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ.
09:03
But cities give you this opportunity
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู…ุฏู† ุชุนุทูŠูƒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูุฑุตุฉ
09:05
to create new places,
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ู„ุฅู†ุดุงุก ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุŒ
09:07
with new rules that people can opt in to.
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ู…ุน ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุŒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู„ู†ุงุณ ุฃู† ุชุฎุชุงุฑ .
09:09
And they're large enough
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ูˆ ู‡ูŠ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุจู…ุง ููŠู‡ ุงู„ูƒูุงูŠุฉ
09:11
to get all of the benefits that we can have
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ู„ู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุงู„ููˆุงุฆุฏ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู†ุฉ
09:13
when millions of us work together under good rules.
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ู…ู†ู‡ู… ู…ุนุง ูˆูู‚ุง ู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุฌูŠุฏุฉ.
09:17
So the proposal is that we
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ู„ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ู‚ุชุฑุญ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู†ุง
09:20
conceive of something called a charter city.
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ู†ุชุตูˆุฑ ู…ุง ูŠุณู…ู‰ ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงูˆู„ุงุช.
09:23
We start with a charter that specifies
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ู†ุจุฏุฃ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฏุณุชูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุญุฏุฏ
09:25
all the rules required
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ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุทู„ูˆุจุฉ
09:27
to attract the people who we'll need to build the city.
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ู„ุฌุฐุจ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู†ุญุชุงุฌู‡ู… ู„ุจู†ุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ.
09:31
We'll need to attract the investors
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ุณู†ุญุชุงุฌ ู„ุฌุฐุจ ุงู„ู…ุณุชุซู…ุฑูŠู†
09:33
who will build out the infrastructure --
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ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุจู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุญุชูŠุฉ.
09:35
the power system, the roads, the port, the airport, the buildings.
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ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุŒ ุงู„ุทุฑู‚ ุŒุงู„ู…ูŠู†ุงุก ุŒุงู„ู…ุทุงุฑ ุŒ ูˆุงู„ู…ุจุงู†ูŠ.
09:38
You'll need to attract firms,
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ุณุชุญุชุงุฌ ู„ุงุฌุชุฐุงุจ ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุงุช ุŒ
09:40
who will come hire the people who move there first.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠูˆุธููˆู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠู†ุชู‚ู„ูˆู† ุงู„ู‰ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃูˆู„ุง.
09:43
And you'll need to attract families,
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ูˆุณูˆู ุชุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงุฌุชุฐุงุจ ุงู„ุนุงุฆู„ุงุช ุŒ
09:45
the residents who will come and live there permanently,
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ุงู„ุณูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุณูŠุฃุชูˆู† ูˆูŠุนูŠุดูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฏุงุฆู… ุŒ
09:47
raise their children, get an education for their children,
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ูŠุฑุจูˆุง ุฃูˆู„ุงุฏู‡ู… ูˆุจู†ุงุชู‡ู… ุŒ ูˆูŠุญุตู„ูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู… ู„ุฃุทูุงู„ู‡ู… ุŒ
09:49
and get their first job.
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ูˆุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูˆู„ ูˆุธูŠูุฉ.
09:51
With that charter, people will move there.
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ู…ุน ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุŒ ุณูˆู ูŠุชุญุฑูƒ ุงู„ุณูƒุงู† ุงู„ู‰ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ.
09:54
The city can be built.
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู† ุจู†ุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ.
09:56
And we can scale this model.
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุทู„ู‚ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุทุฑุงุฒ.
09:58
We can go do it over and over again.
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุฑุงุฑุง ูˆุชูƒุฑุงุฑุง.
10:02
To make it work, we need good rules. We've already discussed that.
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ูˆุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู†ุฌุงุญู‡ ุŒ ูˆู†ุญู† ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุฌูŠุฏุฉ. ู„ู‚ุฏ ู†ุงู‚ุดู†ุง ุฐู„ูƒ.
10:05
Those are captured in the charter.
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ูŠุชู… ูˆุถุน ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ููŠ ู…ูŠุซุงู‚ ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ.
10:07
We also need the choices for people.
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ู†ุญุชุงุฌ ุฃูŠุถุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงุชุงุญุฉ ุงู„ุฎูŠุงุฑุงุช ู„ู„ู†ุงุณ.
10:10
That's really built into the model
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ู‡ุฐุง ุชู… ุจู†ุงุฆู‡ ููŠ ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ
10:12
if we allow for the possibility of building cities
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ุฅุฐุง ุณู…ุญู†ุง ู„ุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุฉ ุจู†ุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฏู†
10:15
on uninhabited land.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุฑุถ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุฃู‡ูˆู„ุฉ.
10:17
You start from uninhabited territory.
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ุชุจุฏุฃ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุงุถูŠ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุฃู‡ูˆู„ุฉ ุจุงู„ุณูƒุงู†.
10:19
People can come live under the new charter,
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุฃุชูŠ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู„ู„ุนูŠุด ููŠ ุธู„ ุงู„ุฏุณุชูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏ.
10:21
but no one is forced to live under it.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ุง ุงุญุฏ ูŠุฌุจุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนูŠุด ููŠ ุธู„ู‡.
10:24
The final thing we need are choices for leaders.
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ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู†ุญุชุงุฌ ุงู„ู‰ ุงุชุงุญุฉ ุงู„ุฎูŠุงุฑุงุช ู„ู„ู‚ุงุฏุฉ.
10:27
And, to achieve the kind of choices we want for leaders
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ูˆ ู„ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุฎูŠุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ู„ู„ู‚ุงุฏุฉ
10:29
we need to allow for the potential for partnerships between nations:
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ู†ุญู† ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ู„ุฅุชุงุญุฉ ุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฅู‚ุงู…ุฉ ุดุฑุงูƒุงุช ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฏูˆู„.
10:33
cases where nations work together,
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ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู…ูƒู† ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ู…ุนุง ุŒ
10:35
in effect, de facto,
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุŒ ุจุญูƒู… ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุŒ
10:37
the way China and Britain worked together
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ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนู…ู„ุช ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ุตูŠู† ูˆุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠุง ู…ุนุง
10:39
to build, first a little enclave of the market model,
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ู„ุจู†ุงุก ุŒ ูˆุฃูˆู„ ุฌูŠุจ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุณูˆู‚ ุŒ
10:43
and then scale it throughout China.
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ูˆุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู†ุทุงู‚ ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุตูŠู†.
10:45
In a sense, Britain, inadvertently,
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ูˆุจู…ุนู†ู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนุงู†ูŠ ุŒ ูˆุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠุง ุŒ ุนู† ุบูŠุฑ ู‚ุตุฏ ุŒ
10:47
through its actions in Hong Kong,
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ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุฃุนู…ุงู„ู‡ุง ููŠ ู‡ูˆู†ุบ ูƒูˆู†ุบ ุŒ
10:49
did more to reduce world poverty
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ูุนู„ุช ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู„ู„ุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ูู‚ุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…
10:52
than all the aid programs that we've undertaken
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ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุจุฑุงู…ุฌ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุนุฏุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุงุถุทู„ุนู†ุง ุจู‡ุง
10:54
in the last century.
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ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠ.
10:56
So if we allow for these kind of partnerships
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ุญุชู‰ ุฅุฐุง ู…ุง ุณู…ุญู†ุง ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุฑุงูƒุงุช
10:58
to replicate this again,
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ู„ุชุชูƒุฑุฑ ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุŒ
11:00
we can get those kinds of benefits scaled throughout the world.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู…ู† ุงู„ููˆุงุฆุฏ ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
11:04
In some cases this will involve a delegation of responsibility,
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ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ูŠู†ุทูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุชููˆูŠุถ ุงู„ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠุฉ ุŒ
11:08
a delegation of control from one country to another
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ูˆ ุชููˆูŠุถ ุงู„ุณูŠุทุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุจู„ุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ุขุฎุฑ
11:12
to take over certain kinds of administrative responsibilities.
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ู„ู„ุงุถุทู„ุงุน ุจุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุฅุฏุงุฑูŠุฉ.
11:16
Now, when I say that,
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ุงู„ุขู† ุŒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ
11:19
some of you are starting to think,
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ุงู„ุจุนุถ ู…ู†ูƒู… ู‚ุฏ ุจุฏุฃุช ููŠ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุŒ
11:21
"Well, is this just bringing back colonialism?"
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"ุญุณู†ุง ุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงุนุงุฏุฉ ู„ู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑุŸ"
11:26
It's not. But it's important to recognize that the kind of emotions
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ู„ูŠุณุช ูƒุฐู„ูƒ. ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู‡ู… ุฃู† ู†ุฏุฑูƒ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุดุงุนุฑ
11:30
that come up when we start to think about these things,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฃุชูŠ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ุจุฏุฃ ููŠ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุŒ
11:32
can get in the way, can make us pull back,
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู† ุชู‚ู ููŠ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุŒ ูˆูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุคุฏูŠ ุจู†ุง ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุฑุงุฌุน ุŒ
11:35
can shut down our ability,
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฅู† ุชุนุทู„ ู‚ุฏุฑุชู†ุง ุŒ
11:37
and our interest in trying to explore new ideas.
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ูˆุงู‡ุชู…ุงู…ู†ุง ููŠ ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ุงุณุชูƒุดุงู ุฃููƒุงุฑ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ.
11:40
Why is this not like colonialism?
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุฑุบูˆุจุŸ
11:42
The thing that was bad about colonialism,
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ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู† ุณูŠุฆุง ุนู† ุงู„ุงุณุชุนู…ุงุฑ ุŒ
11:45
and the thing which is residually bad in some of our aid programs,
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุดุฑ ุงู„ุชุจุนูŠุฉ ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุฌูˆุงู†ุจ ุจุฑุงู…ุฌู†ุง ู„ู„ู…ุนูˆู†ุงุช ุŒ
11:49
is that it involved elements of
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ู‡ูˆ ุชุดุงุฑูƒ ุนู†ุงุตุฑ
11:51
coercion and condescension.
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ุงู„ู‚ู‡ุฑ ูˆุงู„ุชุนุงู„ูŠ.
11:54
This model is all about choices,
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ู‡ูˆ ุนู† ุงู„ุฎูŠุงุฑุงุช ุŒ
11:56
both for leaders and for the people who will live in these new places.
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ุณูˆุงุก ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ู‚ุงุฏุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุณูˆู ูŠุนูŠุดูˆู† ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ.
12:00
And, choice is the antidote to coercion and condescension.
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ูˆุงู„ุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑ ู‡ูˆ ุชุฑูŠุงู‚ ู„ู„ุฅูƒุฑุงู‡ ูˆุงู„ุชุนุงู„ูŠ.
12:04
So let's talk about how this could play out in practice.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุชุญุฏุซ ุนู† ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ู†ู…ุงุฑุณ ุฐู„ูƒ ุนู…ู„ูŠุง.
12:07
Let's take a particular leader, Raul Castro, who is the leader of Cuba.
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ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ู„ู‚ูŠ ุฒุนูŠู… ู…ู…ูŠุฒ ุŒ ุฑุงุคูˆู„ ูƒุงุณุชุฑูˆ ุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู‚ุงุฆุฏ ูƒูˆุจุง.
12:10
It must have occurred to Castro
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ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฎุทุฑ ู„ูƒุงุณุชุฑูˆ ุŒ
12:12
that he has the chance to do for Cuba
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ุงู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ูุฑุตุฉ ู„ู„ู†ู‡ูˆุถ ุจูƒูˆุจุง
12:15
what Deng Xiaoping did for China,
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ู…ุซู„ ู…ุง ูุนู„ ุฏู†ุบ ุดูŠุงูˆ ุจูŠู†ุบ ู„ู„ุตูŠู† ุŒ
12:17
but he doesn't have a Hong Kong there on the island in Cuba.
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ู„ูƒู† ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ู‡ูˆู†ุบ ูƒูˆู†ุบ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ููŠ ุฌุฒูŠุฑุฉ ูƒูˆุจุง.
12:21
He does, though, have a little bit of light down in the south
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ุจุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุถูˆุก ููŠ ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจ
12:25
that has a very special status.
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ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุฎุงุตุฉ ุฌุฏุง.
12:27
There is a zone there, around Guantanamo Bay,
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุŒ ูˆุญูˆู„ ุฎู„ูŠุฌ ุฌูˆุงู†ุชุงู†ุงู…ูˆ
12:31
where a treaty gives the United States
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ุญูŠุซ ุชุนุทูŠ ู…ุนุงู‡ุฏุฉ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ
12:33
administrative responsibility
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ุงู„ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฅุฏุงุฑูŠุฉ
12:35
for a piece of land that's about twice the size of Manhattan.
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ุนู† ู‚ุทุนุฉ ุฃุฑุถ ู‡ูŠ ุถุนู ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ู…ุงู†ู‡ุงุชู†.
12:38
Castro goes to the prime minister of Canada
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[ุฑุงุคูˆู„] ูƒุงุณุชุฑูˆ ูŠุฐู‡ุจ ุงู„ู‰ ุฑุฆูŠุณ ูˆุฒุฑุงุก ูƒู†ุฏุง
12:41
and says, "Look, the Yankees have a terrible PR problem.
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ูˆูŠู‚ูˆู„ : "ุงู†ุธุฑูˆุง ุŒ ูŠุง ูŠุงู†ูƒูŠุฒ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุนู„ุงู‚ุงุช ุนุงู…ุฉ ุฑู‡ูŠุจุฉ.
12:45
They want to get out.
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ุงู†ู‡ู… ูŠุฑูŠุฏูˆู† ุงู„ุฎุฑูˆุฌ.
12:47
Why don't you, Canada, take over?
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ู„ู…ุง ู„ุง ุชุชูˆู„ู‰ ูƒู†ุฏุงุŸ
12:49
Build -- run a special administrative zone.
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ุชุดุบูŠู„ ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุฅุฏุงุฑูŠุฉ ุฎุงุตุฉ.
12:53
Allow a new city to be built up there.
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ูˆุณูŠุชู… ุงู„ุณู…ุงุญ ุจุจู†ุงุก ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ.
12:55
Allow many people to come in.
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ูŠุณู…ุญ ู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุณู…ุงุญ ุจุงู„ู…ุฌูŠุก.
12:57
Let us have a Hong Kong nearby.
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ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ูˆู†ุฌ ูƒูˆู†ุฌ ู…ุฌุงูˆุฑุฉ.
12:59
Some of my citizens will move into that city as well.
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ูˆุจุนุถ ู…ูˆุงุทู†ูŠู†ุง ุณูŠู†ุชู‚ู„ูˆู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุฃูŠุถุง.
13:02
Others will hold back. But this will be
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ุขุฎุฑูˆู† ุณูˆู ูŠู…ุชู†ุนูˆู†. ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐุง ุณูŠูƒูˆู†
13:04
the gateway that will connect
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ุงู„ุจูˆุงุจุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุณุชุฑุจุท
13:06
the modern economy and the modern world
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ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ูˆุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ
13:08
to my country."
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ุจุจู„ุฏูŠ. "
13:10
Now, where else might this model be tried?
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ูˆุงู„ุขู† ุŒ ุงูŠู† ุชู… ุชุฌุฑูŠุจ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ุขุฎุฑ ุŸ
13:13
Well, Africa. I've talked with leaders in Africa.
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ุญุณู†ุง ุŒ ูˆุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง. ู„ู‚ุฏ ุชุญุฏุซุช ู…ุน ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง.
13:15
Many of them totally get the notion of a special zone
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ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู†ู‡ู… ู…ุน ููƒุฑุฉ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุฎุงุตุฉ
13:19
that people can opt into as a rule.
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู† ุชุฎุชุงุฑู‡ุง ูƒู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ.
13:22
It's a rule for changing rules.
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ู„ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ.
13:24
It's a way to create new rules, and let people opt-in
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ุฅู†ุดุงุก ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุŒ ูˆุชุฑูƒ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุชุฎุชุงุฑ
13:27
without coercion, and the opposition that coercion can force.
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ุฏูˆู† ุฅูƒุฑุงู‡ ุŒ ูˆุฅูƒุฑุงู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฑุถุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ู†ูุงุฐ.
13:31
They also totally get the idea that in some instances
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ู‡ู… ุฃูŠุถุง ุชู…ุงู…ุง ู…ุน ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช
13:34
they can make more credible promises to long-term investors --
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ู… ุชู‚ุฏูŠู… ูˆุนูˆุฏ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ุตุฏุงู‚ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุณุชุซู…ุฑูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุทูˆูŠู„.
13:38
the kind of investors who will come build the port,
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุณุชุซู…ุฑูŠู† ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุณูˆู ูŠุฃุชูˆู† ู„ุจู†ุงุก ุงู„ู…ูŠู†ุงุก ุŒ
13:40
build the roads, in a new city --
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ุงู„ุทุฑู‚ ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ.
13:43
they can make more credible promises
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ู… ุฃู† ูŠู‚ุฏู…ูˆุง ูˆุนูˆุฏุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ุตุฏุงู‚ูŠุฉ
13:45
if they do it along with a partner nation.
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุชูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฌู†ุจุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌู†ุจ ู…ุน ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ุดุฑูŠูƒุฉ.
13:47
Perhaps even in some arrangement
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ุฑุจู…ุง ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุชุฑุชูŠุจ
13:49
that's a little bit like an escrow account,
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ู‡ูˆ ูŠุดุงุจู‡ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุง ุญุณุงุจ ุงู„ุถู…ุงู†
13:51
where you put land in the escrow account
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ุญูŠุซ ูˆุถุนุช ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ููŠ ุญุณุงุจ ุงู„ุถู…ุงู†
13:53
and the partner nation takes responsibility for it.
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ูˆุงู„ุดุฑูŠูƒ ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูŠ ูŠุชุญู…ู„ ุงู„ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠุฉ ุนู† ุฐู„ูƒ.
13:56
There is also lots of land in Africa
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃูŠุถุง ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุงุถูŠ ููŠ ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง
13:59
where new cities could be built.
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ุญูŠุซ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุจู†ุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฏู† ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ.
14:01
This is a picture I took when I was flying along the coast.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฐุช ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒู†ุช ุงุญู„ู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ุณุงุญู„.
14:04
There are immense stretches of land like this --
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ุณุงุญุงุช ู‡ุงุฆู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุŒ
14:06
land where hundreds of millions of people could live.
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ุฃุฑุถ ุญูŠุซ ุงู† ูŠุนูŠุด ู…ุฆุงุช ุงู„ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ .
14:09
Now, if we generalize this and think about
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ุงู„ุขู† ุŒ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุนู…ู… ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ
14:11
not just one or two charter cites, but dozens --
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ู„ุง ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุฃูˆ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ูู‚ุท ู…ู† ู…ุฏู† ุงู„ุนู‚ูˆุฏ ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุนุดุฑุงุช.
14:14
cities that will help create places for the
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ุงู„ู…ุฏู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ู…ู† ุดุฃู†ู‡ุง ุฃู† ุชุณุงุนุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุชู‡ูŠุฆุฉ ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ู„ู€
14:18
many hundreds of millions, perhaps billions of people
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ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ู…ุฆุงุช ุงู„ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุŒ ูˆุฑุจู…ุง ุงู„ุจู„ุงูŠูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุดุฑ
14:21
who will move to cities in the coming century --
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠู†ุชู‚ู„ูˆู† ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฏู† ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู….
14:23
is there enough land for them?
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ู‡ู„ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ุง ูŠูƒููŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุงุถูŠ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู‡ู…ุŸ
14:25
Well, throughout the world, if we look at the lights at night,
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ุญุณู†ุง ุŒ ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุŒ ุฅุฐุง ู†ุธุฑู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุถูˆุงุก ููŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠู„ ุŒ
14:28
the one thing that's misleading is that, visually, it looks
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ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏ ุงู„ู…ุถู„ู„ ุจุตุฑูŠุง ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ูŠุจุฏูˆ
14:30
like most of the world is already built out.
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ุงู† ู…ุนุธู… ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ู‚ุฏ ุจู†ูŠุช.
14:32
So let me show you why that's wrong.
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ู„ุฐุง ุงุณู…ุญูˆุง ู„ูŠ ุฃู† ุงุจูŠู† ู„ูƒู… ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฎุทุฃ.
14:35
Take this representation of all of the land.
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ุฎุฐ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชู…ุซูŠู„ ู„ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฃุฑุงุถูŠ.
14:37
Turn it into a square that stands for
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ุชุญูˆูŠู„ู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุฑุจุน ูŠู…ุซู„
14:39
all the arable land on Earth.
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ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฃุฑุงุถูŠ ุงู„ุตุงู„ุญุฉ ู„ู„ุฒุฑุงุนุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ.
14:41
And let these dots represent the land that's already taken up
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ูˆุชุฑูƒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุงุท ุชู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ู…ุง ูŠุตู„
14:43
by the cities that three billion people now live in.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฏู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑุงุช ุดุฎุต ูŠุนูŠุดูˆู† ุงู„ุขู† ููŠู‡ุง.
14:46
If you move the dots down to the bottom of the rectangle
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ุฅุฐุง ู‚ู…ุช ุจู†ู‚ู„ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุงุท ูˆุตูˆู„ุง ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุณูู„ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุณุชุทูŠู„
14:49
you can see that the cities for the existing three billion urban residents
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชุฑู‰ ุฃู† ู„ุณูƒุงู† ุงู„ู…ุฏู† 3000000000 ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ุญุถุฑูŠุฉ
14:53
take up only three percent of the arable land on earth.
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ุงุฎุฐ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ ูู‚ุธ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุงุถูŠ ุงู„ุตุงู„ุญุฉ ู„ู„ุฒุฑุงุนุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ.
14:57
So if we wanted to build cities for another billion people,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฅุฐุง ุฃุฑุฏู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุจู†ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฏู† ู„ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ุดุฎุต ุขุฎุฑ ุŒ
15:00
they would be dots like this.
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ูุฅู†ู‡ุง ุณุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุงุท.
15:02
We'd go from three percent of the arable land, to four percent.
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ู†ุฐู‡ุจ ู…ู† ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุงุถูŠ ุงู„ุตุงู„ุญุฉ ู„ู„ุฒุฑุงุนุฉ ุŒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ.
15:05
We'd dramatically reduce the human footprint on Earth
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ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุจุงุฏุฑ ู„ู„ุญุฏ ุจุดูƒู„ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุฃุซุฑ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ
15:09
by building more cities that people can move to.
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ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุจู†ุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฏู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุงู†ุชู‚ุงู„ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง.
15:11
And if these are cities governed by good rules,
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฏู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญูƒู…ู‡ุง ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุฌูŠุฏุฉ ุŒ
15:14
they can be cities where people are safe from crime,
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุฏู† ุญูŠุซ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ููŠ ู…ุฃู…ู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌุฑูŠู…ุฉ ุŒ
15:17
safe from disease and bad sanitation,
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ููŠ ู…ุฃู…ู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุถ ูˆุณูˆุก ุงู„ุตุฑู ุงู„ุตุญูŠ ุŒ
15:20
where people have a chance to get a job.
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ุญูŠุซ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ูุฑุตุฉ ู„ู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุธูŠูุฉ.
15:22
They can get basic utilities like electricity.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ู… ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฑุงูู‚ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุจุงุก.
15:24
Their kids can get an education.
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู….
15:27
So what will it take to get started
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ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุง ูŠุณุชู„ุฒู… ู„ู†ุจุฏุฃ
15:29
building the first charter cities,
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ุจู†ุงุก ู…ุฏู† ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงูˆู„ุงุช ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุŒ
15:31
scaling this so we build many more?
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุญุฌูŠู… ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุจู†ุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ุงุŸ
15:33
It would help to have a manual.
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ูˆุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ู‡ุง ุฏู„ูŠู„.
15:35
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
15:39
What university professors could do
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ู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูุนู„ู‡ ุฃุณุงุชุฐุฉ ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนุงุช
15:41
is write some details that might go into this manual.
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ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุชูุงุตูŠู„ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ุฏ ุชุถุงู ุงู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฏู„ูŠู„.
15:45
You wouldn't want to let us run the cities,
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ุฃู†ุช ู„ุง ุชุฑูŠุฏ ุงู„ุณู…ุงุญ ู„ู†ุง ุจุงุฏุงุฑุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฏู† ุŒ
15:48
go out and design them.
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ุงุฐู‡ุจ ูˆุตู…ู…ู‡ุง .
15:50
You wouldn't let academics out in the wild. (Laughter)
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ุฃู†ุช ู„ุง ุชุฏุน ุงู„ุฃูƒุงุฏูŠู…ูŠูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฉ. (ุถุญูƒ)
15:53
But, you could set us to work thinking about questions like,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุŒ ู‡ู„ ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู†ุง ูƒู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ููŠ ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ู…ุซู„ ุŒ
15:56
suppose it isn't just Canada
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ู„ู†ูุชุฑุถ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู„ูŠุณุช ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ูƒู†ุฏุง
15:58
that does the deal with Raul Castro.
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ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุน ุฑุงุคูˆู„ ูƒุงุณุชุฑูˆ.
16:01
Perhaps Brazil comes in as a participant,
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ุฑุจู…ุง ุชุฃุชูŠ ุงู„ุจุฑุงุฒูŠู„ ูƒู…ุดุงุฑูƒ ุŒ
16:04
and Spain as well. And perhaps Cuba wants to be
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ูˆุงุณุจุงู†ูŠุง ูƒุฐู„ูƒ. ูˆุฑุจู…ุง ุชุฑูŠุฏ ุงู† ุชูƒูˆู† ูƒูˆุจุง
16:06
one of the partners in a four-way joint venture.
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ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุงุก ููŠ ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ูˆุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู…ุดุงุฑูŠุน ู…ุดุชุฑูƒุฉ.
16:09
How would we write the treaty to do that?
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ูƒูŠู ู†ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ู…ุนุงู‡ุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒุŸ
16:11
There is less precedent for that, but that could easily be worked out.
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ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุณุงุจู‚ุฉ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ. ูˆู„ูƒู† ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู‡ู„ ุงู„ุชูˆุตู„ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง.
16:14
How would we finance this?
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ูƒูŠู ู†ู…ูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุงุŸ
16:16
Turns out Singapore and Hong Kong
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ุชุจูŠู† ุงู† ุณู†ุบุงููˆุฑุฉ ูˆู‡ูˆู†ุบ ูƒูˆู†ุบ
16:18
are cities that made huge gains
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ูˆุงู„ู…ุฏู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ุญู‚ู‚ุช ู…ูƒุงุณุจ ุถุฎู…ุฉ
16:20
on the value of the land that they owned when they got started.
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ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ุชู„ูƒูˆู†ู‡ุง ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุจุฏุฃูˆุง .
16:23
You could use the gains on the value of the land
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ู‡ู„ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ู…ูƒุงุณุจ ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ
16:25
to pay for things like the police, the courts,
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ู„ุฏูุน ุซู…ู† ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุดุฑุทุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุญุงูƒู….
16:28
but the school system and the health care system too,
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ูˆู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู… ูˆู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุฑุนุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตุญูŠุฉ ุฃูŠุถุง ุŒ
16:30
which make this a more attractive place to live,
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ู…ู…ุง ูŠุฌุนู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฌุงุฐุจูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุนูŠุด ููŠู‡.
16:33
makes this a place where people have higher incomes --
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ู„ุฌุนู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุญูŠุซ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุฏุฎู„ ุฃุนู„ู‰ ุŒ
16:35
which, incidentally, makes the land more valuable.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุŒ ุจุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉ ุŒ ูŠุฌุนู„ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ.
16:38
So the incentives for the people helping to construct this zone
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญูˆุงูุฒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณุงุนุฏ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุนู„ู‰ ุจู†ุงุก ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ
16:41
and build it, and set up the basic rules,
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ูˆุจู†ุงุกู‡ุง ุŒ ูˆูˆุถุน ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ุŒ
16:44
go very much in the right direction.
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ู„ุชุณูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ.
16:46
So there are many other details like this.
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ุญุชู‰ ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุชูุงุตูŠู„ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู‚ุจูŠู„.
16:48
How could we have buildings that are
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ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู…ุจุงู†ูŠ
16:50
low cost and affordable for people who work
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ู…ู†ุฎูุถุฉ ุงู„ุชูƒู„ูุฉ ูˆุจุฃุณุนุงุฑ ู…ุนู‚ูˆู„ุฉ ู„ู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุนู…ู„ูˆู†
16:52
in a first job, assembling something like an iPhone,
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ููŠ ุฃูˆู„ ูุฑุตุฉ ุนู…ู„ ุŒ ู„ุชุฌู…ูŠุน ู…ุง ูŠุดุจู‡ ุงู„ุงูŠ ููˆู†ุŸ
16:55
but make those buildings energy efficient,
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ูˆุฌุนู„ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุจุงู†ูŠ ูƒููˆุกุฉ ููŠ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุŒ
16:57
and make sure that they are safe, so they don't fall down
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ูˆุงู„ุชุฃูƒุฏ ู…ู† ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุขู…ู†ุฉ ุŒ ุญุชู‰ ู„ุง ุชุณู‚ุท
16:59
in an earthquake or a hurricane.
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ููŠ ูˆู‚ูˆุน ุฒู„ุฒุงู„ ุฃูˆ ุฅุนุตุงุฑ.
17:02
Many technical details to be worked out,
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ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชูุงุตูŠู„ ุงู„ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชุนูŠู† ุญู„ู‡ุง ุŒ
17:04
but those of us who are already starting to pursue these things
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุจุฏุฃูˆุง ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ููŠ ู…ุชุงุจุนุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ
17:08
can already tell that there is no roadblock,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุฃูŠ ุญุงุฌุฒ ุŒ
17:10
there's no impediment, other than a failure of imagination,
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ุงูˆ ุฃูŠ ุนุงุฆู‚ ุŒ ูˆุบูŠุฑู‡ุง ู…ู† ู…ุนูˆู‚ุงุช ุงู„ุฎูŠุงู„ ุŒ
17:13
that will keep us from delivering on
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ู…ู† ุดุฃู†ู‡ุง ุฃู† ุชุฌุนู„ู†ุง ู†ุตู„ ุงู„ู‰
17:15
a truly global win-win solution.
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ุญู„ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ู…ุชูƒุงูู‰ุก ุญู‚ุง .
17:20
Let me conclude with this picture.
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ูˆุงุณู…ุญูˆุง ู„ูŠ ุฃู† ุฃุฎุชุชู… ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ.
17:23
The reason we can be so well off,
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ูˆุงู„ุณุจุจ ููŠ ุฃู†ู†ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ู†ูƒูˆู† ุฌูŠุฏูŠู† ุชุฌุงู‡ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ุŒ
17:25
even though there is so many people on earth,
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ุญุชู‰ ูˆู„ูˆ ุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุŒ
17:27
is because of the power of ideas.
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ุจุณุจุจ ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุฃููƒุงุฑ.
17:30
We can share ideas with other people,
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุชุจุงุฏู„ ุงู„ุฃููƒุงุฑ ู…ุน ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุขุฎุฑูŠู† ุŒ
17:32
and when they discover them, they share with us.
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠูƒุชุดููˆู†ู‡ุง ุŒ ูŠุดุงุฑูƒูˆู†ู†ุง ุจู‡ุง.
17:34
It's not like scarce objects,
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ู„ูŠุณุช ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู†ุงุฏุฑุฉ ุŒ
17:36
where sharing means we each get less.
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ุญูŠุซ ุชู‚ุงุณู… ูˆุณุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ.
17:38
When we share ideas we all get more.
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ุชุจุงุฏู„ ุงู„ุฃููƒุงุฑ ู†ุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ.
17:41
When we think about ideas in that way,
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ููƒุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃููƒุงุฑ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุŒ
17:43
we usually think about technologies.
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ุนุงุฏุฉ ู†ููƒุฑ ุจุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุงุช.
17:45
But there is another class of ideas:
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูุฆุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃููƒุงุฑ :
17:47
the rules that govern how we interact with each other;
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ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญูƒู… ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชูุงุนู„ ู…ุน ุจุนุถู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุนุถ.
17:50
rules like, let's have a tax system
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ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ู…ุซู„ ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุธุงู… ุถุฑูŠุจูŠ
17:52
that supports a research university
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ูŠุฏุนู… ุงุจุญุงุซ ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ
17:54
that gives away certain kinds of knowledge for free.
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ูŠุนุทูŠ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ู…ุฌุงู†ุง.
17:57
Let's have a system where we have ownership of land
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ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุธุงู… ุญูŠุซ ู…ู„ูƒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ
17:59
that is registered in a government office,
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ุงู„ู…ุชุณุฌู„ุฉ ููŠ ู…ูƒุชุจ ุญูƒูˆู…ูŠ ุŒ
18:01
that people can pledge as collateral.
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู„ู†ุงุณ ุฃู† ุชุนู‡ุฏู‡ุง ุถู…ุงู†.
18:03
If we can keep innovating on our space of rules,
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ุงุณุชุทุนู†ุง ุงู„ุญูุงุธ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุจุชูƒุงุฑ ููŠ ูุถุงุฆู†ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุŒ
18:05
and particularly innovate in the sense
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ูˆุงู„ุงุจุชูƒุงุฑ ู„ุง ุณูŠู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุดุนูˆุฑ
18:07
of coming up with rules for changing rules,
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ู„ุงูŠุฌุงุฏ ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ู„ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุŒ
18:09
so we don't get stuck with bad rules,
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ุญุชู‰ ู„ุง ู†ุชูˆุฑุท ู…ุน ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุณูŠุฆุฉ ุŒ
18:12
then we can keep moving progress forward
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ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ูˆุงุตู„ ุงู„ู…ุถูŠ ู‚ุฏู…ุง ู„ู„ุงู…ุงู…
18:15
and truly make the world a better place,
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ู„ุฌุนู„ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ู…ูƒุงู†ุง ุฃูุถู„ ุŒ
18:17
so that people like Nelson and his friends
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ุญุชู‰ ุฃู† ู†ุงุณ ู…ุซู„ ู†ูŠู„ุณูˆู† ูˆุงุตุฏู‚ุงุฆู‡
18:20
don't have to study any longer under the streetlights. Thank you.
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ู„ุง ูŠู‚ุถูˆุง ูˆู‚ุช ุฃุทูˆู„ ู„ู„ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุชุญุช ุถูˆุก ุงู„ุดูˆุงุฑุน. ุดูƒุฑุง ู„ูƒู….
18:23
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7