Paul Romer: Why the world needs charter cities

163,408 views ใƒป 2009-08-05

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Hooyoung Jang ๊ฒ€ํ† : InHyuk Song
00:18
Take a look at this picture.
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”
00:21
It poses a very fascinating puzzle for us.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์ˆจ์–ด์žˆ์–ด์š”.
00:24
These African students are doing their homework
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์ด ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ™์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
00:28
under streetlights at the airport in the capital city
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๊ณตํ•ญ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ ๋ฐ‘์—์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
because they don't have any electricity at home.
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์ด ์•„์ด๋“ค ์ง‘์—” ์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
Now, I haven't met these particular students,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜ ๋ณธ์ ์€ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ
00:37
but I've met students like them.
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๋น„์Šทํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ์€ ๋ณธ ์  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
Let's just pick one -- for example, the one in the green shirt.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ด ์ดˆ๋ก์ƒ‰ ์˜ท์„ ์ž…์€ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
00:43
Let's give him a name, too: Nelson.
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์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๋„ฌ์Šจ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด๋‘์ฃ .
00:45
I'll bet Nelson has a cellphone.
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์ „ ๋„ฌ์Šจ์ด ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ํ™•์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:48
So here is the puzzle.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๋ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
Why is it that Nelson has access
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์–ด์งธ์„œ ๋„ฌ์Šจ์ด ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ ๊ฐ™์€
00:52
to a cutting-edge technology, like the cellphone,
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์ฒจ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ
00:55
but doesn't have access to a 100-year-old technology
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์ง‘์—์„œ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” 100๋…„์ „ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€
00:58
for generating electric light in the home?
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๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
01:02
Now, in a word, the answer is "rules."
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ํ•œ๋งˆ๋””๋กœ ๋งํ•ด, '๊ทœ์น™' ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
Bad rules can prevent the kind of win-win solution that's available
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๋‚˜์œ ๊ทœ์น™์€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ด์ต์„ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
when people can bring new technologies in
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋„์ž…๋˜์–ด
01:13
and make them available to someone like Nelson.
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๋„ฌ์Šจ ๊ฐ™์€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
01:16
What kinds of rules?
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๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ฌด์Šจ ๊ทœ์น™์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
01:18
The electric company in this nation
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์ด ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š”
01:21
operates under a rule, which says that it has to sell
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๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ
01:23
electricity at a very low, subsidized price --
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์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ ์šฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:26
in fact, a price that is so low it loses money on every unit that it sells.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋‚ฎ์œผ๋ฉด, ํŒ” ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์†์‹ค์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
01:30
So it has neither the resources, nor the incentives,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์ „๊ธฐ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ž์›๋„ ํ˜œํƒ๋„ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋ผ
01:34
to hook up many other users.
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์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
The president wanted to change this rule.
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๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ์ด ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
01:39
He's seen that it's possible to have a different set of rules,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
rules where businesses earn a small profit,
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์‚ฌ์—…์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
01:45
so they have an incentive to sign up more customers.
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๊ณ ๊ฐ์„ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜œํƒ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒจ์ฃ .
01:47
That's the kind of rules that the cellphone company
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๋„ฌ์Šจ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ทœ์น™์ด
01:51
that Nelson purchases his telephony from operates under.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
The president has seen how those rules worked well.
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๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ์ด ๊ทœ์น™์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
01:58
So he tried to change the rules for pricing on electricity,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
02:01
but ran into a firestorm of protest
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ํ•ญ์˜์— ๋งˆ์ฃผ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
from businesses and consumers
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์‚ฌ์—…์ž์™€ ๊ณ ๊ฐ ์–‘์ชฝ ๋ชจ๋‘
02:05
who wanted to preserve the existing subsidized rates.
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ํ˜„ํ–‰ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋žฌ๋˜ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
So he was stuck with rules that prevented him
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ด์ต์„ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
02:13
from letting the win-win solution help his country.
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๊ทœ์น™์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
02:18
And Nelson is stuck studying under the streetlights.
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๋„ฌ์Šจ๋„ ๊ณ„์† ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ ๋ฐ‘์—์„œ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
02:23
The real challenge then, is to try to figure out
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€,
02:25
how we can change rules.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€์ง€ ์ฐพ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
Are there some rules we can develop for changing rules?
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๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๊ทœ์น™์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
02:32
I want to argue that there is a general abstract insight
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์ง๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ด์„œ, ์–ด๋Š์ชฝ์ด ๋” ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ๊ฑด์ง€
02:36
that we can make practical,
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
02:38
which is that, if we can give more choices to people,
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€,
02:41
and more choices to leaders --
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ง€๋„์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
02:45
who, in many countries, are also people.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ง€๋„์ž๋„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๊ธด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ.
02:48
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:51
But, it's useful to present the opposition between these two.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋‘˜์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
Because the kind of choice you might want to give to a leader,
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์ง€๋„์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ค„ ์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ,
02:58
a choice like giving the president the choice
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๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์ „๊ธฐ์„ธ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€
03:00
to raise prices on electricity,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์„ ํƒ์ด
03:03
takes away a choice that people in the economy want.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์„ ๋ฌต์‚ดํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
They want the choice to be able to continue consuming
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ„์† ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด์„œ
03:08
subsidized electric power.
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์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•˜๊ธธ ์›ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
03:11
So if you give just to one side or the other,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ์ชฝ์— ์ค˜๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋ฉด
03:13
you'll have tension or friction.
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๊ธด์žฅ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
But if we can find ways to give more choices to both,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–‘์ชฝ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:19
that will give us a set of rules
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๊ทœ์น™์˜ ๋ซ์—์„œ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ
03:21
for changing rules that get us out of traps.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
Now, Nelson also has access to the Internet.
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๋„ฌ์Šจ์€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์—๋„ ์ ‘์† ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
And he says that if you want to see
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ,
03:31
the damaging effects of rules,
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๊ทœ์น™์˜ ํํ˜œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด์„œ
03:33
the ways that rules can keep people in the dark,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋‘ ์†์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด
03:35
look at the pictures from NASA of the earth at night.
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์ด NASA์—์„œ ์ฐ์€ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ณด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:39
In particular check out Asia.
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์•„์‹œ์•„๋ฅผ ์œ ์‹ฌํžˆ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
03:41
If you zoom in here,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉด
03:44
you can see North Korea, in outline here,
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๋ถํ•œ์˜ ์œค๊ณฝ์ด ๋ณด์ด์ฃ .
03:46
which is like a black hole compared to its neighbors.
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์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ธ”๋ž™ํ™€ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
Now, you won't be surprised to learn
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์ด์   ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋†€๋ž์ง€ ์•Š์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
that the rules in North Korea
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๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๊ทœ์น™์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„
03:53
keep people there in the dark.
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์–ด๋‘ก๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:55
But it is important to recognize
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
03:57
that North Korea and South Korea
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๋ถํ•œ๊ณผ ๋‚จํ•œ์ด
03:59
started out with identical sets of rules
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๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ทœ์น™์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
in both the sense of laws and regulations,
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๋ฒ•์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทœ์ œ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜๋ฏธ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
04:04
but also in the deeper senses of understandings,
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์ข€๋” ์‹ฌ์ธต์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ
04:08
norms, culture, values and beliefs.
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์œค๋ฆฌ, ๋ฌธํ™”, ๊ฐ€์น˜, ๋ฏฟ์Œ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋™์ผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
When they separated, they made choices
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ถ„๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ์„๋•Œ ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ
04:14
that led to very divergent paths
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์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทœ์น™์˜ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋กœ
04:16
for their sets of rules.
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๋…ธ์„ ์ด ๋‚˜๋‰œ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
So we can change -- we as humans can change the rules
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์€ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
that we use to interact with each other,
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๊ธฐ์กด์— ํ•˜๋˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ
04:23
for better, or for worse.
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๋” ๋‚˜์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋„, ํ˜น์€ ๋” ๋‚˜๋น ์งˆ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:27
Now let's look at another region, the Caribbean.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”. ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ ํ•ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
Zoom in on Haiti,
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์•„์ดํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
04:32
in outline here.
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์œค๊ณฝ์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
Haiti is also dark,
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์•„์ดํ‹ฐ๋„ ์—ญ์‹œ ์–ด๋‘ก์ง€์š”.
04:36
compared to its neighbor here, the Dominican Republic,
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์ด์›ƒ๋‚˜๋ผ์ธ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
04:39
which has about the same number of residents.
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๋‘ ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
Both of these countries are dark compared to Puerto Rico,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ํ‘ธ์—ํ† ๋ฆฌ์ฝ”๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์–ด๋‘ก์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
which has half as many residents
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์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ดํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ ๋„๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์นด์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ
04:47
as either Haiti or the Dominican Republic.
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๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
04:50
What Haiti warns us is that
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์•„์ดํ‹ฐ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š”
04:52
rules can be bad because governments are weak.
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์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทœ์น™์ด ๋‚˜๋น ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹จ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
It's not just that the rules are bad because
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๊ทœ์น™์ด ๋‚˜์œ ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
04:58
the government is too strong and oppressive, as in North Korea.
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๋ถํ•œ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ต์••์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
So that if we want to create environments with good rules,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ข‹์€ ๊ทœ์น™์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๋ฉด
05:04
we can't just tear down.
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๊นจ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
05:06
We've got to find ways to build up, as well.
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๊ฑด์„คํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
Now, China dramatically demonstrates
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์ตœ๊ทผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ์ž˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:13
both the potential and the challenges
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๊ทœ์น™์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ผ์˜
05:15
of working with rules.
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์ค‘์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ์–ด๋ ค์›€ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
Back in the beginning of the data presented in this chart,
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์ด ์ฐจํŠธ์˜ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
05:21
China was the world's high-technology leader.
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์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๋ฆฌ๋”์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:24
Chinese had pioneered technologies like steel, printing, gunpowder.
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์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ฒ , ์ธ์‡„์ˆ , ํ™”์•ฝ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
05:29
But the Chinese never adopted, at least in that period,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‘์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
05:32
effective rules for encouraging the spread of those ideas --
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์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์„ ๋„๋ฆฌ ํผ๋œจ๋ฆด, ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ทœ์น™์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:36
a profit motive that could have encouraged the spread.
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์ด์œค์ด ๋‚จ๋Š” ๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ™•์‚ฐ์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋งˆ๋ จ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
And they soon adopted rules which
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ
05:40
slowed down innovation
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ํ˜์‹ ์„ ๋‘”ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ทœ์น™์„ ํƒํ–ˆ๊ณ 
05:43
and cut China off from the rest of the world.
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์ค‘๊ตญ์„ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
So as other countries in the world innovated,
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ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
05:48
in the sense both of developing
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„
05:50
newer technologies,
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
05:52
but also developing newer rules,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด๋‚ธ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
05:54
the Chinese were cut off from those advances.
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์ค‘๊ตญ๋„ ๊ทธ ์žฅ์ ์—์„œ ์ ์  ๋ฉ€์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
Income there stayed stagnant,
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์†Œ๋“์€ ์ œ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:00
as it zoomed ahead in the rest of the world.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋กœ ์ด๋“์ด ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์— ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
This next chart looks at more recent data.
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๋‹ค์Œ ์ฐจํŠธ๋Š” ์ข€๋” ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
It plots income, average income in China
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์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ ์†Œ๋“์„
06:08
as a percentage of average income in the United States.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์†Œ๋“์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํผ์„ผํ‹ฐ์ง€๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
In the '50s and '60s you can see that it was hovering at about three percent.
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50~60๋…„๋Œ€์—๋Š” 3ํผ์„ผํŠธ ์ •๋„์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
But then in the late '70s something changed.
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70๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์— ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
06:17
Growth took off in China. The Chinese started catching up
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์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ
06:20
very quickly with the United States.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์žก๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
If you go back to the map at night, you can get a clue
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๋ฐค์˜ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ์•„๋งˆ ํžŒํŠธ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
to the process that lead to the dramatic change in rules in China.
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์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ทœ์น™์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋€ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
06:29
The brightest spot in China,
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์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฐ์€ ์ง€์ ์€
06:32
which you can see on the edge of the outline here,
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์ด ํ…Œ๋‘๋ฆฌ ์ชฝ์—์„œ ๋ณด์‹ค์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
06:35
is Hong Kong.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ™์ฝฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:37
Hong Kong was a small bit of China
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ํ™์ฝฉ์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:40
that, for most of the 20th century,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„
06:42
operated under a very different set of rules
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์ค‘๊ตญ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ๋ณธํ† ์™€๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทœ์น™์œผ๋กœ
06:44
than the rest of mainland China --
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์šด์˜๋˜์–ด ์˜จ ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
rules that were copied
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ํ™์ฝฉ์˜ ๊ทœ์น™๋“ค์€
06:48
from working market economies of the time,
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๋‹น์‹œ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์›๋ฆฌ์™€
06:50
and administered by the British.
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์‹œ์žฅ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ ๋‚€ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
06:53
In the 1950s, Hong Kong was a place where
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1950๋…„๋Œ€์— ํ™์ฝฉ์€
06:56
millions of people could go, from the mainland,
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ณธํ† ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
06:58
to start in jobs like sewing shirts, making toys.
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์…”์ธ , ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋Ÿฌ ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:03
But, to get on a process of increasing income,
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์†Œ๋“์˜ ์ฆ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ
07:06
increasing skills
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€
07:08
led to very rapid growth there.
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๊ธ‰์†ํ•œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ๋‚ธ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
Hong Kong was also the model
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ํ™์ฝฉ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฉ์ƒค์˜คํ•‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์˜
07:13
which leaders like Deng Xiaoping
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๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:16
could copy, when they decided to move
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์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ณธํ† ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”
07:18
all of the mainland towards the market model.
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์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๋œ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
But Deng Xiaoping instinctively understood
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฉ์ƒค์˜คํ•‘์€ ์ง๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
07:24
the importance of offering choices to his people.
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์„ ํƒ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ค˜์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:28
So instead of forcing everyone in China
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ์‹œ์žฅ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ
07:31
to shift immediately to the market model,
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๋‹จ์ˆจ์— ๋„์ž…์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ,
07:33
they proceeded by creating some special zones
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ํŠน๋ณ„๊ตฌ์—ญ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:36
that could do, in a sense, what Britain did:
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์˜๊ตญ์ด ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
07:38
make the opportunity to go work with the market rules
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๊ทธ๊ณณ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ ์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
07:40
available to the people who wanted to opt in there.
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์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
07:43
So they created four special economic zones around Hong Kong:
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ™์ฝฉ ์ฃผ์œ„์— 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํŠน๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:46
zones where Chinese could come and work,
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์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฑด๋„ˆ์™€์„œ ์ผ์„ ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
07:49
and cities grew up very rapidly there;
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๋„์‹œ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
07:51
also zones where foreign firms could come in
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์™ธ๊ตญ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ฑด๋„ˆ์™€์„œ
07:54
and make things.
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๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:56
One of the zones next to Hong Kong has a city called Shenzhen.
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ํ™์ฝฉ ์˜†์—์žˆ๋Š” ํŠน๊ตฌ์—๋Š” ์„ ์ „์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:59
In that city there is a Taiwanese firm
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๊ทธ ๋„์‹œ์—๋Š” ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋งŒ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
08:02
that made the iPhone that many of you have,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„์ดํฐ์€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
and they made it with labor from Chinese
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์„ ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์˜
08:08
who moved there to Shenzhen.
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๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ง€์š”.
08:10
So after the four special zones,
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4๊ฐœ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํŠน๊ตฌ ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
08:12
there were 14 coastal cites
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14๊ฐœ ํ•ด์•ˆ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:14
that were open in the same sense,
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๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๋œ ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:16
and eventually demonstrated successes
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์„ฑ๊ณต ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:19
in these places that people could opt in to,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ด์ต์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ 
08:21
that they flocked to because of the advantages they offered.
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๋ชฐ๋ ค๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:24
Demonstrated successes there led to a consensus for
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์ด ์„ฑ๊ณต ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
08:28
a move toward the market model for the entire economy.
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์‹œ์žฅ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋Œ์–ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
Now the Chinese example shows us several points.
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์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํฌ์ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:37
One is: preserve choices for people.
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์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์„ ํƒ์„ ์กด์ค‘ํ•  ๊ฒƒ
08:40
Two: operate on the right scale.
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๋‘˜์งธ, ์ ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ
08:42
If you try to change the rules in a village, you could do that,
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๋งˆ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‰ฝ์ง€์š”.
08:45
but a village would be too small
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งˆ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ž‘์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
to get the kinds of benefits you can get if you have millions of people
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์ผํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋ช…์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
08:49
all working under good rules.
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ด์ต์„ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์ง€์š”.
08:51
On the other hand, the nation is too big.
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:54
If you try to change the rules in the nation,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:56
you can't give some people a chance
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์ƒˆ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์ž ์‹œ ๋ณด๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
08:58
to hold back, see how things turn out,
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‹ ์ค‘ํžˆ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค,
09:00
and let others zoom ahead and try the new rules.
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์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํ”ผ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:03
But cities give you this opportunity
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋„์‹œ๋Š”, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์žฅ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ 
09:05
to create new places,
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์ข‹์€ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:07
with new rules that people can opt in to.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์„ธ์šธ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
09:09
And they're large enough
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋„์‹œ๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
to get all of the benefits that we can have
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ผ์„ ํ•ด์„œ
09:13
when millions of us work together under good rules.
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ์–ป์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
So the proposal is that we
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
09:20
conceive of something called a charter city.
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'์ฐจํ„ฐ์‹œํ‹ฐ'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
We start with a charter that specifies
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๋ช…์‹œํ•œ
09:25
all the rules required
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๋ชฉ๋ก(์ฐจํ„ฐ)์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ
09:27
to attract the people who we'll need to build the city.
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๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:31
We'll need to attract the investors
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์ธํ”„๋ผ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ• 
09:33
who will build out the infrastructure --
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ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋“ค๋„ ๋Œ์–ด์™€์•ผ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
09:35
the power system, the roads, the port, the airport, the buildings.
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์ „๋ ฅ, ๋„๋กœ, ํ•ญ๊ตฌ, ๊ณตํ•ญ, ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๋“ฑ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:38
You'll need to attract firms,
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์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ์šฉํ• 
09:40
who will come hire the people who move there first.
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ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋„ ๋Œ์–ด์™€์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:43
And you'll need to attract families,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ์™€์„œ ์˜์›ํžˆ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐˆ
09:45
the residents who will come and live there permanently,
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๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค๋„ ๋ฐ๋ ค์™€์•ผ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
09:47
raise their children, get an education for their children,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ž์‹์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๊ณ , ๊ต์œก์„ ์‹œ์ผœ์„œ
09:49
and get their first job.
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๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋„ ์ง์—…์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:51
With that charter, people will move there.
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๊ทœ์น™์ด ์ ํžŒ ์ฐจํ„ฐ๋งŒ ์žˆ์–ด๋„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:54
The city can be built.
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๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:56
And we can scale this model.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ํ‚ค์›Œ์„œ
09:58
We can go do it over and over again.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๊ณ„์† ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
10:02
To make it work, we need good rules. We've already discussed that.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„ , ์ผ๋‹จ ์ข‹์€ ๊ทœ์น™์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
10:05
Those are captured in the charter.
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์ข‹์€ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์ฐจํ„ฐ์— ๋ช…์‹œํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:07
We also need the choices for people.
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๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ๋„ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:10
That's really built into the model
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋•…์—
10:12
if we allow for the possibility of building cities
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๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
10:15
on uninhabited land.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:17
You start from uninhabited territory.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:19
People can come live under the new charter,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฐจํ„ฐ ์•„๋ž˜ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
but no one is forced to live under it.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:24
The final thing we need are choices for leaders.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๋„์ž๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:27
And, to achieve the kind of choices we want for leaders
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋„์ž๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋ ค๋จผ
10:29
we need to allow for the potential for partnerships between nations:
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‰ฝ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:33
cases where nations work together,
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
10:35
in effect, de facto,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ,
10:37
the way China and Britain worked together
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์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ์˜๊ตญ์ด ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€
10:39
to build, first a little enclave of the market model,
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๋จผ์ € ์‹œ์žฅ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
10:43
and then scale it throughout China.
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๊ทธ ํ›„์— ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
10:45
In a sense, Britain, inadvertently,
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์–ด๋–ค ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ, ์˜๊ตญ์€ ์˜๋„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
10:47
through its actions in Hong Kong,
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ํ™์ฝฉ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
10:49
did more to reduce world poverty
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์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚จ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
than all the aid programs that we've undertaken
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์ง€๋‚œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋™์•ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์ˆ˜๋‹จ๋ณด๋‹ค
10:54
in the last century.
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๋” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:56
So if we allow for these kind of partnerships
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„
10:58
to replicate this again,
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ ค๋ฉด
11:00
we can get those kinds of benefits scaled throughout the world.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋„์ฒ˜๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:04
In some cases this will involve a delegation of responsibility,
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์œ„์ž„ํ•ด์•ผํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:08
a delegation of control from one country to another
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ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ
11:12
to take over certain kinds of administrative responsibilities.
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๋„˜๊ฒจ์ค˜์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:16
Now, when I say that,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ฉด
11:19
some of you are starting to think,
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
11:21
"Well, is this just bringing back colonialism?"
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"๊ธ€์Ž„, ์ด๊ฑด ์‹๋ฏผ์ฃผ์˜๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ์•„ ๊ฐ€์ž๋Š”๊ฑฐ ์•„๋‹Œ๊ฐ€?"
11:26
It's not. But it's important to recognize that the kind of emotions
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์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ์ •๋“ค์ด ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค
11:30
that come up when we start to think about these things,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์—
11:32
can get in the way, can make us pull back,
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์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์ด ๋˜๊ณ , ๊บผ๋ ค์ง€๊ฒŒ๋” ํ•˜๊ณ ,
11:35
can shut down our ability,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ๋” ํ•˜๊ณ ,
11:37
and our interest in trying to explore new ideas.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘๊ฒŒ๋” ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:40
Why is this not like colonialism?
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์™œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹๋ฏผ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ƒ๊ตฌ์š”?
11:42
The thing that was bad about colonialism,
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์‹๋ฏผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋‚˜์œ์ ,
11:45
and the thing which is residually bad in some of our aid programs,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•œ ๋‚˜์œ์ ์˜
11:49
is that it involved elements of
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๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ
11:51
coercion and condescension.
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๊ฐ•์ œ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์šฐ์›”๊ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:54
This model is all about choices,
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์ œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ ์„ ํƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
both for leaders and for the people who will live in these new places.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ง€๋„์ž์™€ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:00
And, choice is the antidote to coercion and condescension.
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์„ ํƒ์ด์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ๊ฐ•์ œ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์šฐ์›”๊ฐ์˜ ํ•ด๋…์ œ์ง€์š”.
12:04
So let's talk about how this could play out in practice.
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์ข€๋” ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”.
12:07
Let's take a particular leader, Raul Castro, who is the leader of Cuba.
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๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ธ๋ฌผ, ์ฟ ๋ฐ”์˜ ์ง€๋„์ž ๋ผ์šธ ์นด์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
12:10
It must have occurred to Castro
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๋ถ„๋ช… ์นด์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”
12:12
that he has the chance to do for Cuba
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๋ฉ์ƒค์˜คํ•‘์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ๋„์ž…ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„
12:15
what Deng Xiaoping did for China,
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์ฟ ๋ฐ”์— ๋„์ž…ํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:17
but he doesn't have a Hong Kong there on the island in Cuba.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฟ ๋ฐ”์—๋Š” ํ™์ฝฉ์ด ์—†์ฃ .
12:21
He does, though, have a little bit of light down in the south
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚จ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๋Œ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:25
that has a very special status.
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์•„์ฃผ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์ธ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ์š”.
12:27
There is a zone there, around Guantanamo Bay,
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๊ด€ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ชจ ๋ฒ ์ด ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์€
12:31
where a treaty gives the United States
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์กฐ์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ์–ด
12:33
administrative responsibility
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๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋„˜๊ฒจ์ค€ ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:35
for a piece of land that's about twice the size of Manhattan.
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๋งจํ•˜ํƒ„ ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ ์ •๋„ ๋˜๋Š” ํฌ๊ธฐ์ง€์š”.
12:38
Castro goes to the prime minister of Canada
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๋ผ์šธ ์นด์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๋Š” ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์ด๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:41
and says, "Look, the Yankees have a terrible PR problem.
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"์–‘ํ‚ค๋“ค ํ™๋ณด์—๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊นŒ.
12:45
They want to get out.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜์ง€.
12:47
Why don't you, Canada, take over?
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์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ณณ์„ ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ป์†Œ?
12:49
Build -- run a special administrative zone.
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ํŠน๋ณ„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ์—ญ์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์š”.
12:53
Allow a new city to be built up there.
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ๋ฝํ•˜๊ฒ ์†Œ.
12:55
Allow many people to come in.
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒ ์†Œ.
12:57
Let us have a Hong Kong nearby.
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๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ํ™์ฝฉ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋งŒ๋“ญ์‹œ๋‹ค.
12:59
Some of my citizens will move into that city as well.
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์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ• ๊ฒƒ์ด์˜ค.
13:02
Others will hold back. But this will be
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ์ € ์ง€์ผœ๋ณด๊ฒ ์ง€. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
13:04
the gateway that will connect
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๊ทธ ๋„์‹œ๋Š” ๊ด€๋ฌธ์ด ๋˜์–ด์„œ
13:06
the modern economy and the modern world
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ, ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ
13:08
to my country."
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ด ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ด์˜ค."
13:10
Now, where else might this model be tried?
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์ž, ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๋˜ ์–ด๋””์— ์ ์šฉ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
13:13
Well, Africa. I've talked with leaders in Africa.
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์ฃ . ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ ์  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:15
Many of them totally get the notion of a special zone
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๊ทธ๋“ค ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ํŠน๋ณ„ ๊ตฌ์—ญ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:19
that people can opt into as a rule.
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๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๊ทœ์น™ ์•„๋ž˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์—ญ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:22
It's a rule for changing rules.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ทœ์น™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:24
It's a way to create new rules, and let people opt-in
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„
13:27
without coercion, and the opposition that coercion can force.
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๊ฐ•์ œ์„ฑ ์—†์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๊ฐ•์ œ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ฃ .
13:31
They also totally get the idea that in some instances
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:34
they can make more credible promises to long-term investors --
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋”์šฑ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:38
the kind of investors who will come build the port,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋“ค์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋„์‹œ์—
13:40
build the roads, in a new city --
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ํ•ญ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋„๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:43
they can make more credible promises
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์‚ฌ์—…์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:45
if they do it along with a partner nation.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋” ํฐ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:47
Perhaps even in some arrangement
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์—์„œ๋Š”
13:49
that's a little bit like an escrow account,
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์—์Šคํฌ๋กœ ์ œ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋„์ž…๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:51
where you put land in the escrow account
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๋•…์„ ์—์Šคํฌ๋กœ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ€๋กœ ๋†“๊ณ 
13:53
and the partner nation takes responsibility for it.
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ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋งก๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
13:56
There is also lots of land in Africa
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—๋Š” ๋•…์ด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:59
where new cities could be built.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:01
This is a picture I took when I was flying along the coast.
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ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ ๋น„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ฐ์€ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:04
There are immense stretches of land like this --
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋•…์ด ์–ด๋งˆ์–ด๋งˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํŽผ์ณ์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:06
land where hundreds of millions of people could live.
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋•…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:09
Now, if we generalize this and think about
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”ํ•ด์„œ
14:11
not just one or two charter cites, but dozens --
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์ฐจํ„ฐ์‹œํ‹ฐ ํ•œ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
14:14
cities that will help create places for the
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๊ทธ ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:18
many hundreds of millions, perhaps billions of people
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ, ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
14:21
who will move to cities in the coming century --
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๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ด ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ๋ชฐ๋ ค๋“ค์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:23
is there enough land for them?
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๋•…์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
14:25
Well, throughout the world, if we look at the lights at night,
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋น›๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐค์˜ ๋ถˆ๋น›์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด,
14:28
the one thing that's misleading is that, visually, it looks
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๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์–ธ๋“ฏ
14:30
like most of the world is already built out.
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์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด์ฃ .
14:32
So let me show you why that's wrong.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑธ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
14:35
Take this representation of all of the land.
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์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋•…์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
14:37
Turn it into a square that stands for
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์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€
14:39
all the arable land on Earth.
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๊ฒฝ์ž‘ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋•…์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:41
And let these dots represent the land that's already taken up
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋„์‹œ์ธ๋ฐ
14:43
by the cities that three billion people now live in.
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๋ชจ๋‘ 30์–ต๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:46
If you move the dots down to the bottom of the rectangle
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์ด ์ ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•์˜ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ์ด๋™์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด
14:49
you can see that the cities for the existing three billion urban residents
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30์–ต๋ช…์˜ ๋„์‹œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์ด์ง€์š”.
14:53
take up only three percent of the arable land on earth.
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๊ฒฝ์ž‘ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ง€์˜ 3%๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:57
So if we wanted to build cities for another billion people,
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10์–ต๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋” ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉด
15:00
they would be dots like this.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์  ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
15:02
We'd go from three percent of the arable land, to four percent.
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๊ฒฝ์ž‘ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ง€์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ 3%์—์„œ 4%๋กœ ๋Š˜๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:05
We'd dramatically reduce the human footprint on Earth
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐœ์ž๊ตญ์„ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:09
by building more cities that people can move to.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด์ฃผํ•  ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋” ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
15:11
And if these are cities governed by good rules,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์ด ์ข‹์€ ๊ทœ์น™ ์•„๋ž˜ ์šด์˜๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
15:14
they can be cities where people are safe from crime,
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์€ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ 
15:17
safe from disease and bad sanitation,
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์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๋น„์œ„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
15:20
where people have a chance to get a job.
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์ง์—…์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:22
They can get basic utilities like electricity.
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์ „๊ธฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์‹œ์„ค๋„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:24
Their kids can get an education.
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์ž๋…€๋“ค์ด ๊ต์œก ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:27
So what will it take to get started
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฐจํ„ฐ ์‹œํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ 
15:29
building the first charter cities,
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์ ์  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
15:31
scaling this so we build many more?
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์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
15:33
It would help to have a manual.
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๋งค๋‰ด์–ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:35
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
15:39
What university professors could do
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๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผํ•  ์ผ์€
15:41
is write some details that might go into this manual.
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๋งค๋‰ด์–ผ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ์„ธ๋ถ€์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:45
You wouldn't want to let us run the cities,
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์ €ํฌ๋“ค์ด ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ณ 
15:48
go out and design them.
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๋””์ž์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์›์น˜๋Š” ์•Š์œผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
15:50
You wouldn't let academics out in the wild. (Laughter)
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ํ•™์ž๋“ค์„ ์•ผ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ชฐ์ง„ ์•Š๊ฒ ์ฃ .(์›ƒ์Œ)
15:53
But, you could set us to work thinking about questions like,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•˜๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:56
suppose it isn't just Canada
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๋ผ์šธ ์นด์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ์™€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ
15:58
that does the deal with Raul Castro.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”.
16:01
Perhaps Brazil comes in as a participant,
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๋ธŒ๋ผ์งˆ๋„ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ๊ณ 
16:04
and Spain as well. And perhaps Cuba wants to be
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์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ๋„ ๋‚˜์„ค์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ฟ ๋ฐ”๋Š”
16:06
one of the partners in a four-way joint venture.
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4๊ฐœ๊ตญ์˜ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ž„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:09
How would we write the treaty to do that?
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—” ์กฐ์•ฝ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์จ์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
16:11
There is less precedent for that, but that could easily be worked out.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์„ ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ด ์–ด๋ ต์ง„ ์•Š์ง€์š”.
16:14
How would we finance this?
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์ž๊ธˆ์€ ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ๋Œ์–ด์˜ฌ๊นŒ์š”?
16:16
Turns out Singapore and Hong Kong
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์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅด์™€ ํ™์ฝฉ๊ฐ™์€ ๋„์‹œ๋Š”
16:18
are cities that made huge gains
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์ฒ˜์Œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋•…์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋กœ
16:20
on the value of the land that they owned when they got started.
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๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋“์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋˜ ๋„์‹œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:23
You could use the gains on the value of the land
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์ด ๋•…์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์ด๋“์œผ๋กœ
16:25
to pay for things like the police, the courts,
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๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ, ๋ฒ•์›๋“ฑ์„ ์„ธ์šธ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
16:28
but the school system and the health care system too,
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ํ•™๊ต๋‚˜ ๋ณ‘์› ๋˜ํ•œ
16:30
which make this a more attractive place to live,
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์„ ๋” ์‚ด๊ธฐ ์ข‹์€ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:33
makes this a place where people have higher incomes --
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์†Œ๋“์ด ๋†’์€ ์ง€์—ญ์ด ๋ ์ˆ˜๋ก
16:35
which, incidentally, makes the land more valuable.
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๋ถ€์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:38
So the incentives for the people helping to construct this zone
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์  ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
16:41
and build it, and set up the basic rules,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
16:44
go very much in the right direction.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์˜ณ์€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:46
So there are many other details like this.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์˜ ์„ธ๋ถ€์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:48
How could we have buildings that are
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๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ์ง€์œผ๋ ค๋ฉด
16:50
low cost and affordable for people who work
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
16:52
in a first job, assembling something like an iPhone,
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์•„์ดํฐ์„ ์กฐ๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์ด ์‚ด๋งŒํ•œ ๊ณณ ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
16:55
but make those buildings energy efficient,
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๊ทธ ์ง‘๋“ค์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๊ณ 
16:57
and make sure that they are safe, so they don't fall down
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์ง€์ง„์ด๋‚˜ ํƒœํ’์— ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ
16:59
in an earthquake or a hurricane.
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์•ˆ์ „ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:02
Many technical details to be worked out,
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ์ผ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:04
but those of us who are already starting to pursue these things
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์‹ค์ œ ์ด ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
17:08
can already tell that there is no roadblock,
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๋ณ„๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:10
there's no impediment, other than a failure of imagination,
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์‹คํŒจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ์ƒ๋งŒ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ด์ฃ .
17:13
that will keep us from delivering on
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‚˜์œ ์ƒ์ƒ์ด์•ผ๋ง๋กœ
17:15
a truly global win-win solution.
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๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ด์ต์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ง‰๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:20
Let me conclude with this picture.
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ง“๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:23
The reason we can be so well off,
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด๋„
17:25
even though there is so many people on earth,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ž˜ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
17:27
is because of the power of ideas.
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์ƒ๊ฐ์˜ ํž˜ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:30
We can share ideas with other people,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋‚จ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ 
17:32
and when they discover them, they share with us.
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๋‚จ๋“ค๋„ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ณต์œ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:34
It's not like scarce objects,
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์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ํฌ์†Œํ•œ ์ž์›์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:36
where sharing means we each get less.
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๋‚˜๋ˆˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
17:38
When we share ideas we all get more.
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์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ์ž์˜ ๋ชซ์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:41
When we think about ideas in that way,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋ฉด
17:43
we usually think about technologies.
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๋ณดํ†ต์€ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
17:45
But there is another class of ideas:
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:47
the rules that govern how we interact with each other;
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๋‚จ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณ ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทœ์น™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:50
rules like, let's have a tax system
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์„ธ๊ธˆ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถฐ์„œ
17:52
that supports a research university
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๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜์—ฌ
17:54
that gives away certain kinds of knowledge for free.
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์ง€์‹์„ ๋ฐฐํฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ทœ์น™ ๊ฐ™์€๊ฒƒ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:57
Let's have a system where we have ownership of land
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ํ† ์ง€ ์†Œ์œ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ
17:59
that is registered in a government office,
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์ •๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ๋“ฑ๋กํ•˜๊ณ 
18:01
that people can pledge as collateral.
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๋‹ด๋ณด๋Œ€์ถœ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ทœ์น™๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
18:03
If we can keep innovating on our space of rules,
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๊ทœ์น™์˜ ํ˜์‹ ์„ ์ง€์†ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
18:05
and particularly innovate in the sense
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ํŠนํžˆ '๊ทœ์น™์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ทœ์น™'์˜
18:07
of coming up with rules for changing rules,
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ํ˜์‹ ์„ ์ง€์†ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
18:09
so we don't get stuck with bad rules,
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๋‚˜์œ ๊ทœ์น™์— ์–ฝ๋งค์ผ ์ผ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:12
then we can keep moving progress forward
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ์ง„๋ณดํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
18:15
and truly make the world a better place,
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์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:17
so that people like Nelson and his friends
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋„ฌ์Šจ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€
18:20
don't have to study any longer under the streetlights. Thank you.
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๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ ๋ฐ‘์—์„œ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:23
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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