Paul Romer: Why the world needs charter cities

162,733 views ใƒป 2009-08-05

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yossi Strassler ืžื‘ืงืจ: Oren Szekatch
00:18
Take a look at this picture.
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ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช
00:21
It poses a very fascinating puzzle for us.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžืงืกื™ืžื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•.
00:24
These African students are doing their homework
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ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืืคืจื™ืงื ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื
00:28
under streetlights at the airport in the capital city
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ืชื—ืช ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ื ืžืœ ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”
00:31
because they don't have any electricity at home.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
00:35
Now, I haven't met these particular students,
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ืืžื ื, ืœื ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
00:37
but I've met students like them.
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ืื‘ืœ ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื”ื.
00:39
Let's just pick one -- for example, the one in the green shirt.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืื—ื“, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ืœืฆื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื”.
00:43
Let's give him a name, too: Nelson.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ื’ื ืฉื: ื ืœืกื•ืŸ.
00:45
I'll bet Nelson has a cellphone.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชืขืจื‘ ืฉืœื ืœืกื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืคืœืืคื•ืŸ.
00:48
So here is the puzzle.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื—ื™ื“ื”.
00:50
Why is it that Nelson has access
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ืฉืœื ืœืกื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ืฉื”
00:52
to a cutting-edge technology, like the cellphone,
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ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจ,
00:55
but doesn't have access to a 100-year-old technology
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืช 100 ืฉื ื™ื
00:58
for generating electric light in the home?
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ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชืื•ืจื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช?
01:02
Now, in a word, the answer is "rules."
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื "ื—ื•ืงื™ื."
01:05
Bad rules can prevent the kind of win-win solution that's available
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ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืจืขื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ "ื›ื•ืœื ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื" ืฉื–ืžื™ืŸ
01:10
when people can bring new technologies in
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
01:13
and make them available to someone like Nelson.
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ื•ืœื”ื•ืคื›ืŸ ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื ืœืกื•ืŸ.
01:16
What kinds of rules?
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ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื?
01:18
The electric company in this nation
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ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช
01:21
operates under a rule, which says that it has to sell
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ืคื•ืขืœืช ืชื—ืช ื›ืœืœ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ
01:23
electricity at a very low, subsidized price --
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ื—ืฉืžืœ ืชื—ืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžืกื•ื‘ืกื“ ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:26
in fact, a price that is so low it loses money on every unit that it sells.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ืžื•ืš, ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืคืกื™ื“ื” ื›ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจืช.
01:30
So it has neither the resources, nor the incentives,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื, ื•ื’ื ืœื ืืช ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื,
01:34
to hook up many other users.
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ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:36
The president wanted to change this rule.
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืจืฆื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื–ื”.
01:39
He's seen that it's possible to have a different set of rules,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืกืฃ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื,
01:42
rules where businesses earn a small profit,
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ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืขืกืงื™ื ื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื• ืจื•ื•ื— ืงื˜ืŸ,
01:45
so they have an incentive to sign up more customers.
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ื•ื›ืš ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
01:47
That's the kind of rules that the cellphone company
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ื–ื” ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจ
01:51
that Nelson purchases his telephony from operates under.
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ืฉื ืœืกื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื” ืฉืœื• ืžื”ื, ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืชื—ืชื.
01:55
The president has seen how those rules worked well.
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืคืขืœื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
01:58
So he tried to change the rules for pricing on electricity,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืœืชื™ืžื—ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ,
02:01
but ran into a firestorm of protest
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ืืš ื”ื•ื ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ืกืขืจืช ืืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืื”
02:03
from businesses and consumers
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ืžืขืกืงื™ื ื•ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช,
02:05
who wanted to preserve the existing subsidized rates.
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ืฉืจืฆื• ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืชืขืจื™ืคื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ืกื“ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
02:09
So he was stuck with rules that prevented him
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ืชืงืข ืขื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืžื ืขื• ืžืžื ื•
02:13
from letting the win-win solution help his country.
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ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ "ื›ื•ืœื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื" ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืืจืฆื•.
02:18
And Nelson is stuck studying under the streetlights.
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ื•ื ืœืกื•ืŸ ืชืงื•ืข ืชื—ืช ืคื ืกื™ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘.
02:23
The real challenge then, is to try to figure out
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ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™, ืื ื›ืš, ื”ื•ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช
02:25
how we can change rules.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื.
02:28
Are there some rules we can develop for changing rules?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉื ื ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืœืœื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืคืชื— ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ืœืœื™ื?
02:32
I want to argue that there is a general abstract insight
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช
02:36
that we can make practical,
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ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืขืฉื™ืช,
02:38
which is that, if we can give more choices to people,
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ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช, ืื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœืชืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช,
02:41
and more choices to leaders --
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื,
02:45
who, in many countries, are also people.
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ืฉื”ื, ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื’ื ืื ืฉื™ื (ืžื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘).
02:48
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:51
But, it's useful to present the opposition between these two.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื–ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
02:55
Because the kind of choice you might want to give to a leader,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืกื•ื’ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ืš ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’,
02:58
a choice like giving the president the choice
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ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ื›ืžื• ืžืชืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœื ืฉื™ื
03:00
to raise prices on electricity,
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ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ,
03:03
takes away a choice that people in the economy want.
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ื’ื•ื–ืœืช ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉื”ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”.
03:06
They want the choice to be able to continue consuming
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ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืฆืจื™ื›ืช
03:08
subsidized electric power.
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ื›ื•ื— ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืžืกื•ื‘ืกื“.
03:11
So if you give just to one side or the other,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืืชื” ืกืชื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืื• ืœืื—ืจ,
03:13
you'll have tension or friction.
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ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืœืš ืžืชื— ืื• ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš.
03:16
But if we can find ways to give more choices to both,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืชืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ื”ื,
03:19
that will give us a set of rules
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ื–ื” ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืื•ืกืฃ ื—ื•ืงื™ื
03:21
for changing rules that get us out of traps.
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ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื™ื—ืœืฆื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืžืœื›ื•ื“ื•ืช.
03:26
Now, Nelson also has access to the Internet.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื ืœืกื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
03:29
And he says that if you want to see
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ืš ืœืจืื•ืช
03:31
the damaging effects of rules,
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ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื,
03:33
the ways that rules can keep people in the dark,
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ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื›ื”,
03:35
look at the pictures from NASA of the earth at night.
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ืชืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื ืืก"ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”.
03:39
In particular check out Asia.
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ืชื‘ื“ืงื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ืืกื™ื”.
03:41
If you zoom in here,
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ืื ืชืชืงืจื‘ื• ืœื›ืืŸ,
03:44
you can see North Korea, in outline here,
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช, ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืชืืจ ื›ืืŸ,
03:46
which is like a black hole compared to its neighbors.
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ืฉื”ื ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืฉื›ื ื•ืชื™ื”.
03:49
Now, you won't be surprised to learn
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื ืชื•ืคืชืขื• ืœืœืžื•ื“
03:51
that the rules in North Korea
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ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช
03:53
keep people there in the dark.
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ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื›ื”.
03:55
But it is important to recognize
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืš
03:57
that North Korea and South Korea
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ืฉืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช
03:59
started out with identical sets of rules
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืขื ืื•ืกืฃ ื–ื”ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื
04:02
in both the sense of laws and regulations,
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืงื ื•ืช.
04:04
but also in the deeper senses of understandings,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช,
04:08
norms, culture, values and beliefs.
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ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช, ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ืืžื•ื ื•ืช.
04:12
When they separated, they made choices
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืŸ ื ืคืจื“ื• ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฆืขื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช
04:14
that led to very divergent paths
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ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืชืคืฆืœื•ืช
04:16
for their sets of rules.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
04:18
So we can change -- we as humans can change the rules
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื
04:21
that we use to interact with each other,
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™,
04:23
for better, or for worse.
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ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืœืจืข.
04:27
Now let's look at another region, the Caribbean.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืื—ืจ, ื”ืงืืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.
04:30
Zoom in on Haiti,
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ื ืชืžืงื“ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื˜ื™,
04:32
in outline here.
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ืฉื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืชืืจ ืฉืœื” ื›ืืŸ.
04:34
Haiti is also dark,
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ื’ื ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื›ื”,
04:36
compared to its neighbor here, the Dominican Republic,
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืฉื›ื ืชื” ื›ืืŸ, ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ืช,
04:39
which has about the same number of residents.
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ืฉืœื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš ืื•ืชื• ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
04:42
Both of these countries are dark compared to Puerto Rico,
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื—ืฉื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืคื•ืจื˜ื• ืจื™ืงื•,
04:45
which has half as many residents
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ืฉืœื” ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
04:47
as either Haiti or the Dominican Republic.
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ืื• ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืงื ื™ืช.
04:50
What Haiti warns us is that
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ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ืžื–ื”ื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื ื•
04:52
rules can be bad because governments are weak.
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ืฉื—ื•ืงื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืขื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืŸ ื—ืœืฉื•ืช.
04:56
It's not just that the rules are bad because
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ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืฉื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื ื ืจืขื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ
04:58
the government is too strong and oppressive, as in North Korea.
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ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ืžื“ื›ืืช, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช.
05:01
So that if we want to create environments with good rules,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื,
05:04
we can't just tear down.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืจืง ืœื”ืจื•ืก.
05:06
We've got to find ways to build up, as well.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช, ื’ื ื™ื—ื“.
05:10
Now, China dramatically demonstrates
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืกื™ืŸ ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื”
05:13
both the potential and the challenges
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ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื•ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื
05:15
of working with rules.
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ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื—ื•ืงื™ื.
05:18
Back in the beginning of the data presented in this chart,
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ืงื•ื“ื ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืชืจืฉื™ื ื–ื”,
05:21
China was the world's high-technology leader.
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ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขื™ืœื™ืช.
05:24
Chinese had pioneered technologies like steel, printing, gunpowder.
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ืœืกื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžืชื›ืช, ื“ืคื•ืก, ืื‘ืง ืฉืจื™ืคื”.
05:29
But the Chinese never adopted, at least in that period,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืืžืฆื•, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ื™ื,
05:32
effective rules for encouraging the spread of those ideas --
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ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืœืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืคืฆืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”
05:36
a profit motive that could have encouraged the spread.
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืขื•ื“ื“ื• ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืชืคื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช.
05:38
And they soon adopted rules which
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ื•ื“ื™ ืžื”ืจ ื”ื ืื™ืžืฆื• ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืืฉืจ
05:40
slowed down innovation
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ื”ืื˜ื• ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช
05:43
and cut China off from the rest of the world.
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ื•ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื• ืืช ืกื™ืŸ ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
05:45
So as other countries in the world innovated,
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืืจืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื“ืฉื•,
05:48
in the sense both of developing
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื—
05:50
newer technologies,
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
05:52
but also developing newer rules,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื›ืœืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
05:54
the Chinese were cut off from those advances.
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ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื ื•ืชืงื™ื ืžื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
05:58
Income there stayed stagnant,
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ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืฉื ื ื•ืชืจื• ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
06:00
as it zoomed ahead in the rest of the world.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืฆืžื—ื•.
06:03
This next chart looks at more recent data.
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ื”ืชืจืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:06
It plots income, average income in China
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื’ ื”ื›ื ืกื”, ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ื‘ืกื™ืŸ
06:08
as a percentage of average income in the United States.
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ื›ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
06:11
In the '50s and '60s you can see that it was hovering at about three percent.
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” -50 ื•ื” -60 ืฉื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
06:14
But then in the late '70s something changed.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”- 70 ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืฉืชื ื”.
06:17
Growth took off in China. The Chinese started catching up
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ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืŸ, ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง
06:20
very quickly with the United States.
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ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ืืจื”"ื‘.
06:23
If you go back to the map at night, you can get a clue
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ืื ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืคื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื•ืฉื’
06:26
to the process that lead to the dramatic change in rules in China.
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ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื“ืจืžืชื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืŸ,
06:29
The brightest spot in China,
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ,
06:32
which you can see on the edge of the outline here,
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ืื•ืชื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืงืฆื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืชืืจ ื›ืืŸ,
06:35
is Hong Kong.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ื ื’.
06:37
Hong Kong was a small bit of China
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ื”ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ื ื’ ื”ื™ืชื” ืคื™ืกื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืžืกื™ืŸ
06:40
that, for most of the 20th century,
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ืืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื,
06:42
operated under a very different set of rules
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ืคืขืœื” ืชื—ืช ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื
06:44
than the rest of mainland China --
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉืืจ ืกื™ืŸ,
06:46
rules that were copied
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ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืขืชืงื•
06:48
from working market economies of the time,
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ืžื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ืง ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ืŸ,
06:50
and administered by the British.
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ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื• ืข"ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื.
06:53
In the 1950s, Hong Kong was a place where
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ื ื’ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืงื•ื ืืฉืจ
06:56
millions of people could go, from the mainland,
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ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืืช, ืžืกื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
06:58
to start in jobs like sewing shirts, making toys.
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ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืชืคื™ืจืช ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื.
07:03
But, to get on a process of increasing income,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช,
07:06
increasing skills
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ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืชื›ืœืœื•
07:08
led to very rapid growth there.
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ื’ืจืžื• ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉื.
07:11
Hong Kong was also the model
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ื”ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ื ื’ ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ
07:13
which leaders like Deng Xiaoping
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ืฉืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“ื ื’ ืงืกื™ื•ืคื ื’
07:16
could copy, when they decided to move
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ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืขืชื™ืง, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ื ื™ืข
07:18
all of the mainland towards the market model.
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ืืช ื›ืœ ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง.
07:22
But Deng Xiaoping instinctively understood
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื ื’ ืงืกื™ื•ืคื™ื ื’ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
07:24
the importance of offering choices to his people.
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ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืขืช ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื•.
07:28
So instead of forcing everyone in China
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ืื– ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื— ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืกื™ืŸ
07:31
to shift immediately to the market model,
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ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืœืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง,
07:33
they proceeded by creating some special zones
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ื”ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืข"ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืกืคืจ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื,
07:36
that could do, in a sense, what Britain did:
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ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœืžืžืฉ, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื”, ืืช ืžื” ืฉื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืขืฉืชื”,
07:38
make the opportunity to go work with the market rules
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ืื™ืคืฉืจื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง
07:40
available to the people who wanted to opt in there.
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ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจืฆื• ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืฉื.
07:43
So they created four special economic zones around Hong Kong:
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ื›ืš ื”ื ื”ืงื™ืžื• 4 ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ื ื’.
07:46
zones where Chinese could come and work,
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ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืกื™ื ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“,
07:49
and cities grew up very rapidly there;
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ื•ืขืจื™ื ื’ื“ืœื• ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื,
07:51
also zones where foreign firms could come in
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ื•ื’ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข
07:54
and make things.
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ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
07:56
One of the zones next to Hong Kong has a city called Shenzhen.
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ืœืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื”ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ื ื’ ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื™ืจ ืฉื ืงืจืื” ืฉื ื–ืŸ.
07:59
In that city there is a Taiwanese firm
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ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื–ืืช ื™ืฉื ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื˜ื™ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช
08:02
that made the iPhone that many of you have,
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ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจื” ืืช ื”ืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื,
08:05
and they made it with labor from Chinese
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืกื™ื ื™
08:08
who moved there to Shenzhen.
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ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื ืืœ ืฉื ื–ืŸ.
08:10
So after the four special zones,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื,
08:12
there were 14 coastal cites
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉื 14 ืขืจื™ ื—ื•ืฃ,
08:14
that were open in the same sense,
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
08:16
and eventually demonstrated successes
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช
08:19
in these places that people could opt in to,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ,
08:21
that they flocked to because of the advantages they offered.
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ืฉืืœื™ื”ื ื”ื ื ื”ืจื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื”ืฆื™ืขื•.
08:24
Demonstrated successes there led to a consensus for
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ื”ื ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื• ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ืขื‘ื•ืจ
08:28
a move toward the market model for the entire economy.
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ืžื”ืœืš ืœืงืจืืช ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”.
08:33
Now the Chinese example shows us several points.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช ืžืœืžื“ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
08:37
One is: preserve choices for people.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”: ืชืืคืฉืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื.
08:40
Two: operate on the right scale.
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ื”ืฉื ื™ื”: ืชืคืขืœ ื‘ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
08:42
If you try to change the rules in a village, you could do that,
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ืื ืชื ืกื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจ, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื–ืืช
08:45
but a village would be too small
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืคืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื“ื™
08:47
to get the kinds of benefits you can get if you have millions of people
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœืš ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื
08:49
all working under good rules.
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืชื—ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
08:51
On the other hand, the nation is too big.
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื”ืื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื“ื™.
08:54
If you try to change the rules in the nation,
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ืื ืชื ืกื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื,
08:56
you can't give some people a chance
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ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช
08:58
to hold back, see how things turn out,
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ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ, ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื,
09:00
and let others zoom ahead and try the new rules.
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ื•ืœืชืช ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืœืฉืขื•ื˜ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
09:03
But cities give you this opportunity
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืจื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืš ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื–ืืช
09:05
to create new places,
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
09:07
with new rules that people can opt in to.
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ืขื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื”ื.
09:09
And they're large enough
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง
09:11
to get all of the benefits that we can have
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืคื™ืง
09:13
when millions of us work together under good rules.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืชื—ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
09:17
So the proposal is that we
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ืื ื›ืš ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื•
09:20
conceive of something called a charter city.
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ื ืคืชื— ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ืขื™ืจ ืืžื ื”.
09:23
We start with a charter that specifies
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ื ืคืชื— ื‘ืืžื ื” ื”ืžืคืจื˜ืช
09:25
all the rules required
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ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื
09:27
to attract the people who we'll need to build the city.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื ื ื–ื“ืงืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ.
09:31
We'll need to attract the investors
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ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื
09:33
who will build out the infrastructure --
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ืฉื™ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช.
09:35
the power system, the roads, the port, the airport, the buildings.
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ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ื”ื ืžืœ, ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
09:38
You'll need to attract firms,
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ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
09:40
who will come hire the people who move there first.
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ืืฉืจ ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ื•ื™ืฉื›ืจื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืœืœื• ืืฉืจ ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื.
09:43
And you'll need to attract families,
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ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืขืœื™ืš ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช,
09:45
the residents who will come and live there permanently,
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ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื ื•ื™ื—ื™ื• ืฉื ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช,
09:47
raise their children, get an education for their children,
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ื™ื’ื“ืœื• ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื, ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
09:49
and get their first job.
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ื•ื™ืฉื™ื’ื• ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
09:51
With that charter, people will move there.
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ืขื ื”ืืžื ื” ื”ื–ืืช, ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื”ื’ืจื• ืœืฉื.
09:54
The city can be built.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ.
09:56
And we can scale this model.
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
09:58
We can go do it over and over again.
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ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
10:02
To make it work, we need good rules. We've already discussed that.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืš ืœืงืจื•ืช, ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื; ื›ื‘ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื ื• ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ.
10:05
Those are captured in the charter.
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ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื›ืœืœื• ื‘ืืžื ื”.
10:07
We also need the choices for people.
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ื’ื ืœืžืชืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื.
10:10
That's really built into the model
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ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ
10:12
if we allow for the possibility of building cities
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ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืื ื• ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืขืจื™ื
10:15
on uninhabited land.
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ืขืœ ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช.
10:17
You start from uninhabited territory.
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ืืชื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช.
10:19
People can come live under the new charter,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ื”ืืžื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.
10:21
but no one is forced to live under it.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ื•ืคื™ื ืขืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ืชื™ื”.
10:24
The final thing we need are choices for leaders.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœื• ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ื”ื•ื ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื.
10:27
And, to achieve the kind of choices we want for leaders
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื
10:29
we need to allow for the potential for partnerships between nations:
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœืฉื•ืชืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื•ืช.
10:33
cases where nations work together,
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ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื•ืžื•ืช ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื™ื—ื“,
10:35
in effect, de facto,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื“ื” ืคืงื˜ื•,
10:37
the way China and Britain worked together
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืคืขืœื• ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ
10:39
to build, first a little enclave of the market model,
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื•ื‘ืœืขืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง,
10:43
and then scale it throughout China.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืกื™ืŸ.
10:45
In a sense, Britain, inadvertently,
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื‘ืฉื•ื’ื’,
10:47
through its actions in Hong Kong,
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ื“ืจืš ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ื ื’,
10:49
did more to reduce world poverty
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ืขืฉืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
10:52
than all the aid programs that we've undertaken
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืฉืœืงื—ื ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•
10:54
in the last century.
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
10:56
So if we allow for these kind of partnerships
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื ืืคืฉืจ ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื•ืช
10:58
to replicate this again,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ืคืœ ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื‘,
11:00
we can get those kinds of benefits scaled throughout the world.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
11:04
In some cases this will involve a delegation of responsibility,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ืขืจื‘ ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช,
11:08
a delegation of control from one country to another
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ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช ืœืจืขื•ืชื”
11:12
to take over certain kinds of administrative responsibilities.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
11:16
Now, when I say that,
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ืขืชื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ื–ืืช,
11:19
some of you are starting to think,
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ื—ืœืงื›ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘,
11:21
"Well, is this just bringing back colonialism?"
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"ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืื ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื?"
11:26
It's not. But it's important to recognize that the kind of emotions
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ื–ื” ืœื. ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืฉืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช
11:30
that come up when we start to think about these things,
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ืฉืขื•ืœื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื”,
11:32
can get in the way, can make us pull back,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ืืžืฆืข, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื• ืœืกื’ืช,
11:35
can shut down our ability,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืกืœ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื•,
11:37
and our interest in trying to explore new ideas.
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ื•ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืœื ืกื•ืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
11:40
Why is this not like colonialism?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื?
11:42
The thing that was bad about colonialism,
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื,
11:45
and the thing which is residually bad in some of our aid programs,
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ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉื ื™ ืจืข ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืฉืœื ื•,
11:49
is that it involved elements of
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ
11:51
coercion and condescension.
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ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชื ืฉืื•ืช.
11:54
This model is all about choices,
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ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช,
11:56
both for leaders and for the people who will live in these new places.
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ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื•ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื’ื ื™ื—ื“.
12:00
And, choice is the antidote to coercion and condescension.
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ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื–ื” ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื›ืคื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชื ืฉืื•ืช.
12:04
So let's talk about how this could play out in practice.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื” ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”.
12:07
Let's take a particular leader, Raul Castro, who is the leader of Cuba.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืงื— ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืจืื•ืœ ืงืกื˜ืจื•, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ื”.
12:10
It must have occurred to Castro
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ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื— ืขืœื” ื‘ืžื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืงืกื˜ืจื•,
12:12
that he has the chance to do for Cuba
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืงื•ื‘ื”
12:15
what Deng Xiaoping did for China,
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ืžื” ืฉื“ื ื’ ืงืกื™ื•ืคื™ื ื’ ืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื™ืŸ,
12:17
but he doesn't have a Hong Kong there on the island in Cuba.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ื ื’ ื‘ืื™ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ื‘ื”.
12:21
He does, though, have a little bit of light down in the south
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื˜ื™ืคื” ืื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื
12:25
that has a very special status.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืขืžื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
12:27
There is a zone there, around Guantanamo Bay,
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืื–ื•ืจ, ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืคืจืฅ ื’ื•ืื ื˜ื ืžื•,
12:31
where a treaty gives the United States
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ืฉืฉื ื—ื•ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืืจื”"ื‘
12:33
administrative responsibility
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ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
12:35
for a piece of land that's about twice the size of Manhattan.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคื™ืกืช ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื“ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ.
12:38
Castro goes to the prime minister of Canada
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[ืจืื•ืœ] ืงืกื˜ืจื• ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืงื ื“ื”
12:41
and says, "Look, the Yankees have a terrible PR problem.
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ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืชืจืื” "ืœื™ื ืงื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื™ื•ืžื”
12:45
They want to get out.
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ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ื‘.
12:47
Why don't you, Canada, take over?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉืืชื, ืงื ื“ื”, ืœื ืชื›ื ืกื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื?
12:49
Build -- run a special administrative zone.
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ืชืคืขื™ืœื• ืื–ื•ืจ ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
12:53
Allow a new city to be built up there.
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ืชืืคืฉืจื• ืœืขื™ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉื.
12:55
Allow many people to come in.
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ืชืืคืฉืจื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื’ืจ ืœืฉื.
12:57
Let us have a Hong Kong nearby.
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ืชืืคืฉืจื• ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ื ื’ ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
12:59
Some of my citizens will move into that city as well.
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ื’ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ื–ืืช.
13:02
Others will hold back. But this will be
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ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืžืชื™ื ื•. ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื”
13:04
the gateway that will connect
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ื”ืฉืขืจ ืืฉืจ ื™ื—ื‘ืจ
13:06
the modern economy and the modern world
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ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™
13:08
to my country."
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ืœืืจืฆื™".
13:10
Now, where else might this model be tried?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื”?
13:13
Well, Africa. I've talked with leaders in Africa.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ืฉื•ื—ื—ืชื™ ืขื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
13:15
Many of them totally get the notion of a special zone
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
13:19
that people can opt into as a rule.
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืฉื ื›ื—ื•ืง.
13:22
It's a rule for changing rules.
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ื–ื” ื—ื•ืง ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื.
13:24
It's a way to create new rules, and let people opt-in
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ
13:27
without coercion, and the opposition that coercion can force.
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ืœืœื ื›ืคื™ื™ื”, ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื.
13:31
They also totally get the idea that in some instances
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ื”ื ื’ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื
13:34
they can make more credible promises to long-term investors --
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ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš.
13:38
the kind of investors who will come build the port,
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ืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืฉื™ื’ื™ืขื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ืžืœ,
13:40
build the roads, in a new city --
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื”.
13:43
they can make more credible promises
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ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืชืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืžื™ื ื•ืช
13:45
if they do it along with a partner nation.
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ืื ื”ื ื™ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืขื ืื•ืžื” ืื—ืจืช.
13:47
Perhaps even in some arrangement
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื
13:49
that's a little bit like an escrow account,
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ืฉืงืฆืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื ืืžื ื•ืช
13:51
where you put land in the escrow account
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ืฉืืชื” ืžืคืงื™ื“ ืื“ืžื” ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื ืืžื ื•ืช
13:53
and the partner nation takes responsibility for it.
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ื•ื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ืขืžื™ืชื” ื ื•ื˜ืœืช ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”.
13:56
There is also lots of land in Africa
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ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื
13:59
where new cities could be built.
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
14:01
This is a picture I took when I was flying along the coast.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื˜ืกืชื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฃ.
14:04
There are immense stretches of land like this --
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื” ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื–ื”,
14:06
land where hundreds of millions of people could live.
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ืื“ืžื” ืฉื‘ื” ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช.
14:09
Now, if we generalize this and think about
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ืขืชื”, ืื ื ื›ืœื™ืœ ื–ืืช ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘
14:11
not just one or two charter cites, but dozens --
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ืœื ืจืง ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืขื™ืจ ืื• ื–ื•ื’ ืขืจื™ ืืžื ื” ืืœื ืขืœ ืชืจื™ืกืจื™ื.
14:14
cities that will help create places for the
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ืขืจื™ื ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ
14:18
many hundreds of millions, perhaps billions of people
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ื, ืื•ืœื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื
14:21
who will move to cities in the coming century --
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ืฉื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืขืจื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื‘ืื”.
14:23
is there enough land for them?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืงืจืงืข ืขื‘ื•ืจื?
14:25
Well, throughout the world, if we look at the lights at night,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืื ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื”,
14:28
the one thing that's misleading is that, visually, it looks
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื˜ืขื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช ื ืจืื”
14:30
like most of the world is already built out.
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ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื•ื™.
14:32
So let me show you why that's wrong.
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ืชืืคืฉืจื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
14:35
Take this representation of all of the land.
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ืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”.
14:37
Turn it into a square that stands for
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ืชื”ืคื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ืข ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื›ืœ
14:39
all the arable land on Earth.
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ื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื”ืจืื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
14:41
And let these dots represent the land that's already taken up
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ืชืืคืฉืจื• ืœื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืชืคื•ืกื”
14:43
by the cities that three billion people now live in.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจื™ื ืฉืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
14:46
If you move the dots down to the bottom of the rectangle
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ืื ืชื–ื™ื–ื• ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืœื‘ืŸ
14:49
you can see that the cities for the existing three billion urban residents
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ืชืจืื• ืฉื”ืขืจื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช
14:53
take up only three percent of the arable land on earth.
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ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืจืง ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
14:57
So if we wanted to build cities for another billion people,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืจื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื,
15:00
they would be dots like this.
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ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืœื”.
15:02
We'd go from three percent of the arable land, to four percent.
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ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจืงืข ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช, ืœืืจื‘ืข ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
15:05
We'd dramatically reduce the human footprint on Earth
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ื‘ื›ืš ื ืฉื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืืช ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
15:09
by building more cities that people can move to.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืขืจื™ื ืฉืืœื™ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ.
15:11
And if these are cities governed by good rules,
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ื•ืื ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ืฉืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื,
15:14
they can be cities where people are safe from crime,
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ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ืžืคืฉืข,
15:17
safe from disease and bad sanitation,
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ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื‘ืจื•ืื” ื™ืจื•ื“ื”,
15:20
where people have a chance to get a job.
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
15:22
They can get basic utilities like electricity.
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ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ืฉืžืœ.
15:24
Their kids can get an education.
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.
15:27
So what will it take to get started
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ
15:29
building the first charter cities,
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ืขืจื™ ื”ืืžื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
15:31
scaling this so we build many more?
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ื•ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ?
15:33
It would help to have a manual.
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ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืžืฉืชืžืฉ.
15:35
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:39
What university professors could do
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ืžื” ืฉืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
15:41
is write some details that might go into this manual.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ื–ื”.
15:45
You wouldn't want to let us run the cities,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื ื™ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืชืคืขืœ ืืช ื”ืขืจื™ื,
15:48
go out and design them.
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ืœืฆืืช ื•ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืื•ืชื.
15:50
You wouldn't let academics out in the wild. (Laughter)
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืืงื“ืžืื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื•ืฆืฅ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:53
But, you could set us to work thinking about questions like,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื›ืžื•,
15:56
suppose it isn't just Canada
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืงื ื“ื”
15:58
that does the deal with Raul Castro.
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ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขืช ืืช ื”ืขืกืงื” ืขื ืจืื•ืœ ืงืกื˜ืจื•.
16:01
Perhaps Brazil comes in as a participant,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ืžืฆื˜ืจืคืช ื›ืฉื•ืชืคื”,
16:04
and Spain as well. And perhaps Cuba wants to be
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ื•ื’ื ืกืคืจื“. ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืงื•ื‘ื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
16:06
one of the partners in a four-way joint venture.
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ืื—ืช ืžื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื–ื ื‘ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช.
16:09
How would we write the treaty to do that?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืืžื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื–ืืช?
16:11
There is less precedent for that, but that could easily be worked out.
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ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืœื›ืš. ืื‘ืœ ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื–ืืช.
16:14
How would we finance this?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืžืŸ ื–ืืช?
16:16
Turns out Singapore and Hong Kong
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ื ื’
16:18
are cities that made huge gains
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ื”ืŸ ืขืจื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืื“ื™ืจื™ื
16:20
on the value of the land that they owned when they got started.
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ืขืœ ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื™ืฆืื• ืœื“ืจืš.
16:23
You could use the gains on the value of the land
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ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืจืš ื”ืงืจืงืข
16:25
to pay for things like the police, the courts,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜.
16:28
but the school system and the health care system too,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
16:30
which make this a more attractive place to live,
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ื”ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.
16:33
makes this a place where people have higher incomes --
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ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช,
16:35
which, incidentally, makes the land more valuable.
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืงืจื”.
16:38
So the incentives for the people helping to construct this zone
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื”
16:41
and build it, and set up the basic rules,
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ื•ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื,
16:44
go very much in the right direction.
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ืคื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
16:46
So there are many other details like this.
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ื™ืฉื ื ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืœื•.
16:48
How could we have buildings that are
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
16:50
low cost and affordable for people who work
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ืฉื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื•ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
16:52
in a first job, assembling something like an iPhone,
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ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ?
16:55
but make those buildings energy efficient,
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ืชื‘ื ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ื™ื,
16:57
and make sure that they are safe, so they don't fall down
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ื•ืชื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื, ื•ืฉืื™ื ื ืงื•ืจืกื™ื
16:59
in an earthquake or a hurricane.
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ื‘ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื” ืื• ื‘ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ.
17:02
Many technical details to be worked out,
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ื™ืฉื ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขื‘ื“,
17:04
but those of us who are already starting to pursue these things
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื•
17:08
can already tell that there is no roadblock,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžื—ืกื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื,
17:10
there's no impediment, other than a failure of imagination,
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ืฉื•ื ืžื ื™ืขื”, ืžืœื‘ื“ ื›ืฉืœ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ,
17:13
that will keep us from delivering on
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ืฉื™ืžื ืข ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืžืชืŸ
17:15
a truly global win-win solution.
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ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื•ืœื ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื.
17:20
Let me conclude with this picture.
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
17:23
The reason we can be so well off,
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืฉืœื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืืžืฆืขื™ื,
17:25
even though there is so many people on earth,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”,
17:27
is because of the power of ideas.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
17:30
We can share ideas with other people,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ืง ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
17:32
and when they discover them, they share with us.
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžื’ืœื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ื, ื”ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืื•ืชื ืขื™ืžื ื•.
17:34
It's not like scarce objects,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื—ืคืฆื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื,
17:36
where sharing means we each get less.
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืžืฉื™ื’ ืคื—ื•ืช.
17:38
When we share ideas we all get more.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
17:41
When we think about ideas in that way,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
17:43
we usually think about technologies.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
17:45
But there is another class of ideas:
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉื ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช:
17:47
the rules that govern how we interact with each other;
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ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื ื•.
17:50
rules like, let's have a tax system
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ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ื”ื‘ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื™ืกื•ื™
17:52
that supports a research university
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ืฉืชืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžื—ืงืจ
17:54
that gives away certain kinds of knowledge for free.
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ื”ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
17:57
Let's have a system where we have ownership of land
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืงืจืงืข
17:59
that is registered in a government office,
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ืฉื ืจืฉื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™,
18:01
that people can pledge as collateral.
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ.
18:03
If we can keep innovating on our space of rules,
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
18:05
and particularly innovate in the sense
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ
18:07
of coming up with rules for changing rules,
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ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืขื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื,
18:09
so we don't get stuck with bad rules,
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืงืข ืขื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืจืขื™ื,
18:12
then we can keep moving progress forward
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ืื– ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ื’ืœื’ืœื™ ื”ืงื™ื“ืžื” ืงื“ื™ืžื”
18:15
and truly make the world a better place,
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืžืงื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘,
18:17
so that people like Nelson and his friends
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ื ืœืกื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•
18:20
don't have to study any longer under the streetlights. Thank you.
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ืœื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื—ืช ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘. ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
18:23
(Applause)
402
1103330
2000
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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