Nick Bostrom: Humanity's biggest problems aren't what you think they are

112,322 views ใƒป 2007-05-16

TED


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Shahwari Shahwari ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Youssef Eldomohy
00:25
I want to talk today about --
0
25000
3000
ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุงู„ุชุญุฏู‘ุซ ุนู†
00:28
I've been asked to take the long view, and I'm going to tell you what
1
28000
6000
ู„ู‚ุฏ ุทููู„ุจูŽ ู…ู†ู‘ูŠ ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ู…ุทูˆู‘ู„ุงู‹ุŒ ูˆุณุฃุทู„ุนูƒู…
00:34
I think are the three biggest problems for humanity
2
34000
4000
ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุฆู„ ุงู„ูƒุจุฑู‰ ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุคุฑู‚ ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠุฉ
00:38
from this long point of view.
3
38000
3000
ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุฃู…ู„ ุงู„ุทูˆูŠู„
00:41
Some of these have already been touched upon by other speakers,
4
41000
3000
ู‚ุฏ ุณุจู‚ ู„ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ุญุงุถุฑูŠู† ุชู†ุงูˆู„ ุจุนุถ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุฆู„
00:44
which is encouraging.
5
44000
2000
ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฌุนู„ ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุจุฏูˆ ู„ูŠ ู…ุดุฌู‘ุนุงู‹
00:46
It seems that there's not just one person
6
46000
2000
ูˆูŠุจุฏูˆ ุฃู†ู‘ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุดุฎุต ูˆุงุญุฏ
00:48
who thinks that these problems are important.
7
48000
2000
ูŠุคู…ู† ุจุฃู‡ู…ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุณุฃุทู„ุนูƒู… ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง
00:50
The first is -- death is a big problem.
8
50000
4000
ุงู„ุฃูˆู‘ู„ ู‡ูˆุŒ ุงู„ูˆูุงุฉ ูˆู‡ูŠ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ูƒูุจุฑู‰
00:54
If you look at the statistics,
9
54000
3000
ุจุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุญุตุงุฆูŠุงุช
00:57
the odds are not very favorable to us.
10
57000
2000
ุชุจุฏูˆ ุงู„ุงุญุชู…ุงู„ุงุช ุบูŠุฑ ู…ู„ุงุฆู…ุฉ ู„ู†ุง ุจุดูƒู„ู ูƒุจูŠุฑ
00:59
So far, most people who have lived have also died.
11
59000
4000
ุญุชู‘ู‰ ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ุฃุบู„ุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุนุงุดูˆุงุŒ ู‚ุฏ ู…ุงุชูˆุง
01:03
Roughly 90 percent of everybody who has been alive has died by now.
12
63000
4000
ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ุŒ 90% ู…ู† ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ุฃุญูŠุงุกุŒ ู‚ุฏ ุฑุญู„ูˆุง ุนู† ุงู„ุฏู†ูŠุง
01:07
So the annual death rate adds up to 150,000 --
13
67000
6000
ุฅุฐุงู‹ุŒ ุงู„ู…ุนุฏู„ ุงู„ุณู†ูˆูŠ ู„ู„ูˆูุงุฉ ู‚ุฏ ุงุฑุชูุน ุฅู„ู‰ 150,000
01:13
sorry, the daily death rate -- 150,000 people per day,
14
73000
3000
ุนููˆุงู‹ุŒ ุงู„ู…ุนุฏู„ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ูŠ ู„ู„ูˆูุงุฉ ูŠุตู„ ุฅู„ู‰ 150,000 ุดุฎุต ููŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…
01:16
which is a huge number by any standard.
15
76000
3000
ุงู„ุฑู‚ู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุนุชุจุฑ ูƒุจูŠุฑุงู‹ ุงุณุชู†ุงุฏุงู‹ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ู…ู‚ูŠุงุณ
01:19
The annual death rate, then, becomes 56 million.
16
79000
5000
ุฃู…ู‘ุง ุงู„ู…ุนุฏู„ ุงู„ุณู†ูˆูŠ ู„ู„ูˆูุงุฉุŒ ููŠูŽุตูู„ู’ ุฅู„ู‰ 56 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุดุฎุต
01:24
If we just look at the single, biggest cause of death -- aging --
17
84000
5000
ุฅุฐุง ู†ุธุฑู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณุจุจ ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠ ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏ ู„ู„ูˆูุงุฉ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุดูŠุฎูˆุฎุฉ
01:30
it accounts for roughly two-thirds of all human people who die.
18
90000
5000
ูุณูŠุชุจูŠู‘ู† ู„ู†ุง ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ูŠุดูƒู‘ู„ู ู…ุนุฏู‘ู„ ุงู„ุซู„ุซูŠ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ ู„ู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠู…ูˆุชูˆู†
01:35
That adds up to an annual death toll
19
95000
3000
ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠุถูŠู ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุณู†ูˆูŠ ู„ู„ูˆููŠู‘ุงุช
01:38
of greater than the population of Canada.
20
98000
2000
ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุนุชุจุฑ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู…ู† ุนุฏุฏ ุณูƒู‘ุงู† ูƒู†ุฏุง
01:40
Sometimes, we don't see a problem
21
100000
2000
ุฃุญูŠุงู†ุงู‹ุŒ ู†ุญู† ู„ุง ู†ู„ุงุญุธ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ
01:42
because either it's too familiar or it's too big.
22
102000
4000
ุฅู…ู‘ุง ู„ูƒูˆู†ู‡ุง ู…ุฃู„ูˆูุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ู ูƒุจูŠุฑุŒ ุฃูˆ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ูƒุจูŠุฑูŒุฉ ุฌุฏู‘ุงู‹
01:46
Can't see it because it's too big.
23
106000
2000
ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ู…ู„ุงุญุธุชู‡ุง ู„ูƒูˆู†ู‡ุง ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุฌุฏู‘ุงู‹
01:48
I think death might be both too familiar and too big
24
108000
3000
ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ูˆูุงุฉ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ู…ุฃู„ูˆูุฉ ุฌุฏู‘ุงู‹ ูˆูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุฌุฏู‘ุงู‹
01:51
for most people to see it as a problem.
25
111000
3000
ู„ู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู„ู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ู ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ
01:54
Once you think about it, you see this is not statistical points;
26
114000
2000
ุจู…ุฌุฑุฏู‘ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุจู‡ุง.. ูƒู…ุง ุชุฑูˆู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ู„ูŠุณุช ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ุฅุญุตุงุฆูŠุฉ
01:56
these are -- let's see, how far have I talked?
27
116000
2000
ู‡ุฐู‡ .. ุฏุนู†ุง ู†ุดุงู‡ุฏ ูƒู… ุชุญุฏู‘ุซุช ุญุชู‘ู‰ ุงู„ุขู†
01:58
I've talked for three minutes.
28
118000
3000
ู„ู‚ุฏ ุชุญุฏู‘ุซุชู ู„ุซู„ุงุซู ุฏู‚ุงุฆู‚
02:01
So that would be, roughly, 324 people have died since I've begun speaking.
29
121000
7000
ุฅุฐุงู‹ุŒ ุชูˆูู‘ูŠ 324 ุดุฎุต ู…ุฐ ุจุฏุฃุช ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ุญุชู‘ู‰ ุงู„ุขู†
02:08
People like -- it's roughly the population in this room has just died.
30
128000
4000
ุฃุดุฎุงุต ู…ุซู„.. ูƒุฃู†ู‘ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญุถูˆุฑ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ู‚ุฏ ู…ุงุช ู„ู„ุชูˆู‘
02:13
Now, the human cost of that is obvious,
31
133000
2000
ุงู„ุชูƒู„ูุฉ ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠู‘ุฉ ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุฌู„ูŠู‘ุฉ
02:15
once you start to think about it -- the suffering, the loss --
32
135000
3000
ุจู…ุฌุฑุฏู‘ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ..ุงู„ู…ุนุงู†ุงุฉ .. ุงู„ุฎุณุงุฑุฉ
02:18
it's also, economically, enormously wasteful.
33
138000
3000
ูˆู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠุฉ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุฅู†ู‘ ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุฏู…ู‘ุฑ ุจุดูƒู„ู ู‡ุงุฆู„
02:21
I just look at the information, and knowledge, and experience
34
141000
3000
ู‚ุฏ ู†ุธุฑุชู ู„ู„ุชูˆู‘ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช .. ุงู„ุนู„ู… .. ุงู„ุฎุจุฑุฉ
02:24
that is lost due to natural causes of death in general,
35
144000
3000
ูƒู„ู‘ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ู‚ุฏ ุถุงุนุช ู„ุฃุณุจุงุจ ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ ู„ู„ูˆูุงุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ู ุนุงู…ู‘
02:27
and aging, in particular.
36
147000
2000
ูˆุงู„ุดูŠุฎูˆุฎุฉ ุจุงู„ุฐุงุช
02:29
Suppose we approximated one person with one book?
37
149000
3000
ุงูุชุฑุถูˆุง ู„ูˆ ู‚ุฏุฑู†ุง ุดุฎุตู‹ุง ูˆุงุญุฏุงู‹ ุจูƒุชุงุจู ูˆุงุญุฏ
02:32
Now, of course, this is an underestimation.
38
152000
2000
ู†ุนู„ู… ุจุงู„ุทุจุน ุจุฃู†ู‘ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชู‚ุฏูŠุฑ ู‡ูˆ ุชู‚ุฏูŠุฑ ู…ุชุฏู†ูŠ
02:34
A person's lifetime of learning and experience
39
154000
6000
ุนู…ุฑ ูƒุงู…ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุนู„ู‘ู… ูˆุงูƒุชุณุงุจ ุงู„ุฎุจุฑุงุช
02:40
is a lot more than you could put into a single book.
40
160000
2000
ู‡ูˆ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุฃู† ูŠูˆุถุน ููŠ ูƒุชุงุจ
02:42
But let's suppose we did this.
41
162000
2000
ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ูุชุฑุถ ุฐู„ูƒ
02:45
52 million people die of natural causes each year
42
165000
5000
52 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุดุฎุต ูŠู…ูˆุชูˆู† ูƒู„ู‘ ุณู†ุฉ ู„ุฃุณุจุงุจ ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ
02:50
corresponds, then, to 52 million volumes destroyed.
43
170000
4000
ู‡ุฐุง ูŠูˆุงุฒูŠ 52 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ูƒุชุงุจ ู‚ุฏู‘ ุชู…ู‘ ุฅุชู„ุงูู‡
02:54
Library of Congress holds 18 million volumes.
44
174000
3000
ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุฌุฑุณ ุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ 18 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ูƒุชุงุจ
02:58
We are upset about the burning of the Library of Alexandria.
45
178000
3000
ู†ุญู† ู…ุณุชุงุกูˆู† ุจุดุฃู† ุงู„ุญุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฏุงู‡ู… ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ุงู„ุฃุณูƒู†ุฏุฑูŠุฉ
03:01
It's one of the great cultural tragedies
46
181000
2000
ุฅู†ู‘ ู…ุง ุญุฏุซ ูƒุงู† ุฃุญุฏ ุฃุนุธู… ุงู„ู…ุขุณูŠ ุงู„ุซู‚ุงููŠุฉ
03:03
that we remember, even today.
47
183000
3000
ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุชุฐูƒู‘ุฑู‡ุง ุญุชู‘ู‰ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…
03:07
But this is the equivalent of three Libraries of Congress --
48
187000
2000
ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ุชุนุงุฏู„ ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุฌุฑุณ ุซู„ุงุซ ู…ุฑุงุช
03:09
burnt down, forever lost -- each year.
49
189000
3000
ุฃูุญุฑูู‚ุชู’ .. ุถุงุนุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุจุฏ ..ูƒู„ู‘ ุนุงู…
03:12
So that's the first big problem.
50
192000
2000
ุฅุฐุงู‹ ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุงุช
03:14
And I wish Godspeed to Aubrey de Grey,
51
194000
3000
ูˆุฃุชู…ู†ู‘ู‰ ุงู„ุชูˆููŠู‚ ู„ุฃูˆุจุฑูŠ ุฏูŠ ุบุฑุงูŠ
03:17
and other people like him,
52
197000
2000
ูˆุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุฃู…ุซุงู„ู‡
03:19
to try to do something about this as soon as possible.
53
199000
3000
ููŠ ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ูุนู„ ุดูŠุก ุญูŠุงู„ ู‡ุฐ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ููŠ ุฃุณุฑุน ูˆู‚ุช
03:23
Existential risk -- the second big problem.
54
203000
3000
ุงู„ุฎุทุฑ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏูŠ ุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ
03:26
Existential risk is a threat to human survival, or to the long-term potential of our species.
55
206000
7000
ุงู„ุฎุทุฑ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏูŠ ูŠุดูƒู‘ู„ู ุชู‡ุฏูŠุฏุงู‹ ู„ู„ุจู‚ุงุก ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠ ุฃูˆ ู„ุงุญุชู…ุงู„ ุจู‚ุงุก ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠ ุทูˆูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุฏู‰
03:33
Now, why do I say that this is a big problem?
56
213000
2000
ู‚ุฏ ุชุชุณุงุกู„ูˆู† ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉุŸ
03:35
Well, let's first look at the probability --
57
215000
4000
ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ู„ู‚ูŠ ู†ุธุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุญุชู…ุงู„ุงุช --
03:39
and this is very, very difficult to estimate --
58
219000
3000
ูˆู…ู† ุงู„ุตุนุจ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ู‚ูŠุงุณ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ
03:42
but there have been only four studies on this in recent years,
59
222000
3000
ู„ูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูู‚ุท ุฃุฑุจุนู ุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ู‚ุฏ ุชู…ู‘ ุฅุฌุฑุงุคู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุฉ ุจุฎุตูˆุต ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ
03:45
which is surprising.
60
225000
2000
ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุจุนุซ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฏู‡ุดุฉ
03:47
You would think that it would be of some interest
61
227000
3000
ู‚ุฏ ุชุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ู…ู‡ู… ุฅู„ูŠ ุญุฏ ู…ุง
03:50
to try to find out more about this given that the stakes are so big,
62
230000
4000
ุฃู† ุชูƒุชุดู ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ุนู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุฃุฎุฐุงู‹ ุจุงู„ุงุนุชุจุงุฑ ุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ู…ุฎุงุทุฑ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุฌุฏู‘ุงู‹
03:54
but it's a very neglected area.
63
234000
2000
ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุฌุงู„ุŒ ู…ูู‡ูŽู…ู„ูŒ ุจุดูƒู„ู ูƒุจูŠุฑ
03:56
But there have been four studies --
64
236000
2000
ูˆู„ูƒู† ุนู…ูˆู…ุงู‹ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃุฑุจุนู ุฏุฑุงุณุงุช
03:58
one by John Lesley, wrote a book on this.
65
238000
2000
ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู‚ุฏ ุชู…ู‘ุช ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ุฌูˆู† ู„ูŠุณู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃู„ูู‘ ูƒุชุงุจุงู‹ ุนู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ
04:00
He estimated a probability that we will fail
66
240000
2000
ูˆู‚ุฏ ู‚ุงุณ ุงุญุชู…ุงู„ู‘ูŠุฉ ูุดู„ู†ุง
04:02
to survive the current century: 50 percent.
67
242000
3000
ููŠ ุงู„ุจู‚ุงุก ุนู„ูŠ ู‚ูŠุฏ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุฎู„ุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุจู†ุณุจุฉ 50%
04:05
Similarly, the Astronomer Royal, whom we heard speak yesterday,
68
245000
5000
ูƒู…ุง ุฃู†ู‘ ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ูู„ูƒ ุฑูˆูŠุงู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู† ูŠุชุญุฏู‘ุซ ุจุงู„ุฃู…ุณ
04:10
also has a 50 percent probability estimate.
69
250000
3000
ู‚ุฏ ู‚ุฏุฑ ุงู„ุฃุญุชู…ุงู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุจู€ 50%
04:13
Another author doesn't give any numerical estimate,
70
253000
3000
ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูƒุงุชุจูŒ ุขุฎุฑ ู„ู… ูŠู‚ุฏู‘ู… ุฃูŠ ุชู‚ุฏูŠุฑ ุนุฏุฏูŠ
04:16
but says the probability is significant that it will fail.
71
256000
3000
ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‘ู‡ ู‚ุงู„ ุฃู†ู‘ ุฅุญุชู…ุงู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ูุดู„ู†ุง ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ.
04:19
I wrote a long paper on this.
72
259000
3000
ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุชุจุชู ู…ู‚ุงู„ุงู‹ ุทูˆูŠู„ุงู‹ ุนู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑู’
04:22
I said assigning a less than 20 percent probability would be a mistake
73
262000
4000
ู‚ู„ุช ููŠู‡ ุฃู†ู‘ ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ู†ุณุจุฉ ุฃู‚ู„ู‘ ู…ู† 20% ู‚ุฏ ูŠุนุชุจุฑ ุฎุทุฃู‹
04:26
in light of the current evidence we have.
74
266000
3000
ููŠ ุธู„ู‘ ุงู„ุฏู„ุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุญุงู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ู…ุชู„ูƒู‡ุง
04:29
Now, the exact figures here,
75
269000
2000
ุงู„ุฃู†ุŒ ุงู„ุฃุฑู‚ุงู… ุงู„ู…ุญุฏุฏุฉ ู‡ู†ุงุŒ
04:31
we should take with a big grain of salt,
76
271000
2000
ูˆูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃุฎุฐู‡ุง ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดูƒุŒ
04:33
but there seems to be a consensus that the risk is substantial.
77
273000
3000
ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฅุฌู…ุงุน ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ุฎุทุฑ ู„ูŠุณ ุจุงู„ู‡ูŠู‘ู†
04:36
Everybody who has looked at this and studied it agrees.
78
276000
3000
ูˆูƒู„ู‘ ู…ู† ุชูุญู‘ุตูŽ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ูˆุฏุฑุณู‡ ูŠุชู‘ูู‚ู ุนู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ
04:39
Now, if we think about what just reducing
79
279000
2000
ุงู„ุฃู†ุŒ ุฅุฐุง ููƒู‘ุฑู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุชุฎููŠุถ
04:41
the probability of human extinction by just one percentage point --
80
281000
5000
ู…ู† ุงุญุชู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ ุงู†ู‚ุฑุงุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠ ุจู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู…ุฆูˆูŠุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ --
04:46
not very much -- so that's equivalent to 60 million lives saved,
81
286000
5000
ู„ูŠุณ ูƒุซูŠุฑุงู‹ -- ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนุงุฏู„ ุฅู†ู‚ุงุฐ ุญูŠุงุฉ 60 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุดุฎุต
04:51
if we just count the currently living people, the current generation.
82
291000
4000
ุฅุฐุง ุงุญุชุณุจู†ุง ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงุก ุญุงู„ูŠู‘ุงู‹ุŒ ุงู„ุฌูŠู„ ุงู„ุญุงู„ูŠ
04:55
Now one percent of six billion people is equivalent to 60 million.
83
295000
4000
%1 ู…ู† 6 ุจู„ูŠูˆู† ุดุฎุต ูŠุนุงุฏู„ 60 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุดุฎุต.
04:59
So that's a large number.
84
299000
2000
ู‡ุฐุง ุฑู‚ู…ูŒ ูƒุจูŠุฑ.
05:01
If we were to take into account future generations
85
301000
3000
ุฅุฐุง ุฃุฎุฐู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุงุนุชุจุงุฑ ุงู„ุฃุฌูŠุงู„ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู…ุฉ
05:04
that will never come into existence if we blow ourselves up,
86
304000
5000
ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ู† ุชุฃุชูŠ ู„ู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู„ูˆ ูุฌู‘ุฑู†ุง ุฃู†ูุณู†ุงุŒ
05:09
then the figure becomes astronomical.
87
309000
3000
ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ุณูŠุชุญูˆู‘ู„ ุงู„ุฑู‚ู… ุฅู„ู‰ ุฑู‚ู…ู ูู„ูƒูŠู‘.
05:12
If we could eventually colonize a chunk of the universe --
88
312000
3000
ุฅู† ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุงุณุชุทุงุนุชู†ุง ุงู„ุขู† ุงุณุชูŠุทุงู† ุฌุฒุก ูƒุจูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู† --
05:15
the Virgo supercluster --
89
315000
2000
ุงู„ุนู†ู‚ูˆุฏ ุงู„ู…ุฌุฑูŠ ุงู„ู‡ุงุฆู„
05:17
maybe it will take us 100 million years to get there,
90
317000
2000
ู„ุฑุจู…ู‘ุง ุงุณุชุบุฑู‚ ูˆุตูˆู„ู†ุง ู„ุฐู„ูƒ 100 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุณู†ุฉ
05:19
but if we go extinct we never will.
91
319000
3000
ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฅู† ุงู†ู‚ุฑุถู†ุงุŒ ูุฅู†ู†ู‘ุง ู„ู† ู†ุชู…ูƒู‘ู† ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ.
05:22
Then, even a one percentage point reduction
92
322000
3000
ู„ุฐุงุŒ ุญุชู‘ู‰ ุงู„ุชุฎููŠุถ ุฅู„ู‰ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู…ุฆูˆูŠุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ
05:25
in the extinction risk could be equivalent
93
325000
4000
ููŠ ุฎุทุฑ ุงู†ู‚ุฑุงุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠ
05:29
to this astronomical number -- 10 to the power of 32.
94
329000
3000
ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฑู‚ู… ุงู„ูู„ูƒูŠ -- 10 ู…ุฑููˆุนุงู‹ ู„ุฃุณ 32.
05:32
So if you take into account future generations as much as our own,
95
332000
4000
ู„ูˆ ููƒุฑู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุฌูŠุงู„ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู…ุฉ ู‚ุฏุฑ ู…ุง ู†ููƒุฑ ููŠ ุฌูŠู„ู†ุง ุงู„ุญุงู„ูŠุŒ
05:36
every other moral imperative of philanthropic cost just becomes irrelevant.
96
336000
5000
ูƒู„ู‘ู ูˆุงุฌุจู ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠ ุฐูˆ ุชูƒู„ูุฉ ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠุฉ ูŠุตุจุญ ุบูŠุฑ ุฐูˆ ุตู„ุฉ ุจุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน
05:41
The only thing you should focus on
97
341000
2000
ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฌุจ ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุนู„ูŠู‡
05:43
would be to reduce existential risk
98
343000
2000
ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชุฎููŠู ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎุทุฑ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏูŠ
05:45
because even the tiniest decrease in existential risk
99
345000
4000
ู„ุฅู†ู‘ ุฃุจุณุท ู‡ุจูˆุท ููŠ ุฎุทุฑ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ
05:49
would just overwhelm any other benefit you could hope to achieve.
100
349000
4000
ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ู‡ ุฃู† ูŠุทุบูŠ ุนู„ูŠ ุฃูŠ ูุงุฆุฏุฉ ู†ุฑุฌูˆ ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ู‡ุง.
05:53
And even if you just look at the current people,
101
353000
2000
ูˆุญุชู‘ู‰ ู„ูˆ ู†ุธุฑุชู… ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุญุงู„ูŠูŠู†
05:55
and ignore the potential that would be lost if we went extinct,
102
355000
5000
ูˆุชุฌุงู‡ู„ุชู… ุงู„ุฅู…ูƒุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุณุชููุชู‚ุฏู’ ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุงู†ู‚ุฑุถู†ุง
06:00
it should still have a high priority.
103
360000
2000
ุณูŠุธู„ู‘ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดูŠุก ูŠุญุธู‰ ุจุฃูˆู„ูˆูŠุฉ ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ
06:02
Now, let me spend the rest of my time on the third big problem,
104
362000
5000
ุฏุนูˆู†ูŠ ุงู„ุขู† ุฃู‚ุถูŠ ู…ุง ุชุจู‚ู‘ู‰ ู…ู† ูˆู‚ุช ููŠ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ูƒุจุฑู‰ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซุฉ
06:07
because it's more subtle and perhaps difficult to grasp.
105
367000
5000
ู„ุฅู†ู‘ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ู„ูŠุณ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู‡ูˆู„ุฉ ูู‡ู…ู‡ุง ูˆุงุณุชูŠุนุงุจู‡ุง
06:13
Think about some time in your life --
106
373000
4000
ููƒู‘ุฑูˆุง ููŠ ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุฃูˆู‚ุงุช ููŠ ุญูŠุงุชูƒู… --
06:17
some people might never have experienced it -- but some people,
107
377000
3000
ู„ุฑุจู‘ู…ุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู„ู… ูŠู…ุฑูˆู‘ุง ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชุฌุฑุจุฉุŒ -- ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุจุนุถ ู…ู†ู‡ู…
06:20
there are just those moments that you have experienced
108
380000
3000
ู„ุงุจุฏู‘ู ุฃู†ู‘ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู„ุญุธุงุช ู‚ุฏ ุฃุญุณุณุชู… ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ุง
06:23
where life was fantastic.
109
383000
2000
ุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ู…ู…ุชุนุฉ
06:25
It might have been at the moment of some great, creative inspiration
110
385000
7000
ู‚ุฏ ุชูƒูˆู† ููŠ ูˆู‚ุชู‡ุง ุฐุงุช ุฅู„ู‡ุงู… ู…ุจุฏุน ูˆูƒุจูŠุฑ
06:32
you might have had when you just entered this flow stage.
111
392000
2000
ุฑุจู‘ู…ุง ูƒูŽู„ูŽุญุธุงุช ุฏุฎูˆู„ูƒู… ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุตู‘ุฉ
06:34
Or when you understood something you had never done before.
112
394000
2000
ุฃูˆ ูู‡ู…ูƒู… ู„ุดูŠุก ู„ู… ูŠุณุจู‚ ู„ูƒู… ูุนู„ู‡ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„.
06:36
Or perhaps in the ecstasy of romantic love.
113
396000
4000
ุฃูˆ ู„ุญุธุฉ ุงู„ุฅุญุณุงุณ ุจู†ุดูˆุฉ ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุฑูˆู…ุงู†ุณูŠู‘ุฉ.
06:40
Or an aesthetic experience -- a sunset or a great piece of art.
114
400000
5000
ุฃูˆ ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ุฌู…ูŠู„ุฉุŒ -- ู…ุดุงู‡ุฏุฉ ุบุฑูˆุจ ุงู„ุดู…ุณุŒ ุฃูˆุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ู„ูˆุญุฉ ูู†ูŠู‘ุฉ.
06:45
Every once in a while we have these moments,
115
405000
2000
ู…ู† ูˆู‚ุชู ุฅู„ู‰ ุขุฎุฑุŒ ู†ุดุนุฑ ุจุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู„ุญุธุงุช,
06:47
and we realize just how good life can be when it's at its best.
116
407000
4000
ูˆู†ุณุชูˆุนุจ ูƒู… ู‡ูŠ ุฌู…ูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุฃูุถู„ ุญุงู„ุงุชู‡ุง
06:51
And you wonder, why can't it be like that all the time?
117
411000
5000
ูˆู„ุฑุจู…ู‘ุง ุชุชุณุงุกู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ู„ู… ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ุง ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ูƒุฐุง ุทูˆุงู„ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุชุŸุŸ
06:56
You just want to cling onto this.
118
416000
2000
ุชุฑูŠุฏูˆู† ูู‚ุท ุงู„ุชุดุจุซ ุจู‡ุง
06:58
And then, of course, it drifts back into ordinary life and the memory fades.
119
418000
4000
ูˆุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุจุงู„ุทุจุนุŒ ู†ุนูˆุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ุฑูˆุชูŠู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุชุฎุชููŠ ุงู„ุฐูƒุฑูŠุงุช
07:02
And it's really difficult to recall, in a normal frame of mind,
120
422000
4000
ูˆูŠุตุจุญ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุนุจ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุชุฐูƒู‘ุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ
07:06
just how good life can be at its best.
121
426000
3000
ูƒู… ุฌู…ูŠู„ุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุจุฏูˆ ููŠ ุฃูุถู„ ุญุงู„ุงุชู‡ุง
07:09
Or how bad it can be at its worst.
122
429000
3000
ูˆูƒู… ู‡ูŠ ุณูŠุฆุฉ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุจุฏูˆ ููŠ ุฃุณูˆุก ุญุงู„ุงุชู‡ุง
07:12
The third big problem is that life isn't usually
123
432000
3000
ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุฅุญุณุงุณู†ุง ุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ู„ูŠุณุช ูุจ ุงู„ุบุงู„ุจ
07:15
as wonderful as it could be.
124
435000
2000
ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ ูƒู…ุง ูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ู„ู‡ุง ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู†.
07:17
I think that's a big, big problem.
125
437000
4000
ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‘ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉุŒ ุจู„ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุฌุฏู‘ุงู‹
07:21
It's easy to say what we don't want.
126
441000
2000
ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ ู„ู…ูู†ู’ ุงู„ุณู‡ู„ ุฃู† ู†ูุตุญ ุนู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุง ู†ุฑูŠุฏู‡ุง.
07:24
Here are a number of things that we don't want --
127
444000
3000
ุฅู„ูŠูƒู… ุนุฏุฏุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุง ู†ุฑูŠุฏู‡ุง --
07:27
illness, involuntary death, unnecessary suffering, cruelty,
128
447000
3000
ุงู„ู…ุฑุถุŒ ุงู„ู…ูˆุช ุงู„ู…ูุงุฌู‰ุกุŒ ุงู„ู…ุนุงู†ุงุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุง ู„ุฒูˆู… ู„ู‡ุงุŒ ุงู„ู‚ุณูˆุฉุŒ
07:30
stunted growth, memory loss, ignorance, absence of creativity.
129
450000
5000
ุชูˆู‚ู‘ูู ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆู‘ุŒ ูู‚ุฏุงู† ุงู„ุฐุงูƒุฑุฉุŒ ุงู„ุฌู‡ู„ุŒ ุบูŠุงุจ ุงู„ุฅุจุฏุงุน.
07:36
Suppose we fixed these things -- we did something about all of these.
130
456000
3000
ูู„ู†ูุชุฑุถู’ ุฃู†ู‘ู†ุง ุนุงู„ุฌู†ุง ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ .. ูˆู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุดูŠุกู ู…ู‘ุง ุญูŠุงู„ ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ.
07:39
We were very successful.
131
459000
2000
ูˆูƒู†ุง ู†ุงุฌุญูŠู† ุฌุฏุงู‹.
07:41
We got rid of all of these things.
132
461000
2000
ุชุฎู„ู‘ุตู†ุง ู…ู† ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ.
07:43
We might end up with something like this,
133
463000
3000
ู‚ุฏ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ููŠ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุทุงู ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ูƒู‡ุฐู‡.
07:46
which is -- I mean, it's a heck of a lot better than that.
134
466000
4000
ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ..ุฃุนู†ูŠุŒ ุฅู†ู‘ ู‡ุฐุง ุฃูุถู„ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ. ุฃุนู†ูŠุŒ
07:50
But is this really the best we can dream of?
135
470000
5000
ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู‡ูŠ ุฃูุถู„ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ุจุงุณุชุทุงุนุชู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุญู„ู… ุจู‡ุงุŸ
07:55
Is this the best we can do?
136
475000
2000
ู‡ู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุฃูุถู„ ู…ุง ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ุŸ
07:57
Or is it possible to find something a little bit more inspiring to work towards?
137
477000
6000
ุฃูˆ ู‡ู„ ู‡ูˆ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฅูŠุฌุงุฏ ุดูŠุก ุขุฎุฑ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฅู„ู‡ุงู…ุงู‹ ู„ู†ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ูŠ ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ู‡ุŸ
08:03
And if we think about this,
138
483000
2000
ุฅุฐุง ููƒู‘ุฑู†ุง ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุŒ
08:05
I think it's very clear that there are ways
139
485000
4000
ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‘ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุทุฑู‚ุงู‹ ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ุง
08:09
in which we could change things, not just by eliminating negatives,
140
489000
3000
ุฅุญุฏุงุซ ุงู„ุชุบูŠูŠุฑุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑุŒ ู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ุจุงู„ู‚ุถุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณู„ุจูŠู‘ุงุช
08:12
but adding positives.
141
492000
2000
ุจู„ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุงู„ุฅูŠุฌุงุจูŠู‘ุงุช ูƒุฐู„ูƒ
08:14
On my wish list, at least, would be:
142
494000
2000
ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ุงุฆู…ุฉ ุฃู…ู†ูŠุงุชูŠุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ู‘ุŒ ุณูŠูƒูˆู†
08:16
much longer, healthier lives, greater subjective well-being,
143
496000
5000
ุงู„ุชุทู„ู‘ุน ุฅู„ู‰ ุญูŠุงุฉ ุตุญูŠู‘ุฉ ุฃูƒุซุฑ .. ุงู„ุชู…ุชู‘ุน ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุจุงู„ุฑูุงู‡ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุดุฎุตูŠู‘ุฉ
08:21
enhanced cognitive capacities, more knowledge and understanding,
144
501000
5000
ุชุนุฒูŠุฒ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุงุช ุงู„ู…ุนุฑููŠู‘ุฉ .. ุงูƒุชุณุงุจ ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู„ู… ูˆุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ
08:26
unlimited opportunity for personal growth
145
506000
2000
ุฎู„ู‚ ูุฑู’ุต ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุญุฏูˆุฏุฉ ู„ู„ุชู†ู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุดุฎุตูŠู‘ุฉ
08:28
beyond our current biological limits, better relationships,
146
508000
4000
ุจุญูŠุซ ุชุชุฌุงูˆุฒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชู†ู…ูŠุฉ ู‚ุฏุฑุงุชู†ุง ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุนุงุฏูŠู‘ุฉ..ุนู„ุงู‚ุงุช ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠุฉ ุฃูุถู„ุŒ
08:32
an unbounded potential for spiritual, moral
147
512000
2000
ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุญุฏูˆุฏุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุทูˆูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠ ูˆุงู„ุฑูˆุญูŠ
08:34
and intellectual development.
148
514000
2000
ูˆุงู„ุชุทูˆูŠุฑ ุงู„ููƒุฑูŠ
08:36
If we want to achieve this, what, in the world, would have to change?
149
516000
8000
ุฅุฐุง ุฃุฑุฏู†ุง ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุชุบูŠูŠุฑู‡ุŸ
08:44
And this is the answer -- we would have to change.
150
524000
5000
ูˆุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ู‡ูŠ .. ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุชุชุบูŠุฑ.
08:49
Not just the world around us, but we, ourselves.
151
529000
3000
ู„ูŠุณ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ู…ู† ุญูˆู„ู†ุง ูˆุญุณุจุŒ ุจู„ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุจุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุฃู†ูุณู†ุง ูƒุฐู„ูƒ.
08:52
Not just the way we think about the world, but the way we are -- our very biology.
152
532000
4000
ู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ููƒู‘ุฑ ุจู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ ุจู„ ุจุงู†ูุณู†ุง -- ุจูƒูŠู†ูˆู†ุชู†ุง.
08:56
Human nature would have to change.
153
536000
2000
ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠู‘ุฉ ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุชุชุบูŠู‘ุฑ.
08:58
Now, when we think about changing human nature,
154
538000
2000
ุงู„ุฃู†ุŒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ููƒู‘ุฑ ุจุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠู‘ุฉุŒ
09:00
the first thing that comes to mind
155
540000
2000
ุฃูˆู‘ู„ ุดูŠุก ูŠุชูˆุงุฑุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฐู‡ุงู†
09:02
are these human modification technologies --
156
542000
4000
ู‡ูˆ ุชู‚ู†ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุชุนุฏูŠู„ ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠ --
09:06
growth hormone therapy, cosmetic surgery,
157
546000
2000
ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฌ ุจู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆุŒ ุงู„ุฌุฑุงุญุฉ ุงู„ุชุฌู…ูŠู„ูŠุฉุŒ
09:08
stimulants like Ritalin, Adderall, anti-depressants,
158
548000
3000
ู…ู†ุดู‘ุทุงุช ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฑูŠุชุงู„ูŠู†ุŒ ุฃุฏุฑุงู„ุŒ ู…ุถุงุฏู‘ุงุชุงุช ุงู„ุงูƒุชุฆุงุจุŒ
09:11
anabolic steroids, artificial hearts.
159
551000
2000
ุงู„ู…ู†ุดุทุงุช ุŒ ุงู„ู‚ู„ูˆุจ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนูŠู‘ุฉ.
09:13
It's a pretty pathetic list.
160
553000
3000
ุฅู†ู‘ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฆู…ุฉ ุชุจุนุซ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดูู‚ุฉ.
09:16
They do great things for a few people
161
556000
2000
ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ู… ูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆู† ุจุฅู†ุฌุงุฒู ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ ู„ูุฆุฉ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ
09:18
who suffer from some specific condition,
162
558000
2000
ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนุงู†ูŠ ู…ู† ุญุงู„ุงุชู ู…ุฑุถู ู…ุนูŠู‘ู†ุฉ.
09:20
but for most people, they don't really transform
163
560000
5000
ูˆู„ูƒู† ูˆู„ุบุงู„ุจูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ู†ุงุณุŒ ู„ุง ูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆู† ุจุนู…ู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ
09:25
what it is to be human.
164
565000
2000
ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุขุฏู…ูŠ.
09:27
And they also all seem a little bit --
165
567000
2000
ูˆุฌู…ูŠุนู‡ู… ูŠุจุฏูˆู† ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹ --
09:29
most people have this instinct that, well, sure,
166
569000
3000
ุฃุบู„ุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูŠู…ุชู„ูƒูˆู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุบุฑูŠุฒุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุดุนุฑู‡ู…
09:32
there needs to be anti-depressants for the really depressed people.
167
572000
2000
ุจุฃู†ู‘ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญุงุฌุฉ ู„ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู…ุถุงุฏู‘ุงุช ุงู„ุงูƒุชุฆุงุจ ู„ูƒู„ู‘ ุดุฎุต ู…ูƒุชุฆุจ.
09:34
But there's a kind of queasiness
168
574000
2000
ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ู„ู‚
09:36
that these are unnatural in some way.
169
576000
3000
ุญูˆู„ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏู‘ุงุช ู„ูƒูˆู†ู‡ุง ุบูŠุฑ ุทุจูŠุจุนูŠุฉ ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ู‘ุง
09:39
It's worth recalling that there are a lot of other
170
579000
2000
ูˆูŠุฌุฏุฑ ุจู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุฐูƒู‘ุฑ ุจุฃู†ู‘ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ
09:41
modification technologies and enhancement technologies that we use.
171
581000
3000
ู…ู† ุชู‚ู†ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุชุฌู…ูŠู„ ูˆุงู„ุชุญุณูŠู† ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง.
09:44
We have skin enhancements, clothing.
172
584000
4000
ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ ุชุนุฒูŠุฒ ุงู„ุฌู„ุฏุŒ ูˆุงู„ูƒุณูˆุฉ.
09:48
As far as I can see, all of you are users of this
173
588000
4000
ูƒู…ุง ุฃุฑู‰ ูุฅู†ู‘ ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุบุฑูุฉ ู…ุณุชุฎุฏู…ูˆ ู‡ุฐู‡
09:52
enhancement technology in this room, so that's a great thing.
174
592000
5000
ุงู„ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุฃู…ุฑูŒ ุฑุงุฆุน.
09:57
Mood modifiers have been used from time immemorial --
175
597000
3000
ู…ู‡ุฏุฆุงุช ุงู„ุฃุนุตุงุจ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง ู…ู†ุฐ ุงู„ุฃุฒู„ --
10:00
caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, immune system enhancement,
176
600000
5000
ุงู„ูƒุงููŠูŠู†ุŒ ุงู„ูƒุญูˆู„ุŒ ุงู„ู†ูŠูƒูˆุชูŠู†ุŒ ู…ุนุฒุฒุงุช ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุนูŠุŒ
10:05
vision enhancement, anesthetics --
177
605000
2000
ู…ุนุฒุฒุงุช ุงู„ุฑุคูŠุฉุŒ ุงู„ุชุฎุฏูŠุฑ.
10:07
we take that very much for granted,
178
607000
2000
ุฅู†ู‘ู†ุง ู†ุนุชุจุฑ ู‡ุฐุง ุฃู…ุฑุงู‹ ุดูŠุฆุงู‹ ู…ูุฑูˆุบุงู‹ ู…ู†ู‡ุŒ
10:09
but just think about how great progress that is --
179
609000
4000
ูˆู„ูƒู† ููƒู‘ุฑูˆุง ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹ ููŠ ู…ุฏู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุทู‘ูˆุฑ ุงู„ุจุงู‡ุฑ --
10:13
like, having an operation before anesthetics was not fun.
180
613000
4000
ูƒู…ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุงู„ุฌุฑุงุญุงุช ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุชุฎุฏูŠุฑ ุฃู…ุฑ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ู…ุชุน.
10:17
Contraceptives, cosmetics and brain reprogramming techniques --
181
617000
6000
ูˆุณุงุฆู„ ู…ู†ุน ุงู„ุญู…ู„ุŒ ู…ุณุชุญุถุฑุงุช ุงู„ุชุฌู…ูŠู„ุŒ ูˆุชู‚ู†ูŠุงุช ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุจุฑู…ุฌุฉ ุงู„ุนู‚ู„ --
10:23
that sounds ominous,
182
623000
2000
ุฅู†ู‘ ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ู„ุง ุชูุญู…ุฏ ุนูู‚ุจุงู‡ุง.
10:25
but the distinction between what is a technology --
183
625000
4000
ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ูุฑู’ู‚ ุจูŠู† ู…ุง ู†ุณู…ู‘ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง --
10:29
a gadget would be the archetype --
184
629000
2000
ุงู„ุฃุฏุงุฉ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู†ุณุฎุฉ ุงู„ุฃุตู„ูŠู‘ุฉ --
10:31
and other ways of changing and rewriting human nature is quite subtle.
185
631000
4000
ูˆุจูŠู† ุงู„ูˆุณุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ููŠ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฆุฉ ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠู‘ุฉ ู„ู‡ูˆูŽ ุฃู…ุฑูŒ ู…ูุชู‚ู’ู†.
10:35
So if you think about what it means to learn arithmetic or to learn to read,
186
635000
4000
ูˆุจุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ููŠู…ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠู‡ ุชุนู„ู‘ู… ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุญุณุงุจ ุฃูˆ ุชุนู„ู‘ู… ุงู„ู‚ุฑุงุกุฉุŒ
10:39
you're actually, literally rewriting your own brain.
187
639000
3000
ุฃู†ุช ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉู‹ุŒ ุญุฑููŠุงู‹ ุชุนูŠุฏ ุตูŠุงุบุฉ ุนู‚ู„ูƒ.
10:42
You're changing the microstructure of your brain as you go along.
188
642000
3000
ุฅู†ู‘ูƒ ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุชุบูŠู‘ุฑ ุงู„ุจู†ุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฌู‡ุฑูŠ ู„ุนู‚ู„ูƒ
10:46
So in a broad sense, we don't need to think about technology
189
646000
3000
ูˆุจู…ุนู†ู‰ู‹ ุฃุดู…ู„ุŒ ู„ุง ู†ุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง
10:49
as only little gadgets, like these things here,
190
649000
2000
ูƒุงู„ุฃุฏูˆุงุช ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ู‡ู†ุง
10:51
but even institutions and techniques,
191
651000
4000
ูˆู„ูƒู† ุญุชู‘ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุนุงู‡ุฏ ูˆุงู„ุชู‚ู†ูŠุงุช
10:55
psychological methods and so forth.
192
655000
2000
ูˆุงู„ุฃุณุงู„ูŠุจ ุงู„ู†ูุณูŠู‘ุฉ ูˆุบูŠุฑู‡ุง
10:57
Forms of organization can have a profound impact on human nature.
193
657000
5000
ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุงู„ุชู†ุธูŠู… ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ู‡ุง ุฃู† ุชูุญุฏูุซูŽ ุชุฃุซูŠุฑุงู‹ ุนู…ูŠู‚ุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠู‘ุฉ
11:02
Looking ahead, there is a range of technologies
194
662000
2000
ุจุงู„ู†ุธุฑู ู‚ูุฏูู…ุงู‹ุŒ ูุฅู†ู‘ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชู‚ู†ูŠุงุช
11:04
that are almost certain to be developed sooner or later.
195
664000
3000
ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุคูƒุฏ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ุง ุณุชุฎุถุน ู„ู„ุชุทูˆูŠุฑ ุนุงุฌู„ุงู‹ ุฃู… ุขุฌู„ุงู‹
11:07
We are very ignorant about what the time scale for these things are,
196
667000
4000
ุฅู†ู‘ู†ุง ู†ุฌู‡ู„ ูƒุซูŠุฑุงู‹ ุงู„ู…ุฏู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุฒู…ู†ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณุชุบุฑู‚ู‡ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู„ูƒูŠ ุชุชุทูˆู‘ุฑ
11:11
but they all are consistent with everything we know
197
671000
2000
ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‘ู‡ุง ุฌู…ูŠุนุงู‹ ู…ุชู„ุงุฆู…ุฉ ู…ุน ู…ุง ู†ุนุฑูู‡
11:13
about physical laws, laws of chemistry, etc.
198
673000
4000
ู…ู† ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠุฉุŒ ูˆู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุฅู„ู‰ ุขุฎุฑู‡ ู…ู† ุฃู…ูˆุฑ
11:17
It's possible to assume,
199
677000
2000
ู‚ุฏ ูŠุตุจุญ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ุงู„ุงูุชุฑุงุถ
11:19
setting aside a possibility of catastrophe,
200
679000
3000
ูˆูˆุถุน ุงุญุชู…ุงู„ ู„ูˆู‚ูˆุน ูƒุงุฑุซุฉ
11:22
that sooner or later we will develop all of these.
201
682000
3000
ุณู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุชุทูˆูŠุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชู‚ู†ูŠุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงุฌู„ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุขุฌู„
11:25
And even just a couple of these would be enough
202
685000
3000
ูˆูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ุจุนุถู ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ูƒุงููŠุฉ
11:28
to transform the human condition.
203
688000
2000
ู„ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุญุงู„ ุงู„ุจุดุฑ
11:30
So let's look at some of the dimensions of human nature
204
690000
5000
ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ู„ู‚ูŠ ู†ุธุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠุฉ
11:35
that seem to leave room for improvement.
205
695000
3000
ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชุฑูƒ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ู„ู„ุชุทูˆูŠุฑ
11:38
Health span is a big and urgent thing,
206
698000
2000
ุงู„ุงู…ุชุฏุงุฏ ุงู„ุตุญู‘ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู…ุฑูŒ ู…ู‡ู…ู‘ ูˆู…ู„ุญู‘
11:40
because if you're not alive,
207
700000
2000
ู„ุฅู†ู‘ูƒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู„ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ูŠุฏ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ
11:42
then all the other things will be to little avail.
208
702000
3000
ุชุตุจุญ ุจู‚ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุฐูˆ ูุงุฆุฏุฉ ุฃู‚ู„ู‘
11:45
Intellectual capacity -- let's take that box,
209
705000
2000
ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุงุช ุงู„ููƒุฑูŠู‘ุฉ.. ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุชุญุฏู‘ุซ ุนู† ุฐู„ูƒ
11:47
which falls into a lot of different sub-categories:
210
707000
5000
ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู†ุฏุฑุฌ ุชุญุช ุนุฏุฏู ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุงู„ูุฑุนูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ
11:52
memory, concentration, mental energy, intelligence, empathy.
211
712000
3000
ุงู„ุฐุงูƒุฑุฉุŒ ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒุŒ ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุนู‚ู„ูŠู‘ุฉุŒุงู„ุฐูƒุงุกุŒ ุงู„ุชุนุงุทู
11:55
These are really great things.
212
715000
2000
ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ
11:57
Part of the reason why we value these traits
213
717000
2000
ุงู„ุณุจุจ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฌุนู„ู†ุง ู†ุนุทูŠ ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุณู…ุงุช ุฃู‡ู…ูŠู‘ุฉ ูƒุจุฑู‰
11:59
is that they make us better at competing with other people --
214
719000
4000
ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ุง ุชุฌุนู„ู†ุง ููŠ ุฃูุถู„ ุญุงู„ ู„ู…ู†ุงูุณุฉ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู†
12:03
they're positional goods.
215
723000
2000
ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ุง ุณู„ุน ุชุญุฏุฏ ูˆุถุนู†ุง.
12:05
But part of the reason --
216
725000
2000
ู„ูƒู† ุฌูุฒุกุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณุจุจ --
12:07
and that's the reason why we have ethical ground for pursuing these --
217
727000
4000
ูˆู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณุจุจ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุฉ ู„ู…ู…ุงุฑุณุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดูŠุก --
12:11
is that they're also intrinsically valuable.
218
731000
3000
ูˆู‡ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ู… ู…ู‡ู…ูˆู† ููŠ ุญุฏ ุฐุงุชู‡ู….
12:14
It's just better to be able to understand more of the world around you
219
734000
4000
ุฅู†ู‘ู‘ู‡ ู„ุฃู…ู’ุฑูŒ ุฌูŠู‘ุฏ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู‚ุงุฏุฑุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ูู‡ู… ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ู…ู† ุญูˆู„ูƒ ุจุตูˆุฑุฉ ุฃูƒุจุฑ
12:18
and the people that you are communicating with,
220
738000
2000
ูˆุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุชุชูˆุงุตู„ ู…ุนู‡ู…ุŒ
12:20
and to remember what you have learned.
221
740000
4000
ูˆุชุฐูƒู‘ูุฑ ู…ุง ุชุนู„ู‘ู…ุชู‡.
12:24
Modalities and special faculties.
222
744000
2000
ุงู„ุฃู†ู…ุงุท ูˆุงู„ู…ู„ูŽูƒุงุช ุงู„ุนู‚ู„ูŠู‘ุฉ
12:26
Now, the human mind is not a single unitary information processor,
223
746000
5000
ุนู‚ู„ู ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ู„ูŠุณ ู…ูุนุงู„ุฌู ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุชู ุฃูุญุงุฏูŠ
12:31
but it has a lot of different, special, evolved modules
224
751000
4000
ุจู„ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ูŠู…ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุญุฏุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุทูˆู‘ุฑุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ
12:35
that do specific things for us.
225
755000
2000
ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู‚ูˆู… ูƒู„ู‘ูŒ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุจู…ู‡ุงู…ู‘ู ู…ุนูŠู‘ู†ุฉ
12:37
If you think about what we normally take as giving life a lot of its meaning --
226
757000
4000
ุฅุฐุง ููƒู‘ุฑู†ุง ูƒู… ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงุฏุฉ ู†ุฃุฎุฐ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ูƒู…ุง ู†ุนุทูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ู…ุนู†ุงู‡ุง--
12:41
music, humor, eroticism, spirituality, aesthetics,
227
761000
4000
ุงู„ู…ูˆุณูŠู‚ู‰ุŒ ุงู„ู…ุฑุญุŒ ุงู„ุฅุซุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ุงู„ุฑูˆุญุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ ุงู„ุฌู…ุงู„
12:45
nurturing and caring, gossip, chatting with people --
228
765000
5000
ุงู„ุฑุนุงูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู…ุŒ ุงู„ุซุฑุซุฑุฉุŒ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ู…ุน ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู†.
12:50
all of these, very likely, are enabled by a special circuitry
229
770000
4000
ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุฌุญุŒ ู…ุฏุนูˆู…ุฉ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุฏูˆุงุฆุฑ ุงู„ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงุตู‘ุฉ
12:54
that we humans have,
230
774000
2000
ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ู…ู„ูƒู‡ุง ู†ุญู† ุงู„ุจุดุฑุŒ
12:56
but that you could have another intelligent life form that lacks these.
231
776000
3000
ูˆู„ูƒู† ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ูƒู… ุดูƒู„ ุขุฎุฑ ู…ู† ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ุฐูƒูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูุชู‚ุฑ ุฅู„ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฏูˆุงุฆุฑ ุงู„ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠุฉ
12:59
We're just lucky that we have the requisite neural machinery
232
779000
3000
ู†ุญู† ู…ุญุธูˆุธูˆู† ุฃู†ู‘ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุขู„ูŠุงุช ุนุตุจูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ู„ุงุฒู…ุฉ
13:02
to process music and to appreciate it and enjoy it.
233
782000
4000
ู„ู…ุนุงู„ุฌุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆุณูŠู‚ู‰ ูˆุฌุนู„ู†ุง ู†ู‚ุฏู‘ุฑู‡ุง ูˆู†ุณุชู…ุชุน ุจู‡ุง.
13:06
All of these would enable, in principle -- be amenable to enhancement.
234
786000
3000
ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุกุŒ ุชู…ูƒู‘ู†ุŒ ู…ู† ุญูŠุซ ุงู„ู…ุจุฏุฃ .. ุชูƒูˆู† ู‚ุงุจู„ุฉ ู„ู„ุชุนุฒูŠุฒ.
13:09
Some people have a better musical ability
235
789000
2000
ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ู‚ุฏุฑุงุช ู…ูˆุณูŠู‚ูŠู‘ุฉ ุฃูุถู„
13:11
and ability to appreciate music than others have.
236
791000
2000
ุจุงู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุชู‚ุฏูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ูˆุณูŠู‚ู‰ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑูŠู†
13:13
It's also interesting to think about what other things are --
237
793000
3000
ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ุชุน ุฃู† ู†ู„ู‚ูŠ ู†ุธุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ --
13:16
so if these all enabled great values,
238
796000
3000
ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุชู…ู„ูƒ ู‚ุฏุฑุงู‹ ุนุงู„ูŠุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู‡ู…ูŠู‘ุฉ
13:20
why should we think that evolution has happened to provide us
239
800000
3000
ู„ู…ูŽ ู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ุชุทูˆู‘ุฑ ู‚ุฏ ุญุตู„ ู„ุชุฒูˆูŠุฏู†ุง
13:23
with all the modalities we would need to engage
240
803000
3000
ุจุงู„ูˆุณุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุญุชุงุฌู‡ุง ุชู…ู‡ูŠุฏุงู‹ ู„ู„ุชุนุงุทูŠ
13:26
with other values that there might be?
241
806000
2000
ู…ุน ุงู„ู‚ูŠู… ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉุŸ
13:28
Imagine a species
242
808000
2000
ุชุฎูŠู„ู‘ูˆุง ู„ูˆ ุฃู†ู‘ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช
13:30
that just didn't have this neural machinery for processing music.
243
810000
4000
ู„ุง ุชู…ู„ูƒ ุงู„ุขู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุนุตุจูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุนุงู„ุฌุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆุณูŠู‚ู‰
13:34
And they would just stare at us with bafflement
244
814000
3000
ูˆุจุฏุฃูˆุง ู‡ูƒุฐุง ุจุงู„ุชุญุฏูŠู‚ ุจู†ุง ุจุญูŠู’ุฑุฉ
13:37
when we spend time listening to a beautiful performance,
245
817000
4000
ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ู†ู‚ุถูŠ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ููŠ ุงู„ุงุณุชู…ุชุงุน ุจุฃุฏุงุกูู ู…ูˆุณูŠู‚ูŠู‘ู ุฌู…ูŠู„
13:41
like the one we just heard -- because of people making stupid movements,
246
821000
2000
ูƒุงู„ุฐูŠ ุณู…ุนู†ุงู‡ ู„ู„ุชูˆู‘ .. ูˆูƒุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠูุฃุฏูˆู‘ู† ุญุฑูƒุงุชู ุณุฎูŠูุฉ
13:43
and they would be really irritated and wouldn't see what we were up to.
247
823000
3000
ูˆุณูŠุจุฏูˆู† ู…ู†ุฒุนุฌูˆู† ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‘ู‡ู… ู„ู† ูŠุชู…ูƒู‘ู†ูˆุง ู…ู† ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ู…ุง ูƒู†ู‘ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡
13:46
But maybe they have another faculty, something else
248
826000
3000
ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ู‡ู… ู‚ุฏู’ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰
13:49
that would seem equally irrational to us,
249
829000
3000
ุชุจุฏูˆ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ู†ุทู‚ูŠู‘ุฉ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู†ุง
13:52
but they actually tap into some great possible value there.
250
832000
3000
ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‘ู‡ู… ููŠ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุŒ ูŠุณุชุบู„ู‘ูˆู† ุจุนุถ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ูŠู… ุงู„ุนุธูŠู…ุฉ
13:55
But we are just literally deaf to that kind of value.
251
835000
4000
ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุชุจุฏูˆ ุฃุฐู‡ุงู†ู†ุง ุบุงุฆุจุฉ ุนู† ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ูˆุนูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ูŠู’ู…
13:59
So we could think of adding on different,
252
839000
2000
ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‘ู†ุง ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุฅุถุงูุฉุŒ
14:01
new sensory capacities and mental faculties.
253
841000
4000
ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุงุช ุงู„ุญุณูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ูˆุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุงุช ุงู„ุนู‚ู„ูŠุฉ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ
14:05
Bodily functionality and morphology and affective self-control.
254
845000
5000
ุงู„ูˆุธุงุฆู ุงู„ุฌุณุฏูŠู‘ุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ูˆุฑููˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ (ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ูˆุงู„ุจู†ูŠุฉ) ูˆุถุจู’ุท ุงู„ู†ูู’ุณ.
14:10
Greater subjective well-being.
255
850000
2000
ุฑูุงู‡ูŠู‘ุฉ ุฐุงุชูŠู‘ุฉ ุฃูƒุจุฑ
14:12
Be able to switch between relaxation and activity --
256
852000
3000
ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุญูˆู„ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุงุณุชุฑุฎุงุก ูˆุงู„ุนู…ู„ --
14:15
being able to go slow when you need to do that, and to speed up.
257
855000
4000
ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณูŠู’ุฑ ุจุจุทุก ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุฑูŠุฏ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูˆุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฅุณุฑุงุน.
14:19
Able to switch back and forth more easily
258
859000
2000
ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุฐู‡ุงุจุงู‹ ูˆุฅูŠุงุจุงู‹ ุจุดูƒู„ู ุฃุณู‡ู„
14:21
would be a neat thing to be able to do --
259
861000
2000
ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌูŠู‘ุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ุฐุง --
14:23
easier to achieve the flow state,
260
863000
2000
ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู‡ู„ ุนู„ูŠูƒ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู† ุชุญู‚ู‘ู‚ ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉู‹ุŒ
14:25
when you're totally immersed in something you are doing.
261
865000
4000
ุฎุงุตู‘ุฉ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุณุชุบุฑู‚ุงู‹ ููŠ ูุนู„ู ุดูŠุกู ู…ู‘ุง
14:29
Conscientiousness and sympathy.
262
869000
2000
ุงู„ุงุฌุชู‡ุงุฏ ูˆุงู„ุชุนุงุทู
14:31
The ability to -- it's another interesting application
263
871000
3000
ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ .. ูˆู‡ูˆ ุชุทุจูŠู‚ูŒ ุนู…ู„ูŠู‘ูŒ ุขุฎุฑ
14:34
that would have large social ramification, perhaps.
264
874000
3000
ู…ู† ุดุฃู†ู‡ ุฃู† ูŠุชุณุจู‘ุจ ููŠ ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ุฐุงุช ุนูˆุงู‚ุจ ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠู‘ุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ.
14:37
If you could actually choose to preserve your romantic attachments to one person,
265
877000
6000
ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุชุญุงูุธ ุนู„ู‰ ุงุฑุชุจุงุทูƒ ุงู„ุนุงุทููŠ ุจุดุฎุตู ู…ู‘ุงุŒ
14:43
undiminished through time,
266
883000
2000
ุจุญูŠู’ุซ ู„ุง ูŠู†ุญุณุฑ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฒู…ู†
14:45
so that wouldn't have to -- love would never have to fade if you didn't want it to.
267
885000
3000
ุงู„ุญุจู‘ ู„ุง ูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุฃู† ูŠุฎุชููŠ ุฅุฐุง ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ุชุญุจู‘ ู„ู‡ู ุฐู„ูƒ
14:50
That's probably not all that difficult.
268
890000
3000
ู‚ุฏ ู„ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุตุนูˆุจุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุชุฎูŠู‘ู„ู‡ุง
14:53
It might just be a simple hormone or something that could do this.
269
893000
3000
ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุฌุฑู‘ุฏ ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†ู ุจูŠุณุทุŒ ุฃูˆ ุดูŠุก ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู‚ุจูŠู„ุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ
14:58
It's been done in voles.
270
898000
2000
ู„ู‚ุฏ ุชู…ู‘ุช ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ูุฆุฑุงู† ุงู„ุจุฑุงุฑูŠ
15:02
You can engineer a prairie vole to become monogamous
271
902000
3000
ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ู‡ู†ุฏุณุฉ ูุฃุฑ ุงู„ุจุฑุงุฑูŠ ู„ูŠูƒุชููŠ ุจุฒูˆุฌุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ
15:05
when it's naturally polygamous.
272
905000
2000
ููŠ ุญูŠู† ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุตู„ ู„ุง ูŠูƒุชููŠ ุจุฒูˆู’ุฌุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ.
15:07
It's just a single gene.
273
907000
2000
ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ ู…ุฌุฑุฏู‘ ุฌูŠูŒู† ุจุณูŠุท.
15:09
Might be more complicated in humans, but perhaps not that much.
274
909000
2000
ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุชุนู‚ูŠุฏุงู‹ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุจุดุฑุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ูŠุณ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏู‘ู ูƒุจูŠุฑ.
15:11
This is the last picture that I want to --
275
911000
2000
ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุขุฎุฑ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† --
15:14
now we've got to use the laser pointer.
276
914000
2000
ุงู„ุขู† ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ู…ุคุดุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠุฒุฑูŠ.
15:17
A possible mode of being here would be a way of life --
277
917000
3000
ุฃู†ู…ุงุท ุงู„ูƒูŠู’ู†ูˆู†ุฉ ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู†ุฉ ู‡ู†ุง ุชุนุชุจุฑ ูˆุณูŠู„ุฉ ู…ู† ูˆุณุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุนูŠุด --
15:20
a way of being, experiencing, thinking, seeing,
278
920000
4000
ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏุŒ ู„ู„ุชุฌุฑุจุฉุŒ ู„ู„ุชููƒูŠุฑุŒ ู„ู„ู†ุธุฑ ู…ู† ุญูˆู„ูƒุŒ
15:24
interacting with the world.
279
924000
2000
ู„ู„ุชูุงุนู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠ.
15:26
Down here in this little corner, here, we have the little sub-space
280
926000
5000
ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณูู„ูู ู‡ู†ุงุŒ ููŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉุŒ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ
15:31
of this larger space that is accessible to human beings --
281
931000
4000
ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณู…ูˆุญุฉ ู„ุจู†ูŠ ุงู„ุจุดุฑ--
15:35
beings with our biological capacities.
282
935000
3000
ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ูƒุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ู‡ุง ู†ูุณ ู‚ุฏุฑุงุชู†ุง ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุฉ (ุงู„ุนุถูˆูŠู‘ุฉ).
15:38
It's a part of the space that's accessible to animals;
283
938000
3000
ุฅู†ู‘ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณู…ูˆุญุฉ ู„ู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช--
15:41
since we are animals, we are a subset of that.
284
941000
3000
ูˆุจู…ุง ุฃู†ู‘ู†ุง ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุชุŒ ูุฅู†ู‘ู†ุง ู†ูุนุชุจู’ุฑ ูุฑุนุงู‹ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง.
15:44
And then you can imagine some enhancements of human capacities.
285
944000
4000
ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุชุฎูŠู‘ู„ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑู‘ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุทุฑุฃุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุงุช ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠู‘ุฉ.
15:48
There would be different modes of being you could experience
286
948000
3000
ูˆุณูŠูƒูˆู† ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูƒ ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ุฃู†ูˆุน ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู…ู† ุฃู†ู…ุงุท ุงู„ูƒูŠู’ู†ูˆู†ุฉ
15:51
if you were able to stay alive for, say, 200 years.
287
951000
3000
ุฅุฐุง ู‚ูุฏู‘ุฑ ู„ูƒ ุงู„ุนูŠู’ุด ู„ู…ุฆุชูŠู† ุณู†ุฉ.
15:54
Then you could live sorts of lives and accumulate wisdoms
288
954000
4000
ูุฅู†ู‘ู‡ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ุจู…ู‚ุฏูˆุฑูƒ ุฃู† ุชุนูŠุด ุฃู†ู…ุงุทุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ูˆุณุชุชุฑุงูƒู… ุฎุจุฑุงุชูƒ
15:58
that are just not possible for humans as we currently are.
289
958000
3000
ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู„ูŠุณ ู…ู…ูƒู†ุงู‹ ู„ู„ุจุดุฑ ููŠ ูˆู‚ุชู†ุง ุงู„ุญุงู„ูŠ.
16:01
So then, you move off to this larger sphere of "human +,"
290
961000
4000
ูˆุจุนุฏ ู‡ุฐุงุŒ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูƒ ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุฑุงุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฌุงู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ ุงู„ุฃูุถู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ู„ู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ุŒ
16:05
and you could continue that process and eventually
291
965000
3000
ูˆู…ูˆุงุตู„ุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุญุชู‘ู‰
16:08
explore a lot of this larger space of possible modes of being.
292
968000
4000
ุงูƒุชุดุงู ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุฃู†ู…ุงุท ุงู„ูƒูŠู‘ู†ูˆู†ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆู‚ู‘ูŽุนุฉ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ุงู„ู‡ุงุฆู„ุฉ.
16:12
Now, why is that a good thing to do?
293
972000
2000
ู„ูู…ูŽ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุดูŠุฆุงู‹ ุฌูŠู‘ุฏุงู‹ุŸ
16:14
Well, we know already that in this little human circle there,
294
974000
4000
ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ู†ุญู† ู†ุนู„ู… ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ุจุฃู†ู‘ ููŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญู„ู‚ู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠู‘ุฉุŒ
16:18
there are these enormously wonderful and worthwhile modes of being --
295
978000
4000
ุชูˆุฌุฏ ุฃู†ู…ุงุท ุงู„ูƒูŠู’ู†ูˆู†ุฉ ุงู„ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ ูˆุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฑุฉ ุจุงู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู… --
16:22
human life at its best is wonderful.
296
982000
3000
ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ููŠ ุฃูุถู„ ุญุงู„ุงุชู‡ุง ุชุจุฏูˆ ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ.
16:25
We have no reason to believe that within this much, much larger space
297
985000
5000
ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุณุจุจ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูŠูŽุฏู’ุนูู†ุง ู†ุตุฏู‘ู‚ ุฃู†ู‘ ุถู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ
16:30
there would not also be extremely worthwhile modes of being,
298
990000
4000
ู„ุง ุชูˆุฌุฏ ุฃู†ู…ุงุท ุงู„ูƒูŠู’ู†ูˆู†ุฉ ุฐุงุช ุงู„ุฃู‡ู…ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุจุงู„ุบุฉ.
16:34
perhaps ones that would be way beyond our wildest ability
299
994000
6000
ุจู„ ุชูˆุฌุฏ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃุนุฏุงุฏ ุชููˆู‚ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ู‚ุฏุฑุงุชู†ุง ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุญุฉุŒ
16:40
even to imagine or dream about.
300
1000000
2000
ูˆู„ูˆ ู„ู…ุฌุฑุฏู‘ ุงู„ุชุฎูŠู‘ู„ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ูุญู„ูู… ุจู‡ุง.
16:42
And so, to fix this third problem,
301
1002000
2000
ูˆู„ุญู„ู‘ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซุฉุŒ
16:44
I think we need -- slowly, carefully, with ethical wisdom and constraint --
302
1004000
6000
ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู†ู‘ุง ู†ุญุชุงุฌ ุจูƒู„ู‘ ุฑูˆูŠู‘ุฉ ูˆุญุฐุฑ ูˆุญูƒู…ุฉ ูˆุถุจุท ู†ูุณ --
16:50
develop the means that enable us to go out in this larger space and explore it
303
1010000
5000
ุชุทูˆูŠุฑ ุงู„ูˆุณุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู…ูƒู‘ู†ู†ุง ู…ู† ุฒูŠุงุฑุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ูˆุณุจุฑ ุฃุบูˆุงุฑู‡ุง.
16:55
and find the great values that might hide there.
304
1015000
2000
ูˆุฅูŠุฌุงุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูŠู… ุงู„ุซู…ูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูƒู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ.
16:57
Thanks.
305
1017000
2000
ุดูƒุฑุงู‹
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7