Nick Bostrom: Humanity's biggest problems aren't what you think they are

111,035 views ・ 2007-05-16

TED


Fadlan laba-guji qoraal-hoosaadka Ingiriisiga hoose si aad u daawato muuqaalka.

Translator: Abdikani Hassan Reviewer: Ahmed Kadiye
00:25
I want to talk today about --
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Waxan rabaa inan ka hadlo maanta--
00:28
I've been asked to take the long view, and I'm going to tell you what
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Waxa lay warsaday inaan qaaddo aragtida dheer, waxaan rabaa inaan wax idiinka sheego wax
00:34
I think are the three biggest problems for humanity
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aan u arko sadexda dhibaato ee ugu waawayn ee binidaamka haysta
00:38
from this long point of view.
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anoo ka duulaya aragtida dheer.
00:41
Some of these have already been touched upon by other speakers,
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Qaar kamid ah waxaa taabtay dadkii kalee hadlay
00:44
which is encouraging.
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taasoo dhiirigelin ah.
00:46
It seems that there's not just one person
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Waxayna u muqaataa inaanu qof keliya ahayn
00:48
who thinks that these problems are important.
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cida filaysa in dhibatooyinkani ay miisaankooda leeyihiin.
00:50
The first is -- death is a big problem.
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Ta koowaad--geeridu waa dhibaatada ugu wayn.
00:54
If you look at the statistics,
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Hadaad eegtid istaastiistakada
00:57
the odds are not very favorable to us.
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Tiradu ma wanaagsana.
00:59
So far, most people who have lived have also died.
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Ilaa hada, dhamaan dadkii noolaa(soo jiray) way dhinteen.
01:03
Roughly 90 percent of everybody who has been alive has died by now.
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Ugu dhowaan 90 boqolkiiba qof kastoo noolaa (soo jiray) hada wuu dhintay.
01:07
So the annual death rate adds up to 150,000 --
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Sidaa awgeed tirada sanadkii ee dhimasadu waa--
01:13
sorry, the daily death rate -- 150,000 people per day,
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cafwan, tirada dhimashada maalinlaha ahi waa --150,000 qof maalin kasta,
01:16
which is a huge number by any standard.
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taasoo ah tiro aad u wayn xajmi ahaan.
01:19
The annual death rate, then, becomes 56 million.
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Tirada dhimashada sanadkii, marka, waxay noqonay 56 million
01:24
If we just look at the single, biggest cause of death -- aging --
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Hadaynu eegno sababta koowaad ee dhimashada--gabaywga--
01:30
it accounts for roughly two-thirds of all human people who die.
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waxay galaafataa sadex meelood labba dadka dhinta.
01:35
That adds up to an annual death toll
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Taasi waxay ina siinaysaa tiro dhimasho sanadkii
01:38
of greater than the population of Canada.
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oo ka badan tirada dadka ku nool Kanada.
01:40
Sometimes, we don't see a problem
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Mararka qaar, dhibaato uma aragno
01:42
because either it's too familiar or it's too big.
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waayo waa laba mid uun ama waa muctarif ama waa wayntahay.
01:46
Can't see it because it's too big.
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Lama arki karo waayo waa wayn tahay.
01:48
I think death might be both too familiar and too big
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Waxan qabaa in geeridu ay macruuf u tahay ama ku wayntahay
01:51
for most people to see it as a problem.
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dadka badankiisa si ay ugu aqoonsadaan dhibaato.
01:54
Once you think about it, you see this is not statistical points;
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Markaad ka fikirtid waad arkaysa inaanu arinku istaatitik kaliya ahayn;
01:56
these are -- let's see, how far have I talked?
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Bal hada aan eego inta aan hadlay?
01:58
I've talked for three minutes.
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Waxan hadlay 3 minute.
02:01
So that would be, roughly, 324 people have died since I've begun speaking.
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Taasi markaa waxa weeye ugu dhowaan 324 ayaa dhinta tan iyo intaan hadalka bilaabay.
02:08
People like -- it's roughly the population in this room has just died.
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Wax ku dhow dadka hoolkan fadhiya ayaa dhintay.
02:13
Now, the human cost of that is obvious,
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Hadaba, kharashka biniaadamka ka galaa waa cadyahay,
02:15
once you start to think about it -- the suffering, the loss --
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markaad ka yara fekertid--dhibaatada iyo khasaaraha--
02:18
it's also, economically, enormously wasteful.
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dhaqaale ahaan aad bay u kharash qub badantahay.
02:21
I just look at the information, and knowledge, and experience
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Waxan ka wadaa macluumaadka, cilmiga, iyo khibrada
02:24
that is lost due to natural causes of death in general,
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taasoo la luminayo iyadoo ay u wacantahay sababaha dabiiciga ah ee dhimashada,
02:27
and aging, in particular.
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gabowga, gaar ahaan.
02:29
Suppose we approximated one person with one book?
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Kasoo qaad inaan qof kasta kusoo hagaajinay hal buug?
02:32
Now, of course, this is an underestimation.
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Dabcan tani waa qiyaas hoosaad.
02:34
A person's lifetime of learning and experience
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Qofka cimrigiisa guud ahaan cilmigiisii iyo khibradiisii oo dhan
02:40
is a lot more than you could put into a single book.
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hal buug waa ka badantahay wax lagu soo koobo.
02:42
But let's suppose we did this.
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Kaba soo qaadse sidaas inaan samaynay.
02:45
52 million people die of natural causes each year
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52 million oo qof oo u dhinta sababa dabiiciya sanad kasta
02:50
corresponds, then, to 52 million volumes destroyed.
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waxay u dhigantaa 52 million oo majaladood oo la burburiyay.
02:54
Library of Congress holds 18 million volumes.
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Maktabada Kongreeska waxa yaala 18 million oo mujalo.
02:58
We are upset about the burning of the Library of Alexandria.
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Waan ka xunahay gubidii Maktabadii Alexadandira
03:01
It's one of the great cultural tragedies
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Masiibo xadaaradeed oo wayn bay ahayd.
03:03
that we remember, even today.
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Waynu xusuusana taa ilaa hada.
03:07
But this is the equivalent of three Libraries of Congress --
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Laakiin tani waxay u dhigantaa sadex maktabadood oo ta Kongreska ah--
03:09
burnt down, forever lost -- each year.
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oo la gubo, si aan soo noqod lahayn --sanad kasta.
03:12
So that's the first big problem.
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Hadaba taasi waa dhibaatada wayn ee koowaad.
03:14
And I wish Godspeed to Aubrey de Grey,
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Waxan ku calool san ahay in Aubrey de Grey,
03:17
and other people like him,
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iyo dadka kalee lamid ahi,
03:19
to try to do something about this as soon as possible.
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ay arinkan wax ka qaban doonaan sida ugu macquulsan.
03:23
Existential risk -- the second big problem.
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Khatar jiritaan--waa dhibaatada wayn ee labbaad.
03:26
Existential risk is a threat to human survival, or to the long-term potential of our species.
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Khatar jiritaan waa halista ku wajahan badbaada biniaadamka ama ubadkooda.
03:33
Now, why do I say that this is a big problem?
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Hada, maxaan u leeyahay taniw aa dhibaato wayn?
03:35
Well, let's first look at the probability --
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Hagaag, bal aan ixtimaalka eegno--
03:39
and this is very, very difficult to estimate --
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waase qiyaas aaad iyo aad u adag--
03:42
but there have been only four studies on this in recent years,
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laakiin sadex cilmibaadhiseed kaliya ayaa lagu sameeyay sanadadii tagay,
03:45
which is surprising.
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taasoo cajiib ah.
03:47
You would think that it would be of some interest
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Waxad filaysaan inay muhiimad leedahay arinkan ah
03:50
to try to find out more about this given that the stakes are so big,
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in laysku dayo in la helo wax badan oo ku saabsan ujeedkan
03:54
but it's a very neglected area.
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balse waa hawl la dayacay.
03:56
But there have been four studies --
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Laakiin waxa jiray afar daraasadood,
03:58
one by John Lesley, wrote a book on this.
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mid uu leeyahay John Lesley, oo buug ka qoray.
04:00
He estimated a probability that we will fail
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Wuxuu qiimeeyay ixtimaalka inay ku guul daraysano
04:02
to survive the current century: 50 percent.
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inay badbaadno qarnigan: 50 boqolkiiba.
04:05
Similarly, the Astronomer Royal, whom we heard speak yesterday,
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Sidoo kale, maluugbaadh Royal, oo aan shalay dhagaysanay
04:10
also has a 50 percent probability estimate.
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wuxuu sidoo kale sheegay ixtimaal ah 50 boqolkiiba.
04:13
Another author doesn't give any numerical estimate,
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Qoraa kalena wax qiyaas tiro ah ma bixin,
04:16
but says the probability is significant that it will fail.
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laakiin wuxuu sheegay in ixtimalka guuldaradu badanyahay.
04:19
I wrote a long paper on this.
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Waraaq dheer baan ka qoray tan.
04:22
I said assigning a less than 20 percent probability would be a mistake
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Waxann iri in wax ka yar 20 boqolkiiba oo ixtimaala loo sheegaa waa khalad
04:26
in light of the current evidence we have.
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marka lagu eego cadaynta hadda aan hayno.
04:29
Now, the exact figures here,
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Hada, tiradan cad ee halkan,
04:31
we should take with a big grain of salt,
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waa inaan gabigeedba sax u wada qaadan
04:33
but there seems to be a consensus that the risk is substantial.
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laakiin waxay jira isku waafaqsanaan guud inay khatartu tahay mid jirta.
04:36
Everybody who has looked at this and studied it agrees.
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Qof kasta oo tan arkay ama daraaseeyay wuu garawsanyahay.
04:39
Now, if we think about what just reducing
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Hada, hadaan eegno dhimida
04:41
the probability of human extinction by just one percentage point --
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ixtimaalka dabar go'a biniaadmaka kaliya hal boqokiiba--
04:46
not very much -- so that's equivalent to 60 million lives saved,
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wax badan maaha-- markaa waxay la mid tahay 60 million oo nafood oo la badbaaday.
04:51
if we just count the currently living people, the current generation.
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Hadaynu tirino dadka hadda nool, jiilka hadda.
04:55
Now one percent of six billion people is equivalent to 60 million.
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Hal boqolkiiba oo lix bilyan waxay uga dhigantaa 60 milyan.
04:59
So that's a large number.
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Marka taasi waa tirada wayn.
05:01
If we were to take into account future generations
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Hadaan xisaabta ku darsano jiilasha mustaqbalka
05:04
that will never come into existence if we blow ourselves up,
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taasi marna ma iman karto hadaan is kharibno
05:09
then the figure becomes astronomical.
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arintu waxay noqonaysaa mid aad u saraysa.
05:12
If we could eventually colonize a chunk of the universe --
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Hadaynu ugu danbayn aynu qabsan karo qayb ka mid ah kownka-
05:15
the Virgo supercluster --
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sida ururada laxaha oo kale--
05:17
maybe it will take us 100 million years to get there,
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oo inagu qaadan karta 100 milyan inay gaadhno
05:19
but if we go extinct we never will.
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laakiin dabar go'no ma dhici doonto.
05:22
Then, even a one percentage point reduction
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Markaa xataa hal boqolkiiba oo dhimis ah
05:25
in the extinction risk could be equivalent
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khatarta dabar go'u waxay u dhigmi kartaa
05:29
to this astronomical number -- 10 to the power of 32.
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tiradan aadka u saraysa- 10 ku jibaaran 32.
05:32
So if you take into account future generations as much as our own,
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Laakiin hadaad xisaabsatid jiilka mustaqbalka sida kuweena
05:36
every other moral imperative of philanthropic cost just becomes irrelevant.
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kharash kasta oo kale oo laga hadlaa wuxuu noqonayaa midaan aad usii jirin.
05:41
The only thing you should focus on
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Waxa kaliya ee aad u baahantahay inaad eegtid
05:43
would be to reduce existential risk
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waxay noqonayda dhimista khatarta dabar go'a
05:45
because even the tiniest decrease in existential risk
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sababtoo ah xitaa hoos u dhaca yar ee ku yimaada khatarta dabar go'u
05:49
would just overwhelm any other benefit you could hope to achieve.
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waxay ka badan kartaa faaiido kasta oo aad is lahayd gaadh.
05:53
And even if you just look at the current people,
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Markaa xitaa hadaad eegtid dadka maanta
05:55
and ignore the potential that would be lost if we went extinct,
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iskana qarisid ixtimaalka la waayayo hadaan dabar go'no
06:00
it should still have a high priority.
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waa inay wali leedahay muhiimad sarre.
06:02
Now, let me spend the rest of my time on the third big problem,
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Hadabba, hada aan waqtigayga intiisa kale ku qaato dhibaatada sadexaad ee wayn.
06:07
because it's more subtle and perhaps difficult to grasp.
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waayo waxa laga yaabba inay tahay mid qarsoon ayna adagtahay in lagu baraarugo.
06:13
Think about some time in your life --
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Ka feker waqti noloshaada ka mid ah
06:17
some people might never have experienced it -- but some people,
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dadka qaar waxa laga yaaba inaanay soo marin- laakiin dadka qaar
06:20
there are just those moments that you have experienced
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waxa jira waqtiyo kusoo maray
06:23
where life was fantastic.
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oo ay noloshu ahayd mid xiiso leh.
06:25
It might have been at the moment of some great, creative inspiration
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Waxay laga yaaba inay ahayd waqti dhiirigelin halabuur wayn
06:32
you might have had when you just entered this flow stage.
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oo aad heshay markii aad gashay xaaladdaa.
06:34
Or when you understood something you had never done before.
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Ama markii aad fahantay wax aanad horu u samayn.
06:36
Or perhaps in the ecstasy of romantic love.
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Ama macqul ahaan waqti aad gashay xaalad jacayl.
06:40
Or an aesthetic experience -- a sunset or a great piece of art.
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Ama xaalad qurux la xidhiidha--sida gabal dhaca ama farshaxan heer sare ah
06:45
Every once in a while we have these moments,
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Marka ay waqtiyadaasi ina soo maraaan
06:47
and we realize just how good life can be when it's at its best.
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waxaynu garawsannaa sida noloshu u qurux badantahay.
06:51
And you wonder, why can't it be like that all the time?
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Waxadna is waydiisaa, maxay sidaas u ahaan wayday noloshu mar kasta?
06:56
You just want to cling onto this.
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waxaad rabtaa inaad ku dhegtid waqtigaas.
06:58
And then, of course, it drifts back into ordinary life and the memory fades.
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Dabcana waxay dib ugu noqotaa waqtigii caadiga ahaa, xaaladaasina way suurtaa.
07:02
And it's really difficult to recall, in a normal frame of mind,
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Xaqiiqdiina way adkaadaa in dib loo xusuusto, xaalada maskaxeed ee nolol maalmeedka caadiga ah,
07:06
just how good life can be at its best.
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sida noloshu u macaantahay waqtiga wanaaga.
07:09
Or how bad it can be at its worst.
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ama sida ay u qadhaadhahay waqtiga dhibta.
07:12
The third big problem is that life isn't usually
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Dhibaatada sadexaad waa inaanay noloshu inta badan
07:15
as wonderful as it could be.
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u wanaagsansanayn sida ahayd inay ahaato.
07:17
I think that's a big, big problem.
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Waxan filayaa inay tahay dhibaato wayn, wayn.
07:21
It's easy to say what we don't want.
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Way fududahay inan sheegno waxaynaan rabin.
07:24
Here are a number of things that we don't want --
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Halkan waa tiro wax ah oo aynaan rabin--
07:27
illness, involuntary death, unnecessary suffering, cruelty,
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xanuun, dhimasho degdeg ah, dhibaato aan loo baahnayn, xumaan,
07:30
stunted growth, memory loss, ignorance, absence of creativity.
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koritaan xumo, xusuus lun, jahli, halabuur daro.
07:36
Suppose we fixed these things -- we did something about all of these.
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Kasoo qaad inaan xalinay waxaaso dhan--waxbaan ka qabanay dhamaantood.
07:39
We were very successful.
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Waxaynu nahay kuwa guulaystay markaa.
07:41
We got rid of all of these things.
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Dhaman waxyabaaha oo dhan baan iska qubnay,
07:43
We might end up with something like this,
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Waxaan soo baxaynaa wax sidatan oo kale ah,
07:46
which is -- I mean, it's a heck of a lot better than that.
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kaasoo ah--aana filayo inay sidaa ka wanaagsanaan karto,
07:50
But is this really the best we can dream of?
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Laakiin tani ma tahay sida ugu wanaagsan an ku riyoon karo?
07:55
Is this the best we can do?
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Ma tahay sida ugu wanaagsan an samayn karo?
07:57
Or is it possible to find something a little bit more inspiring to work towards?
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Mise waa suurta gal inaan helo hawl kale oo ka yare yididiilo badan?
08:03
And if we think about this,
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Hadaan ka fakaro taas,
08:05
I think it's very clear that there are ways
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Waa cadahay inay jiraan wadiiqooyin
08:09
in which we could change things, not just by eliminating negatives,
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aynu ku badali karo waxyaabahaas, kaliya inagoon waxa tabban ka saarayn,
08:12
but adding positives.
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laaakiin wax togana ku darayna.
08:14
On my wish list, at least, would be:
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Liiskayga rajada, ugu yaraa, wuxu noqonayaa:
08:16
much longer, healthier lives, greater subjective well-being,
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nolo dheer, caafimaad leh, samaan wayn oo toos ah,
08:21
enhanced cognitive capacities, more knowledge and understanding,
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garashada oo kor loo qaaday, cilmi iyo fahan fara badan
08:26
unlimited opportunity for personal growth
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fursado aan xadi lahayn oo koriinka shakhsiga ah
08:28
beyond our current biological limits, better relationships,
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oo ka shisheeya xadkeena biyooliyeed ee ah, xidhiidho wanaagsan,
08:32
an unbounded potential for spiritual, moral
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xadi aan caadi ahayn oo ah horumar ruuxi, mooral
08:34
and intellectual development.
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iyo garaad ba ah.
08:36
If we want to achieve this, what, in the world, would have to change?
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Hadaynu rabno inaan tan ku guulaysano, maxaa loo baahanyahay inay caalamka iska badalaan?
08:44
And this is the answer -- we would have to change.
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Tana waa jawaabta--waan inaan badallaa.
08:49
Not just the world around us, but we, ourselves.
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Kaliya maaha caalamka inagu hareeraysan balse , inaga lafteena.
08:52
Not just the way we think about the world, but the way we are -- our very biology.
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Kaliya maaha sida an caalamka u aragno, balse sida aynu nahay--biyoolijakadeena.
08:56
Human nature would have to change.
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Dabeecadane aadane waa inay is bedeshaa.
08:58
Now, when we think about changing human nature,
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Hada, waa inaan ka fekeraa badalida dabeecada aadanaha.
09:00
the first thing that comes to mind
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waxa ina hor imanaya markaba waa
09:02
are these human modification technologies --
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tiknoolijayada bedelida biniaadamka--
09:06
growth hormone therapy, cosmetic surgery,
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daawaynta dheecanka koriinka, qaliinka qurxinta,
09:08
stimulants like Ritalin, Adderall, anti-depressants,
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cariyayaasha Ritalin, Adderall, anti-depressants,
09:11
anabolic steroids, artificial hearts.
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istroydhada anobooliga, wadnayaasha samayska ah.
09:13
It's a pretty pathetic list.
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Waa liis caloolyow leh.
09:16
They do great things for a few people
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Wax badan way u tari karaan dad yar
09:18
who suffer from some specific condition,
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kuwaaso ka cabanaya xaalado gaar ah,
09:20
but for most people, they don't really transform
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laakiin dadka badankiisa, xaqiiqdii ma bedellaan
09:25
what it is to be human.
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sababta loo noqdo biniaadam.
09:27
And they also all seem a little bit --
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waxayna u yara eegyihiin xoogay--
09:29
most people have this instinct that, well, sure,
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dadka badankiisu inay yara hubaan
09:32
there needs to be anti-depressants for the really depressed people.
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inay jirto baahida anti-depressants u haysata dadka murugaysan.
09:34
But there's a kind of queasiness
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laakiin waxa jira yalaalugo ah
09:36
that these are unnatural in some way.
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in qaababkani aanay si u yare dabicii ahayn.
09:39
It's worth recalling that there are a lot of other
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Waxa muhiima inaan dib u xuusuano waxyaabo farabadan
09:41
modification technologies and enhancement technologies that we use.
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oo tiknoolijayada bedelka iyo kor u qaadista oo aan isticmaalo.
09:44
We have skin enhancements, clothing.
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Waxaan leenahay kor u qaadayaal jidhka ah, dharka.
09:48
As far as I can see, all of you are users of this
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Ilaa inta aan arki karo, dhamaantiin waxaad tihiin isticmaalayashaad
09:52
enhancement technology in this room, so that's a great thing.
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tiknooliyadaa kor uqaadista ah, marka taasi waa arin wanaagsan.
09:57
Mood modifiers have been used from time immemorial --
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Hagaajiyayaasha hiyiga ayaa la isticmaalayay ilaa waqti aan la xusuusan--
10:00
caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, immune system enhancement,
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Kafiin, Alkahool, Nikootiin, kor u qaadayaasha difaaca jidhka,
10:05
vision enhancement, anesthetics --
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kor u qaadayaasha aragga, suuxiyayaasha.
10:07
we take that very much for granted,
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waxan oo dhan hada waan garawsannay
10:09
but just think about how great progress that is --
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laakiin bal u yara u fiirso taasi sida ay u tahay horumar wayn--
10:13
like, having an operation before anesthetics was not fun.
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sida waqtigii aan suuxiyaha la haysan uu qaliinku ahaa.
10:17
Contraceptives, cosmetics and brain reprogramming techniques --
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Dhalma-joojiyaasha, qurxinta iyo farsamada barnaamijaynta maskaxda--
10:23
that sounds ominous,
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taaso u yara muuqata cibaaro,
10:25
but the distinction between what is a technology --
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laakiin kalasoocida u dhaxaysa tiknoolajiyada-
10:29
a gadget would be the archetype --
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sida mashiinada yaryar--
10:31
and other ways of changing and rewriting human nature is quite subtle.
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iyo sida loo badali karo dibna loogu qori karo dabeecada biniaadamka oo ah mid qarsoon.
10:35
So if you think about what it means to learn arithmetic or to learn to read,
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Hadaba hadaad doonayso inaad ka fekerto waxay tahay sida loo barto ariitmaatika ama sida wax loo qoro loona akhriyo,
10:39
you're actually, literally rewriting your own brain.
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xaqiiqdii markaas, asal ahaan waxaad dib u qoraysa maskaxdaadii.
10:42
You're changing the microstructure of your brain as you go along.
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Waxaad badalaysaa qaab hoosaadka maskaxdaada markaad socotidba.
10:46
So in a broad sense, we don't need to think about technology
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Marka qaab balaadhan, uma baahnin inaan uga fekero tiknoolijayada
10:49
as only little gadgets, like these things here,
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keliya inay yihiin mashiino yaryar,
10:51
but even institutions and techniques,
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laakiin waa inay noqdaan qaabab, farsamooyin,
10:55
psychological methods and so forth.
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xitaa kuwa qaabab nafsi ah iwm.
10:57
Forms of organization can have a profound impact on human nature.
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Qaab dhismeedka (urur) wuxu saamayn qoto dheer ku yeelan karaa dabeecada insaanka.
11:02
Looking ahead, there is a range of technologies
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Hadaan sii saadalino waxa jira tiknoolijiyad farabadan
11:04
that are almost certain to be developed sooner or later.
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kuwaasoo ay cadahay in la soo saari doono waqtiyada soo socda.
11:07
We are very ignorant about what the time scale for these things are,
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Ma ogin waxyaabaha iyo qadarka ay koobsan karaan waxyaabani
11:11
but they all are consistent with everything we know
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laakiin wax kastoo aynu garan karo waa soo gali karaan
11:13
about physical laws, laws of chemistry, etc.
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sida xeerarka fisiska, sharciga, kimistariga, iwm.
11:17
It's possible to assume,
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Waxa suurtagal ah in la qiyaaso,
11:19
setting aside a possibility of catastrophe,
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iyadoo dhinac layska dhigayo suurtagalnimada masiibo dhacda,
11:22
that sooner or later we will develop all of these.
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in waqtiga dhow dhamaan waxyaabahan aan soo saari doono.
11:25
And even just a couple of these would be enough
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Ugu yaraana koox kuwaas ka tirsan ayaa ku filaan doonta
11:28
to transform the human condition.
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inay bedesho dabeecada insaanka.
11:30
So let's look at some of the dimensions of human nature
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Hada aan yare eegno docaha abuurta biniaadamka
11:35
that seem to leave room for improvement.
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taasoo kor u qaadid u baahan.
11:38
Health span is a big and urgent thing,
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Cimriga caafimaadka waa baahi degdeg ah oo wayn,
11:40
because if you're not alive,
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waayo hadii aanad nolol haysan,
11:42
then all the other things will be to little avail.
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wixii kaleba waa waxaan naf lahayn
11:45
Intellectual capacity -- let's take that box,
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Heerka garaadka--aan qodobkaa soo qaadano,
11:47
which falls into a lot of different sub-categories:
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kaasoo isuu kalla baxaya qodob hoosaadyo kala duwan:
11:52
memory, concentration, mental energy, intelligence, empathy.
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xusuusta,dhuuxida, tamarta maskaxda, garaadka, fahanka.
11:55
These are really great things.
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Dhamaan waxyaabahaasi waa arimo waawayn.
11:57
Part of the reason why we value these traits
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Qayb kamid ah sababta ay waxyaabahani qiimaha inuugu leeyihiin
11:59
is that they make us better at competing with other people --
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waa iyagoo ina siiyo awood anaa kula barateno dadka kale--
12:03
they're positional goods.
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waa hanti waxtar leh.
12:05
But part of the reason --
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laakiin qayb ka mid ah sababta--
12:07
and that's the reason why we have ethical ground for pursuing these --
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taasina waa sababta aynu u haysano sees akhlaaqi ah oo inoo ogolanaaya wadida arinka--
12:11
is that they're also intrinsically valuable.
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taasina waa faaiidadeeda heerka sare ah.
12:14
It's just better to be able to understand more of the world around you
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Waxa wanaagsan inaad awoodid inaad aad u fahanto aduunka kugu wareegsan,
12:18
and the people that you are communicating with,
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dadka aad la xidhiidhaysid,
12:20
and to remember what you have learned.
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iyo inaad xusuusatid wixii aad ka baratay.
12:24
Modalities and special faculties.
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Noocyada iyo qeybaha gaarka ah.
12:26
Now, the human mind is not a single unitary information processor,
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Haa, maskaxda biniaadamku maaha iskudubaride macluumaad oo keliyaale ah,
12:31
but it has a lot of different, special, evolved modules
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laakiin waxay leedahay qayba kala duwan oo ku shaqa leh
12:35
that do specific things for us.
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inay inoo qabtaan waxyaabo gaar ah.
12:37
If you think about what we normally take as giving life a lot of its meaning --
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Kasoo qaad waxyaabaha aynu aaminsanahay inay nolosha micna u yeelaan--
12:41
music, humor, eroticism, spirituality, aesthetics,
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muusiga, kaftanka, shahwada, ruuxiyada, quruxda,
12:45
nurturing and caring, gossip, chatting with people --
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daryeelka, dhowrista, xanta, la sheekaysiga dadka kale--
12:50
all of these, very likely, are enabled by a special circuitry
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dhamaan waxyaabahaas oo dhan wax isku duba rida qaybo gaar ah
12:54
that we humans have,
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oo biniaadamku leeyahay,
12:56
but that you could have another intelligent life form that lacks these.
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laakiin waxaad yeelan kartaa qaab nololeed kale oo waxgarad ah oo waxaasoo dhan la'.
12:59
We're just lucky that we have the requisite neural machinery
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Waan nasiib badanahay inaan leenahay mashiinka niyuuroon ahaaneed ee loo baahanyahay
13:02
to process music and to appreciate it and enjoy it.
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si loo nidaamiyo muusikada kadibna aan ugu muraaqoono.
13:06
All of these would enable, in principle -- be amenable to enhancement.
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Dhamaan kuwani waxay awood u siiye u yihiin, mabda ahaan ku qancida horumarinta.
13:09
Some people have a better musical ability
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Dadka qaar waxay leeyihiin awood muusikeed oo wanaagsan
13:11
and ability to appreciate music than others have.
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iyo awood lagu mahadiyo muusikada marka kuwa kale loo eego.
13:13
It's also interesting to think about what other things are --
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Waxa kale oo cajiiba in laga fekero waxa waxyaabaha kale yihiin--
13:16
so if these all enabled great values,
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hadii dhaman waxyabahis qiima fara badan keensadeen,
13:20
why should we think that evolution has happened to provide us
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maxaynu u filaynaa in tadawur inagu dhacay si uu waxas oo dhan inoo siiyo
13:23
with all the modalities we would need to engage
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iyadoo leh dhamaan qaybihii aan u baahnayn inaan kula falgalo
13:26
with other values that there might be?
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qiimaysanyaasha kalle ee jiir kara?
13:28
Imagine a species
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Ka feker noole
13:30
that just didn't have this neural machinery for processing music.
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aan lahayn wadaha nuyuuroon ee haga muusikada.
13:34
And they would just stare at us with bafflement
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Way inagu dhaygagi lahaayeen iyagoo yaabban
13:37
when we spend time listening to a beautiful performance,
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waqtig aan dhagaysanayno qaraacis muusig oo qurux badan
13:41
like the one we just heard -- because of people making stupid movements,
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sida ka aynu hada maqalay--dadka samaynayaa dhaqdhaaqyada doqoniimada ah,
13:43
and they would be really irritated and wouldn't see what we were up to.
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markaa way xanaaqi lahaayen iyagoo aan garanayn waxa aynu samaynayno.
13:46
But maybe they have another faculty, something else
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Laakiin waxa laga yaabba inay leeyihiin qaybo kale, waxyaabo kale
13:49
that would seem equally irrational to us,
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taaso inoogu muuqata si lamid ah mid aan caqli gal ahayn,
13:52
but they actually tap into some great possible value there.
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laakiin xaqiiqdii waxay u leeyihiin qiime wayn oo suurtagal ah.
13:55
But we are just literally deaf to that kind of value.
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Laakiin waynu ka dhaga la'anahay qiimahas noocaas ah.
13:59
So we could think of adding on different,
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Marka waxaynu ka fekeri karaa ku darida
14:01
new sensory capacities and mental faculties.
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awood dareeme oo cusub iyo awood maskaxeed.
14:05
Bodily functionality and morphology and affective self-control.
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Jidh ahaan shaqaynaysa, qaab ahaan wax tar maamul shakhsiyadeed leh.
14:10
Greater subjective well-being.
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Saamayn wanaag oo wayn.
14:12
Be able to switch between relaxation and activity --
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Awood u yeelasho u kala dabqaadid nasasho iyo shaqo--
14:15
being able to go slow when you need to do that, and to speed up.
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awood u yeelasho markaad rabtid gaabi markaad rabtidna dheeree.
14:19
Able to switch back and forth more easily
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Awood u yeelasho u kala dabqaadida si fudud dib iyo hore.
14:21
would be a neat thing to be able to do --
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wax toosan bay noqon lahayd hadii la awood--
14:23
easier to achieve the flow state,
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si fudud in loogu guulaysto xaalada irmaanaanta
14:25
when you're totally immersed in something you are doing.
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marka aad xoog u dhex gashid wax aad qabanaysid.
14:29
Conscientiousness and sympathy.
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garashada iyo fahanka.
14:31
The ability to -- it's another interesting application
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awood u yeelashada--iyana waa qaab kale oo xiisa leh
14:34
that would have large social ramification, perhaps.
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taasoo yeelan karta faaiido kale oo bulsheed, suurtagal ahaan.
14:37
If you could actually choose to preserve your romantic attachments to one person,
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Hadaad awood u leedahay inaad dooran kartid ilaalinta dabarka jacayl ee qof kuu haya,
14:43
undiminished through time,
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kaasoo aan isla badalayn waqtiga,
14:45
so that wouldn't have to -- love would never have to fade if you didn't want it to.
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marka waxaa dhacaysa--inaan jacaylku isbedelin ilaa iyo inta ad ka rabto.
14:50
That's probably not all that difficult.
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Taso suurtagal ahaan aad uma adka.
14:53
It might just be a simple hormone or something that could do this.
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Waxa laga yaabba inay ku xidhantahay hoormoon ama wax kale oo shaqadan qaban kara.
14:58
It's been done in voles.
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waxa lagu sameeyay jiirka.
15:02
You can engineer a prairie vole to become monogamous
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Waxaad farsamayn kartaa jiir godeedka si u noqdo hal xaasleh
15:05
when it's naturally polygamous.
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iyadoo dabci ahaan uu xaas badane yahay.
15:07
It's just a single gene.
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Kaliya waa hal hida-side keliya.
15:09
Might be more complicated in humans, but perhaps not that much.
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Laga yaabe in ay biniaadamka yare ka kanaato laakiin saa uma badna.
15:11
This is the last picture that I want to --
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Tani waa sawirka ugu danbeeyay ee aan raba
15:14
now we've got to use the laser pointer.
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aan isticaamlo tilmaamaha laysarka.
15:17
A possible mode of being here would be a way of life --
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Dareen suurtagal ah oo halkan lagu tagaa waxay noqon kartaa dariiq nololeled-
15:20
a way of being, experiencing, thinking, seeing,
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qaab jiritan, la kulmid, ka fekerid, arkid
15:24
interacting with the world.
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la falgelid aduunka.
15:26
Down here in this little corner, here, we have the little sub-space
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Halkan hoose waxa ah koone yar, halkan, waxan haysanaa baaxad hoosad yar
15:31
of this larger space that is accessible to human beings --
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oo ka tirsan baaxada wayn ee biniaadamka suurtagalka u ah--
15:35
beings with our biological capacities.
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inagoo leh awoodeheena biyooloji.
15:38
It's a part of the space that's accessible to animals;
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Waa qaybta u furan xayaawanka
15:41
since we are animals, we are a subset of that.
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maadaamo aan xayaawan nahayna, waxaynu nahay qaybhoosaad taa ka tirsan.
15:44
And then you can imagine some enhancements of human capacities.
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Markaasna waxaad ka fekeri kartaa horumarin awoodaha biniaadamka.
15:48
There would be different modes of being you could experience
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Waxa jira noocyo kala duwan oo jiritaan oo aad arki kartid
15:51
if you were able to stay alive for, say, 200 years.
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kasoo qaad hadad awoodid inaad noolaatid, dhehba, 200 sano
15:54
Then you could live sorts of lives and accumulate wisdoms
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Markaa waxaad noolaan kartaa nololo kala duwan, khibradana waad kasban kartaa
15:58
that are just not possible for humans as we currently are.
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taasoo aan suurtagal u ahayn biniaadamka hada nool
16:01
So then, you move off to this larger sphere of "human +,"
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Markaa, waxaad u dhaqaaqday qaybta wayn ee ''biniaadam +''
16:05
and you could continue that process and eventually
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waxadna sii wadi kartaa habkaas ilaa aad ugu danbayn
16:08
explore a lot of this larger space of possible modes of being.
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heshid qaybaha sii balaadhan ee qaababka jiritaan ee suurtagalka ah.
16:12
Now, why is that a good thing to do?
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Hadaba, maxay arintaasi u tahay wax wanaagsan oo in la qabto istaahisha?
16:14
Well, we know already that in this little human circle there,
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Hagaag, waxaan ognahay in meertadan biniaadam ee yar ee halkan
16:18
there are these enormously wonderful and worthwhile modes of being --
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inay jiraan qaababkaa nololeed ee cajiibka iyo qiimaha badan ee jiritaan--
16:22
human life at its best is wonderful.
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nolosha biniaadmku markay ugu cajiibsantahay.
16:25
We have no reason to believe that within this much, much larger space
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Ma jirto sabab ina aaminsiinaysa in gudaha baaxada wayni
16:30
there would not also be extremely worthwhile modes of being,
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aanay ku jririn sidoo kale qaabab nololeed kale oo qiima leh,
16:34
perhaps ones that would be way beyond our wildest ability
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suurtagal ahaan mid ka shisheys awoodeena ugu saraysa
16:40
even to imagine or dream about.
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ee an wax ku malawaalo ama ugu riyoono.
16:42
And so, to fix this third problem,
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Hada, si loo xaliyo dhibaatadan sadexaad,
16:44
I think we need -- slowly, carefully, with ethical wisdom and constraint --
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waxan filayaa inaan u baahanahay- si degan, taxadar leh, akhlaaqiyedkeeda iyo xigmadeedana leh--
16:50
develop the means that enable us to go out in this larger space and explore it
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inaan horumarino qaabkii awood inoo siin inaan baaxadaa wayn aan galo, sahamino,
16:55
and find the great values that might hide there.
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soona helo qiimaha wayn ee halkaa ku qarsoonaan kara.
16:57
Thanks.
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Mahadsanidiin.
Ku saabsan shabakadan

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