Nick Bostrom: Humanity's biggest problems aren't what you think they are

111,124 views ใƒป 2007-05-16

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Sun A Cho ๊ฒ€ํ† : InHyuk Song
00:25
I want to talk today about --
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด์•ผํ•˜ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€.. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ..
00:28
I've been asked to take the long view, and I'm going to tell you what
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์ €๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ๊ฒฌ์ง€์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ํ‘œ๋ช…ํ•ด ์™”์ง€์š”, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์• ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€
00:34
I think are the three biggest problems for humanity
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์–ธ์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
from this long point of view.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์•„์ฃผ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฌ์ง€์—์„œ์š”.
00:41
Some of these have already been touched upon by other speakers,
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์ด๋“ค ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์ค‘ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ์ด๋ฏธ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
00:44
which is encouraging.
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๊ณ ๋ฌด์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
It seems that there's not just one person
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์˜ค์ง ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋งŒ์ด
00:48
who thinks that these problems are important.
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์ด๋“ค ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
The first is -- death is a big problem.
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์ฒซ ์งธ๋Š” - ์ฃฝ์Œ์ด ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
If you look at the statistics,
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ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด,
00:57
the odds are not very favorable to us.
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ํ˜„์‹ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜ธ์˜์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์ง€์š”.
00:59
So far, most people who have lived have also died.
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ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€, ์„ธ์ƒ์— ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:03
Roughly 90 percent of everybody who has been alive has died by now.
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์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ƒ์กดํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์•ฝ 90%๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
So the annual death rate adds up to 150,000 --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฐ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์€ ์‹ญ์˜ค๋งŒ๋ช…์— ์ด๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
sorry, the daily death rate -- 150,000 people per day,
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์ฃ„์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์ด๋„ค์š”, ๋งค์ผ ์‹ญ์˜ค๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
which is a huge number by any standard.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ด๋„ ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ํฐ ์ˆซ์ž ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:19
The annual death rate, then, becomes 56 million.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์€ 5์ฒœ 6๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋ช…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
If we just look at the single, biggest cause of death -- aging --
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์‚ฌ๋ง์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฌ๊ณ  ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์›์ธ์€ - ๋…ธํ™”- ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
it accounts for roughly two-thirds of all human people who die.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ 2/3๊ฐ€ ๋…ธํ™” ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘๊ณ„ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค..
01:35
That adds up to an annual death toll
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์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์€
01:38
of greater than the population of Canada.
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์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์ธ๊ตฌ์ˆ˜ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
Sometimes, we don't see a problem
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€์š”,
01:42
because either it's too familiar or it's too big.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋„ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
01:46
Can't see it because it's too big.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ธ์ง€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
I think death might be both too familiar and too big
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์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ง์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
01:51
for most people to see it as a problem.
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ธ์‹ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
Once you think about it, you see this is not statistical points;
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์ข€ ๋” ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
these are -- let's see, how far have I talked?
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ - ์ž ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”?
01:58
I've talked for three minutes.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ €๋Š” ์•ฝ 3๋ถ„ ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:01
So that would be, roughly, 324 people have died since I've begun speaking.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ด ํ›„ ๋Œ€๋žต 324๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋ง ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
People like -- it's roughly the population in this room has just died.
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๋Œ€๋žต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๊ณณ์— ๋ชจ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆซ์ž๋งŒํผ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
Now, the human cost of that is obvious,
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์ž, ๊ทธ ๋งŒํผ์€ ์ธ์  ์†์‹ค์ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
once you start to think about it -- the suffering, the loss --
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ข€ ๋” ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ๊ณ ํ†ต, ์ƒ์‹ค์„ ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”,
02:18
it's also, economically, enormously wasteful.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋งˆ์–ด๋งˆํ•œ ์†ํ•ด ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
I just look at the information, and knowledge, and experience
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(์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜) ์ •๋ณด, ์ง€์‹, ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”,
02:24
that is lost due to natural causes of death in general,
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์ด ์†์‹ค์€ ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์›์ธ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
and aging, in particular.
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์ข€ ๋” ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋…ธํ™” ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
Suppose we approximated one person with one book?
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์ž ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ๋Œ€๋žต ์ฑ… ํ•œ ๊ถŒ์— ๋‹ด์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
02:32
Now, of course, this is an underestimation.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์†Œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
A person's lifetime of learning and experience
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ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ผ์ƒ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
02:40
is a lot more than you could put into a single book.
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ํ•œ ๊ถŒ์˜ ์ฑ…์— ๋‹ด๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
But let's suppose we did this.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์ฑ… ํ•œ ๊ถŒ์— ๋‹ด์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
02:45
52 million people die of natural causes each year
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5์ฒœ 2๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋ช…์ด ๋งค๋…„ ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
corresponds, then, to 52 million volumes destroyed.
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๋Œ€์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด, 5์ฒœ 2๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๊ถŒ์˜ ์ฑ…์ด ํ๊ธฐ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
02:54
Library of Congress holds 18 million volumes.
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๊ตญํšŒ๋„์„œ๊ด€์—์„œ๋Š” 1์ฒœ 8๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๊ถŒ์˜ ์ฑ…์„ ์†Œ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
We are upset about the burning of the Library of Alexandria.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋„์„œ๊ด€์˜ ํ™”์žฌ์— ๋ชน์‹œ ์†์ƒํ•ด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
It's one of the great cultural tragedies
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌธํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๋‚˜ํฐ ๋น„๊ทน์ด๊ณ ,
03:03
that we remember, even today.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
03:07
But this is the equivalent of three Libraries of Congress --
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ตญํšŒ๋„์„œ๊ด€ 3๊ฐœ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฑ…์ด
03:09
burnt down, forever lost -- each year.
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๋งค๋…„ ์˜์›ํžˆ ๋ถˆํƒ€ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
So that's the first big problem.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:14
And I wish Godspeed to Aubrey de Grey,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ ๋”” ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด์—๊ฒŒ ํ–‰์šด์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๊ณ ,
03:17
and other people like him,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
03:19
to try to do something about this as soon as possible.
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์ด๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๋‹ต์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ–‰์šด์„ ๋น•๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
Existential risk -- the second big problem.
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์‹ค์กด์  ์œ„ํ—˜ - ์ด ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
Existential risk is a threat to human survival, or to the long-term potential of our species.
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์‹ค์กด์  ์œ„ํ—˜์€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ƒ์กด ํ˜น์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ข…์กฑ์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์— ์œ„ํ˜‘์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
Now, why do I say that this is a big problem?
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์ž, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์™œ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊นŒ์š”?
03:35
Well, let's first look at the probability --
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๋จผ์ € ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค
03:39
and this is very, very difficult to estimate --
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ€๋Š ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์•„์ฃผ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ง€์š”
03:42
but there have been only four studies on this in recent years,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ช‡ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋‹จ์ง€ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
03:45
which is surprising.
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:47
You would think that it would be of some interest
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํฅ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”,
03:50
to try to find out more about this given that the stakes are so big,
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์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•  ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ์š”,
03:54
but it's a very neglected area.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ, ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์—ญ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
But there have been four studies --
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ 4ํŽธ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
03:58
one by John Lesley, wrote a book on this.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์กด ๋ ˆ์Šฌ๋ฆฌ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์„ ์ง‘ํ•„ ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
04:00
He estimated a probability that we will fail
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์„ธ๊ธฐ์—
04:02
to survive the current century: 50 percent.
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์ƒ์กด์— ์‹คํŒจํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด 50%๋ผ๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ธก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
Similarly, the Astronomer Royal, whom we heard speak yesterday,
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๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ, ์–ด์ œ ๊ฐ•์—ฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ž ๋กœ์–„์”จ ๋˜ํ•œ
04:10
also has a 50 percent probability estimate.
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ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ 50%๋กœ ์ธก์ • ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
Another author doesn't give any numerical estimate,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ €์ž๋Š” ์ˆ˜์น˜์  ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
04:16
but says the probability is significant that it will fail.
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์ผ๋ฅ˜ ์ƒ์กด ์‹คํŒจ์œจ์ด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋†’๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
I wrote a long paper on this.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๊ธด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
I said assigning a less than 20 percent probability would be a mistake
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๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ 20%๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ์ฑ…์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:26
in light of the current evidence we have.
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ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”
04:29
Now, the exact figures here,
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์ž, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
04:31
we should take with a big grain of salt,
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์ด ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” ์˜์‹ฌ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,
04:33
but there seems to be a consensus that the risk is substantial.
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์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์ƒ๋‹นํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์˜ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฏ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
Everybody who has looked at this and studied it agrees.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ผ๋„ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข€๋” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋™์˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
Now, if we think about what just reducing
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์ž, ๋งŒ์ผ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ํŒŒ๋ฉธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์˜ ํ™•๋ฅ ์„
04:41
the probability of human extinction by just one percentage point --
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1%ํผ์„ผํŠธ ํฌ์ธํŠธ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ค„์ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด,
04:46
not very much -- so that's equivalent to 60 million lives saved,
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€์š” - ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๋กœ์ธํ–‰ ์•ฝ 6์ฒœ๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
if we just count the currently living people, the current generation.
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๋งŒ์ผ ํ˜„์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์„ธ์–ด๋ณด๋ฉด, ํ˜„์กด ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
Now one percent of six billion people is equivalent to 60 million.
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60์–ต๋ช…์˜ 1%๋Š” 6์ฒœ๋งŒ๋ช…๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๊ณ ,
04:59
So that's a large number.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ํฐ ์ˆซ์ž ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:01
If we were to take into account future generations
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์„ธ๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
05:04
that will never come into existence if we blow ourselves up,
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์ด๋Œ€๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋‚ ๋ ค๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ƒ์กดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:09
then the figure becomes astronomical.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:12
If we could eventually colonize a chunk of the universe --
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๋งŒ์ผ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„-
05:15
the Virgo supercluster --
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์ฒ˜๋…€์ž๋ฆฌ ์ดˆ์€ํ•˜๋‹จ ๊ฐ™์€- ์„ ์ž ์‹ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
05:17
maybe it will take us 100 million years to get there,
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ 10์–ต๋งŒ๋…„์€ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”
05:19
but if we go extinct we never will.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:22
Then, even a one percentage point reduction
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์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์†Œ๋ฉธ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ 1% ํฌ์ธํŠธ์˜
05:25
in the extinction risk could be equivalent
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๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
05:29
to this astronomical number -- 10 to the power of 32.
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10์˜ 32์ œ๊ณฑํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ ์ธ ์ˆซ์ž์™€ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
So if you take into account future generations as much as our own,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ›„์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๋งŒํผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
05:36
every other moral imperative of philanthropic cost just becomes irrelevant.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐ•์• ์ฃผ์˜์  ๋น„์šฉ์˜ ๋„๋•์  ์˜๋ฌด๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
The only thing you should focus on
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋‘์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
05:43
would be to reduce existential risk
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๋ฉธ๋ง์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
because even the tiniest decrease in existential risk
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ธ๋ฅ˜์†Œ๋ฉธ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์•„์ฃผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
05:49
would just overwhelm any other benefit you could hope to achieve.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์„ฑ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ ์žํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์ต์„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
And even if you just look at the current people,
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๋‹จ์ง€ ํ˜„์„ธ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
05:55
and ignore the potential that would be lost if we went extinct,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋ฉธํ• ๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ž ์žฌ์„ฑ์€ ์ผ๋‹จ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„,
06:00
it should still have a high priority.
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋†’์€ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
Now, let me spend the rest of my time on the third big problem,
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์ž, ์ด์ œ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์“ฐ๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:07
because it's more subtle and perhaps difficult to grasp.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ง€์š”
06:13
Think about some time in your life --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์˜ ํ•œ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”
06:17
some people might never have experienced it -- but some people,
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์–ด๋–ค์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์„๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ–ˆ์„
06:20
there are just those moments that you have experienced
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ–ˆ๋˜
06:23
where life was fantastic.
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ํ™˜์ƒ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:25
It might have been at the moment of some great, creative inspiration
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด ํ๋ฆ„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๋ง‰ ์ง„์ž…ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
06:32
you might have had when you just entered this flow stage.
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๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ธ ์˜๊ฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:34
Or when you understood something you had never done before.
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ํ˜น์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ–ˆ์„๋•Œ,
06:36
Or perhaps in the ecstasy of romantic love.
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ํ˜น์€ ๋กœ๋งจํ‹ฑํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์˜ ํ™ฉํ™€๊ฒฝ์— ๋น ์กŒ์„๋•Œ,
06:40
Or an aesthetic experience -- a sunset or a great piece of art.
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ํ˜น์€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋“ค - ์„์–‘ ํ˜น์€ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•  ๋•Œ,
06:45
Every once in a while we have these moments,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋“ค์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜์ง€์š”
06:47
and we realize just how good life can be when it's at its best.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ์ƒ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์šด์ง€ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:51
And you wonder, why can't it be like that all the time?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์™œ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์„ ์ˆ˜๋งŒ์€ ์—†์„๊นŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€์š”.
06:56
You just want to cling onto this.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ์ € ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ผญ ๋ถ™์žก๊ธธ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:58
And then, of course, it drifts back into ordinary life and the memory fades.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™œ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ์•„ ๊ฐ€๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์–ต์€ ํ๋ฆฟํ•ด์ง€์ง€์š”
07:02
And it's really difficult to recall, in a normal frame of mind,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ๋Š”
07:06
just how good life can be at its best.
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์ธ์ƒ์ด ์–ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ด ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋งŒํผ ์ข‹์„์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋˜๋Œ์ด์ผœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:09
Or how bad it can be at its worst.
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ํ˜น์€ ์ธ์ƒ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ด ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋งŒํผ ๋น„์ฐธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ์š”
07:12
The third big problem is that life isn't usually
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์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ธ์ƒ์€ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜
07:15
as wonderful as it could be.
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์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:17
I think that's a big, big problem.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:21
It's easy to say what we don't want.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‰ฌ์šด ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:24
Here are a number of things that we don't want --
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:27
illness, involuntary death, unnecessary suffering, cruelty,
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์งˆ๋ณ‘, ๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๋ง, ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ณ ํ†ต, ๋น„์ฐธํ•จ
07:30
stunted growth, memory loss, ignorance, absence of creativity.
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์™œ์†Œ ์„ฑ์žฅ, ๊ธฐ์–ต ์ƒ์‹ค, ๋ฌด์‹, ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ
07:36
Suppose we fixed these things -- we did something about all of these.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ์ณค๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค - ์–ด๋–ค ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”
07:39
We were very successful.
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์•„์ฃผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:41
We got rid of all of these things.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”
07:43
We might end up with something like this,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช… ์ด๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:46
which is -- I mean, it's a heck of a lot better than that.
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๋ญ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ด ๊ฒƒ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ข‹๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:50
But is this really the best we can dream of?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •๋ง ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ๊นŒ์š”? ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด?
07:55
Is this the best we can do?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ์„ ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
07:57
Or is it possible to find something a little bit more inspiring to work towards?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด, ์•„์ฃผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ง„๋ณดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์›๋™๋ ฅ์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊นŒ์š”?
08:03
And if we think about this,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ๋•Œ,
08:05
I think it's very clear that there are ways
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์ €๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช… ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:09
in which we could change things, not just by eliminating negatives,
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊พ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
08:12
but adding positives.
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๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”
08:14
On my wish list, at least, would be:
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์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ์ œ ์œ„์‹œ ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์— ์—ด๊ฑฐ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€
08:16
much longer, healthier lives, greater subjective well-being,
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์žฅ์ˆ˜, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•, ์›”๋“ฑํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๋ณต์ง€
08:21
enhanced cognitive capacities, more knowledge and understanding,
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ํ™•์žฅ๋œ ์ธ์ง€ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ์ข€ ๋” ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ์ดํ•ด๋ ฅ
08:26
unlimited opportunity for personal growth
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๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฌด์ œํ•œ์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ
08:28
beyond our current biological limits, better relationships,
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜๋Š”, ์ข€ ๋” ์›๋งŒํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„
08:32
an unbounded potential for spiritual, moral
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์ข…๊ต์ , ๋„๋•์ 
08:34
and intellectual development.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€์‹ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฌดํ•œ์˜ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:36
If we want to achieve this, what, in the world, would have to change?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์„ฑ์ทจ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด, ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™” ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
08:44
And this is the answer -- we would have to change.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋‹ต์ธ๋ฐ - ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™” ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:49
Not just the world around us, but we, ourselves.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™” ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:52
Not just the way we think about the world, but the way we are -- our very biology.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋ฟ๋งŒ๋งŒ์ด ์ด๋‚˜๋ผ, ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™” ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:56
Human nature would have to change.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:58
Now, when we think about changing human nature,
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์ž, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๋•Œ,
09:00
the first thing that comes to mind
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ์ € ์ƒ๊ฐ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
09:02
are these human modification technologies --
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:06
growth hormone therapy, cosmetic surgery,
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์„ฑ์žฅ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•, ์„ฑํ˜•์ˆ˜์ˆ 
09:08
stimulants like Ritalin, Adderall, anti-depressants,
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๋ฆฌํƒˆ๋ฆฐ, ์•„๋“œ๋ ˆ๋‚ ๋ฆฌ, ํ•ญ์šฐ์šธ์ œ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด‰์ง„์ œ
09:11
anabolic steroids, artificial hearts.
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์•„๋‚˜๋ณผ๋ฆญ ์Šคํ…Œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ, ์ธ๊ณต ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ 
09:13
It's a pretty pathetic list.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ฐธ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๊ธ€ํ”ˆ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:16
They do great things for a few people
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์ด๋“ค ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์€
09:18
who suffer from some specific condition,
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ํŠน์ • ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์•“๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:20
but for most people, they don't really transform
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
09:25
what it is to be human.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์›ํ˜•์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€์š”
09:27
And they also all seem a little bit --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ -
09:29
most people have this instinct that, well, sure,
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๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณธ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”, ๋ถ„๋ช…,..
09:32
there needs to be anti-depressants for the really depressed people.
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์•„์ฃผ ์šฐ์šธํ•  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ํ•ญ์šฐ์šธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ตฌ์š”...
09:34
But there's a kind of queasiness
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ถˆ์พŒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์ง€์š”
09:36
that these are unnatural in some way.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:39
It's worth recalling that there are a lot of other
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์œ ํ˜•์˜
09:41
modification technologies and enhancement technologies that we use.
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๋ณ€ํ˜• ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๊ฐ•ํ™” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ƒ๊ธฐํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:44
We have skin enhancements, clothing.
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์˜๋ฅ˜๋Š” ํ”ผ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:48
As far as I can see, all of you are users of this
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ชจ์ด์‹  ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด
09:52
enhancement technology in this room, so that's a great thing.
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์˜ท์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ฐ•ํ™” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜์ฃ .
09:57
Mood modifiers have been used from time immemorial --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๋งŒํผ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„ ์ „ํ™˜์ œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:00
caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, immune system enhancement,
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์นดํŽ˜์ธ, ์•Œ์ฝœ, ๋‹ˆ์ฝ”ํ‹ด, ๋ฉด์—ญ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์ œ
10:05
vision enhancement, anesthetics --
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์‹œ๋ ฅ ๋ณด์ •์ œ, ๋งˆ์ทจ์ œ
10:07
we take that very much for granted,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
10:09
but just think about how great progress that is --
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ์ง„๋ณด ์ธ์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด,
10:13
like, having an operation before anesthetics was not fun.
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๋งˆ์ทจ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๋•Œ์— ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑด ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์ข‹์€ ์ผ๋งŒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
10:17
Contraceptives, cosmetics and brain reprogramming techniques --
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ํ”ผ์ž„์•ฝ, ํ™”์žฅํ’ˆ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‘๋‡Œ์žฌํ™œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ 
10:23
that sounds ominous,
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๋ถˆ๊ธธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ์ง€์š”..
10:25
but the distinction between what is a technology --
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
10:29
a gadget would be the archetype --
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ „ํ˜•์€ ๋„๊ตฌ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:31
and other ways of changing and rewriting human nature is quite subtle.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ๋‹ค์‹œ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹๋“ค์€ ์ฐธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:35
So if you think about what it means to learn arithmetic or to learn to read,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ˆ˜ํ•™์—ฐ์‚ฐ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ , ์ฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด,
10:39
you're actually, literally rewriting your own brain.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ธ€์ž ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:42
You're changing the microstructure of your brain as you go along.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋‘๋‡Œ์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
So in a broad sense, we don't need to think about technology
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋„“์€ ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:49
as only little gadgets, like these things here,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ์š”
10:51
but even institutions and techniques,
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ œ๋„์™€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ 
10:55
psychological methods and so forth.
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์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:57
Forms of organization can have a profound impact on human nature.
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์กฐ์ง์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฅ˜์— ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:02
Looking ahead, there is a range of technologies
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์•ž์„ ๋‚ด๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์กด์žฌ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:04
that are almost certain to be developed sooner or later.
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:07
We are very ignorant about what the time scale for these things are,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์–ธ์ œ ์‹คํ˜„๋  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋ฌด์ง€ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:11
but they all are consistent with everything we know
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค
11:13
about physical laws, laws of chemistry, etc.
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์ฆ‰, ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๋ฒ•์น™, ํ™”ํ•™๋ฒ•์น™ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ผ์น˜ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
It's possible to assume,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€์š”,
11:19
setting aside a possibility of catastrophe,
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์žฌ์•™์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ,
11:22
that sooner or later we will develop all of these.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:25
And even just a couple of these would be enough
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•œ๋‘๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ
11:28
to transform the human condition.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:30
So let's look at some of the dimensions of human nature
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์ž, ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ
11:35
that seem to leave room for improvement.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:38
Health span is a big and urgent thing,
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” ํฌ๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:40
because if you're not alive,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ƒ์กดํ•ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋ฉด,
11:42
then all the other things will be to little avail.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ง€์š”
11:45
Intellectual capacity -- let's take that box,
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์ง€์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋ฒ”์œ„ - ์ด ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
11:47
which falls into a lot of different sub-categories:
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๋ฌด์ˆ˜ํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ ํ•˜์œ„ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š”
11:52
memory, concentration, mental energy, intelligence, empathy.
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๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ, ์ง‘์ค‘, ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ํž˜, ์ง€์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ๋™์ •์‹ฌ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:55
These are really great things.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:57
Part of the reason why we value these traits
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‘๋Š” ์ด์œ  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
11:59
is that they make us better at competing with other people --
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•  ๋•Œ ํž˜์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ 
12:03
they're positional goods.
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์žฌํ™”๋“ค ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:05
But part of the reason --
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
12:07
and that's the reason why we have ethical ground for pursuing these --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„๋•์  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ธ๋ฐ,
12:11
is that they're also intrinsically valuable.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ง€์š”.
12:14
It's just better to be able to understand more of the world around you
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์ž์‹ ์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ์„ธ์ƒ๊ณผ
12:18
and the people that you are communicating with,
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์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค
12:20
and to remember what you have learned.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์ข€๋” ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:24
Modalities and special faculties.
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์ธ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์  ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ
12:26
Now, the human mind is not a single unitary information processor,
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์ž, ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์€ ๋‹จ์ผ์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์ •๋ณด ์ „๋‹ฌ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
12:31
but it has a lot of different, special, evolved modules
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์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋งŽ์€, ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”๋œ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์ด๋ฉฐ,
12:35
that do specific things for us.
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ํŠน์ • ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:37
If you think about what we normally take as giving life a lot of its meaning --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ช…์— ํฐ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด,
12:41
music, humor, eroticism, spirituality, aesthetics,
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์Œ์•…, ์œ ๋จธ, ์—๋กœํ‹ฐ์‹œ์ฆ˜, ์‹ฌ๋ น, ์‹ฌ๋ฏธ
12:45
nurturing and caring, gossip, chatting with people --
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๋ณด์œก, ๊ฐ€์‹ญ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋‹ค
12:50
all of these, very likely, are enabled by a special circuitry
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ „๊ธฐ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ง์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ,
12:54
that we humans have,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
12:56
but that you could have another intelligent life form that lacks these.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ง€์‹ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:59
We're just lucky that we have the requisite neural machinery
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์Œ์•…์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ง„๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ , ์ฆ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
13:02
to process music and to appreciate it and enjoy it.
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ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋‘๋‡Œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฐธ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰์šด ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:06
All of these would enable, in principle -- be amenable to enhancement.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ฐ•ํ™”์— ์šฐํ˜ธ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:09
Some people have a better musical ability
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์Œ์•…์  ์žฌ๋Šฅ์ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ ,
13:11
and ability to appreciate music than others have.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์Œ์•…์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋›ฐ์–ด ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:13
It's also interesting to think about what other things are --
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ ๋˜ํ•œ ํฅ๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ,
13:16
so if these all enabled great values,
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฆ๋Œ€ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
13:20
why should we think that evolution has happened to provide us
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์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ป์€ ๊ฒƒ์€
13:23
with all the modalities we would need to engage
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์‹๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด,
13:26
with other values that there might be?
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๊ทธ ์•ˆ์— ๋‹ด๊ธด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
13:28
Imagine a species
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ํ•œ ์ข…์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
13:30
that just didn't have this neural machinery for processing music.
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์Œ์•…์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์š”
13:34
And they would just stare at us with bafflement
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค์ด ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋…ธ๋ ค๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:37
when we spend time listening to a beautiful performance,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:41
like the one we just heard -- because of people making stupid movements,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„์š”- ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ”๋ณด๊ฐ™์€ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
13:43
and they would be really irritated and wouldn't see what we were up to.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋ ค ์žˆ๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์ฃ 
13:46
But maybe they have another faculty, something else
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:49
that would seem equally irrational to us,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”
13:52
but they actually tap into some great possible value there.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”
13:55
But we are just literally deaf to that kind of value.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋“ค ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌด์ง€ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:59
So we could think of adding on different,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ข€ ์ƒ‰๋‹ค๋ฅธ
14:01
new sensory capacities and mental faculties.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ง€๊ฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ง€์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:05
Bodily functionality and morphology and affective self-control.
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์‹ ์ฒด์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ก , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ •์„œ์ ์ธ ์ž๊ธฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:10
Greater subjective well-being.
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์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋ณต
14:12
Be able to switch between relaxation and activity --
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ํœด์‹๊ณผ ํ™œ๋™ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ
14:15
being able to go slow when you need to do that, and to speed up.
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์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋•Œ์— ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ
14:19
Able to switch back and forth more easily
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์•ž๋’ค๋กœ์˜ ์ด๋™์„ ์ข€๋” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ,
14:21
would be a neat thing to be able to do --
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:23
easier to achieve the flow state,
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์œ ๋™์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์ฃ 
14:25
when you're totally immersed in something you are doing.
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์— ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ชฐ๋‘ ํ•˜์˜€์„๋•Œ,
14:29
Conscientiousness and sympathy.
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์–‘์‹ฌ๊ณผ ๋™์ •
14:31
The ability to -- it's another interesting application
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ์šฉ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
14:34
that would have large social ramification, perhaps.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:37
If you could actually choose to preserve your romantic attachments to one person,
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๋งŒ์ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ์˜ ๋กœ๋งจํ‹ฑํ•œ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๊ฐ„์งํ•˜๊ธธ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
14:43
undiminished through time,
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ํฌ๋ฏธํ•ด ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋กœ๋งจํ‹ฑํ•œ ๊ฐ์ • ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”
14:45
so that wouldn't have to -- love would never have to fade if you didn't want it to.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ํฌ๋ฏธํ•ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:50
That's probably not all that difficult.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฑด ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์–ด๋ ต์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:53
It might just be a simple hormone or something that could do this.
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๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ• ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:58
It's been done in voles.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•ผ์ƒ ๋“ค์ฅ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜๋˜์–ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:02
You can engineer a prairie vole to become monogamous
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์›๋ž˜ ๋‹ค์›…ํ˜ผ์ฃผ์ธ ๋“ค์ฅ๋ฅผ ,
15:05
when it's naturally polygamous.
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์ผ์ž์ผ์›…์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
15:07
It's just a single gene.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•ด์„œ ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:09
Might be more complicated in humans, but perhaps not that much.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๊ฒ ์ง€์š”, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:11
This is the last picture that I want to --
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์ด ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€-
15:14
now we've got to use the laser pointer.
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์ž ์ด์ œ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ํฌ์ธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฐ์š”...
15:17
A possible mode of being here would be a way of life --
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€, ์ƒํ™œ๋ฐฉ์‹,
15:20
a way of being, experiencing, thinking, seeing,
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์กด์žฌ, ๊ฒฝํ—˜, ์‚ฌ๊ณ , ๊ด€์ฐฐ
15:24
interacting with the world.
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์„ธ์ƒ๊ณผ์˜ ์†Œํ†ต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:26
Down here in this little corner, here, we have the little sub-space
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์ด ์•„๋ž˜์ชฝ ์ด ์ž‘์€ ๊ตฌ์„์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ํ•˜๋ถ€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:31
of this larger space that is accessible to human beings --
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์ ‘๊ทผ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ
15:35
beings with our biological capacities.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ค‘์—์„œ ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
15:38
It's a part of the space that's accessible to animals;
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์ด๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค๋„ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ธ๋ฐ,
15:41
since we are animals, we are a subset of that.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๋„ ๋™๋ฌผ์— ์†ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ 
15:44
And then you can imagine some enhancements of human capacities.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:48
There would be different modes of being you could experience
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:51
if you were able to stay alive for, say, 200 years.
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๋งŒ์ผ 200๋…„ํ›„ ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ƒ์กดํ•ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”
15:54
Then you could live sorts of lives and accumulate wisdoms
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ๊ณ„์† ์˜์œ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ง€ํ˜œ๋ฅผ ์ถ•์ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:58
that are just not possible for humans as we currently are.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์„์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€์š”
16:01
So then, you move off to this larger sphere of "human +,"
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
16:05
and you could continue that process and eventually
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ง€์†ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
16:08
explore a lot of this larger space of possible modes of being.
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๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด, ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:12
Now, why is that a good thing to do?
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์ž, ์™œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด์ต์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ ๊นŒ์š”?
16:14
Well, we know already that in this little human circle there,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์ด ์ž‘์€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์ˆœํ™˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
16:18
there are these enormously wonderful and worthwhile modes of being --
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์ด์ด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋งˆ์–ด๋งˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์น˜์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์‹ค์กด์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
16:22
human life at its best is wonderful.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ด๋•Œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ 
16:25
We have no reason to believe that within this much, much larger space
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํœ ์”ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์˜์—ญ๋‚ด์—
16:30
there would not also be extremely worthwhile modes of being,
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ๊ฐ€์น˜์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:34
perhaps ones that would be way beyond our wildest ability
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ–์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ,
16:40
even to imagine or dream about.
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์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์กฐ์ฐจ ํž˜๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ผ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:42
And so, to fix this third problem,
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๋˜ํ•œ ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ
16:44
I think we need -- slowly, carefully, with ethical wisdom and constraint --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ, ์กฐ์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋„์ ์  ์ง€ํ˜œ์™€ ๊ทœ์ œ๋กœ
16:50
develop the means that enable us to go out in this larger space and explore it
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์ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํƒํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:55
and find the great values that might hide there.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ณณ์— ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:57
Thanks.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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