The dark history of Mount Rushmore - Ned Blackhawk and Jeffrey D. Means

翻译人员: Yuxin Zhang 校对人员: Helen Chang

Between 1927 and 1941, 400 workers blasted 450,000 tons of rock

1927年至1941年间， 400名工人爆破了45万吨岩石，

from a mountainside using chisels, jackhammers, and a lot of dynamite.

在山坡上用凿子， 手提钻和大量炸药。

Gradually, they carved out Mount Rushmore.

渐渐地， 他们凿出了拉什莫尔山。

Now, the monument draws nearly 3 million people

现在，这座纪念碑 每年吸引了近300万人

to South Dakota’s Black Hills every year.

去参观南达科他州的布莱克山。

But its façade belies a dark history.

但它的外表掩盖了 一段黑暗的历史。

About 10,000 years ago, Native American people began inhabiting the Black Hills.

大约一万年前， 美洲原住民开始在布拉克山居住。

The area became especially sacred to the Lakota people,

这个地区对拉科塔人来说 变得特别神圣，

who formed the western branch of what the US called the Sioux Nation.

他们组成了 美国称之为苏族的西部分支。

The Lakota believed one cave within the Black Hills

拉科塔人相信 布拉克山的一个洞穴

to be where they first emerged.

是他们最初出现在的地方。

And they named one of the Black Hills mountain peaks

他们将黑山的一座山峰 命名为“六祖山”，

the Six Grandfathers after their sacred directional spirits.

以纪念他们神圣的定向祖灵。

But in the 1800s, Lakota access to this land came under threat.

但在19世纪， 拉科塔人进入这片土地受到了威胁，

White settlers in North America expanded their territories

北美的白人定居者扩大他们的领土，

by using physical violence or negotiating with Indigenous peoples.

通过使用暴力 或与土著人民谈判的方式。

After its establishment in the late 1700s,

在18世纪末美国政府成立之后，

the US government ratified hundreds of treaties with Native American nations.

其批准了数百项 与美洲原住民的条约。

However, it often broke them or created them using coercion.

然而，政府经常撕毁它们 或强制创造它们。

Between 1866 in 1868, the Lakota and their allies

在1866年到1868年间， 拉科塔族人和他们的盟友

successfully defended their land from the U.S. military

成功地保卫了他们的土地 免受美国军队的攻击，

and negotiated a new treaty with the government.

并与政府谈判了一项新的条约。

In the 1868 Treaty at Fort Laramie,

在1868年的拉勒米堡条约中，

all parties agreed that a vast territory, including the Black Hills,

各方一致同意， 包括布拉克山在内的大片领土

belonged to the Sioux Nation.

属于苏族。

In return, the Lakota would allow US travelers to pass safely through.

作为交换， 拉科塔允许美国游客安全通过。

But many aspects of the Treaty also aimed to assimilate

但条约的许多方面也旨在同化，

the Lakota into white culture.

把拉科塔人融入白人文化。

This included incentives to convert them from hunting to farming,

这包括激励他们 从狩猎转向农耕，

abandon their nomadic lifestyle, and wear clothes the US provided.

放弃游牧生活方式， 穿上美国提供的衣服。

Meanwhile, just seven years later, the US broke the treaty

与此同时，仅仅7年后， 美国就违反了条约，

after an expedition found gold in the Black Hills.

那是在一支探险队 在布拉克山发现了黄金之后。

Miners set up camps,

矿工开始扎营，

the military attacked and ultimately defeated the Lakota,

军队进攻，击败了拉科塔人，

and the US passed legislation illegally seizing the land.

美国通过立法非法征用土地。

50 years later, workers began etching

50年后，工人们开始

into the Lakota’s sacred Six Grandfather’s Mountain.

在拉科塔人神圣的六祖山上蚀刻。

The project was led by an arrogant sculptor named Gutzon Borglum,

这个项目是由一位名叫格松·博格勒姆的 傲慢的雕塑家领导的，

who had ties to the KKK.

他与三k党有联系。

A historian originally proposed that Mount Rushmore include Western figures—

一位历史学家最初提出

拉什莫尔山应该包括 像拉科塔酋长红云这样的西方人物。

like Lakota Chief Red Cloud.

But Borglum chose to feature his own heroes.

但博格勒姆选择了自己的英雄。

By October of 1941, Borglum had died from surgical complications and work stopped,

1941年10月，博格勒姆 死于手术并发症，工作停止了，

though the project was unfinished.

尽管这个项目还没有完成。

None of the four figures had torsos, as intended,

四个人像中没有一个人 像预期的那样有躯干，

and rubble was left piled below.

并且下面堆满了碎石。

To the Lakota, the monument was a desecration.

对拉科塔人来说， 这座纪念碑是一种亵渎。

And the presidents immortalized on the rockface

在岩壁上永垂不朽的总统们，

all had brutal anti-Indigenous legacies.

都有残酷的反土著遗绪。

Members of the Iroquois Confederacy called George Washington “Town Destroyer”

易洛魁联盟的成员 称乔治华盛顿为“城市毁灭者”

for encouraging military campaigns that burned 50 of their villages in 1779.

因为他鼓励军事行动， 在1779年烧毁了他们的50个村庄。

Theodore Roosevelt championed forced assimilation and said,

西奥多·罗斯福支持强制同化，

他说，“我不至于宣称

“I don’t go so far as to think that the only good Indians are dead Indians,

只有死去的印第安人 才算是好的印第安人，

but I believe nine out of 10 are.”

但我认为十分之九的人都是。”

In 1980, after the Sioux Nation had sued the US for treaty violations,

1980年， 在苏族起诉美国违反条约后，

the Supreme Court ruled that the Black Hills had been unlawfully taken,

最高法院裁定 布莱克山被非法占领，

and the Sioux were entitled to compensation.

苏族人有权得到补偿。

The amount named has since reached over a billion dollars.

赔偿金额已经超过了10亿美元。

But the Sioux Nation refused to take the money

但是苏族拒绝接受这笔钱，

and to give up their claim to the Black Hills,

因那是放弃对布拉克山的主权，

maintaining that they were never for sale.

他们坚称从未出售过。

So, what should happen to Mount Rushmore and the Black Hills?

那么，拉什莫尔山 和黑山应该怎么办？

Responses to that question are wide-ranging.

对这个问题的回答是广泛的。

Some, including tribal leaders and Borglum’s great-granddaughter,

包括部落领袖 和博格勒姆的曾孙女在内的一些人

have called for Mount Rushmore to be removed.

呼吁拆除拉什莫尔山。

Others see it as an important patriotic symbol

另一些人将其视为 重要的爱国象征，

and vital aspect of South Dakota's economy that should remain.

也是南达科他州经济的重要方面。

Many Lakota people want the 1868 Treaty to be honored

许多拉科塔人希望 1868年的条约得到遵守，

and the now-federally controlled lands to be returned to their tribal communities.

并把现在由联邦政府控制的土地 归还给他们的部落社区。

Others have said that the Lakota and the US should at least co-manage

也有人则表示， 拉科塔和美国至少应该共同管理

parts of the Black Hills.

布拉克山的部分地区。

Currently, there are no plans for change.

目前还没有改变的计划。

The US broke many of its promises with Indigenous nations

美国违背了 对土著民族的许多承诺，

making issues like this common.

使这样的问题变得普遍。

Native people have been fighting for broken treaties to be honoured

原住民一直在 为被撕毁的条约而战，

for generations,

奋斗了许多代，

achieving some major victories along the way.

一路上取得了一些重大的胜利。

Meanwhile, if untouched,

与此同时，如果不被干扰，

the faces engraved on the Six Grandfathers Mountain

六祖山上雕刻的面孔

are expected to remain for thousands of years to come.

预计将保留数千年。