The dark history of Mount Rushmore - Ned Blackhawk and Jeffrey D. Means

801,708 views ใƒป 2021-12-16

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Jenny Rublevsky ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
Between 1927 and 1941, 400 workers blasted 450,000 tons of rock
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1927 ืœ-1941, 400 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืคื•ืฆืฆื• 450,000 ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืœืขื™ื
00:13
from a mountainside using chisels, jackhammers, and a lot of dynamite.
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ืžืฆืœืขื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื–ืžืœื™ื, ืคื˜ื™ืฉื™ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื˜.
00:20
Gradually, they carved out Mount Rushmore.
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ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”, ื”ื ื’ื™ืœืคื• ืืช ื”ืจ ืจืืฉืžื•ืจ.
00:22
Now, the monument draws nearly 3 million people
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ื›ืขืช, ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืžื ื˜ ืžื‘ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ-3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื
00:25
to South Dakotaโ€™s Black Hills every year.
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ืœื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืงื•ื˜ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
00:29
But its faรงade belies a dark history.
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ืืš ื—ื–ื™ืชื• ืžืกืชื™ืจื” ืขื‘ืจ ืืคืœ.
00:32
About 10,000 years ago, Native American people began inhabiting the Black Hills.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›-10,000 ืฉื ื™ื, ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช.
00:38
The area became especially sacred to the Lakota people,
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ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคืš ืœืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืื ืฉื™ ื”ืœืงื•ื˜ื”,
00:41
who formed the western branch of what the US called the Sioux Nation.
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ืฉื”ืงื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืกื ื™ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืงืจืื” ืœื• ืื•ืžืช ื”ืกื•.
00:45
The Lakota believed one cave within the Black Hills
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ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืœืงื•ื˜ื” ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ืžืขืจื” ืื—ืช ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช
00:47
to be where they first emerged.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืžื ื• ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื•.
00:49
And they named one of the Black Hills mountain peaks
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ื•ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืœืื—ืช ืžืคืกื’ื•ืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช
00:51
the Six Grandfathers after their sacred directional spirits.
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ื›-ืฉืฉืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื, ืขืœ ืฉื ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
00:55
But in the 1800s, Lakota access to this land came under threat.
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ืืš ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-1800, ื’ื™ืฉืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืœืงื•ื˜ื” ืœืื“ืžื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื—ืช ืื™ื•ื.
01:00
White settlers in North America expanded their territories
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ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื”ื
01:04
by using physical violence or negotiating with Indigenous peoples.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื.
01:08
After its establishment in the late 1700s,
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ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืžืชื• ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-1700,
01:11
the US government ratified hundreds of treaties with Native American nations.
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ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืืฉืจืจื” ืžืื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ืขื ืื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื.
01:15
However, it often broke them or created them using coercion.
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ืืš ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื˜ืœื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืื• ื™ืฆืจื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืคื™ื™ื”.
01:19
Between 1866 in 1868, the Lakota and their allies
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1866 ื•-1868, ื”ืœืงื•ื˜ื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืชื
01:24
successfully defended their land from the U.S. military
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ื”ื’ื ื• ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื”ื ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฆื‘ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
01:27
and negotiated a new treaty with the government.
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ื•ื ื™ื”ืœื• ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืžื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
01:30
In the 1868 Treaty at Fort Laramie,
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ื‘ืืžื ื” ืžืฉื ืช 1868 ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ ืœืจืžื™,
01:33
all parties agreed that a vast territory, including the Black Hills,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืฉืฉื˜ื— ืขืฆื•ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช,
01:37
belonged to the Sioux Nation.
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืื•ืžืช ื”ืกื•.
01:40
In return, the Lakota would allow US travelers to pass safely through.
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ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”, ื”ืœืงื•ื˜ื” ื™ืืฉืจื• ืœื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื”.
01:44
But many aspects of the Treaty also aimed to assimilate
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ืืš ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื” ืฉืืคื• ืœื”ื˜ืžื™ืข
01:47
the Lakota into white culture.
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ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืœืงื•ื˜ื” ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื”.
01:49
This included incentives to convert them from hunting to farming,
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ื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื“ ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช,
01:53
abandon their nomadic lifestyle, and wear clothes the US provided.
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ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉืกื•ืคืงื• ืœื”ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื”โ€œื‘.
01:58
Meanwhile, just seven years later, the US broke the treaty
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืจืง 7 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืคืจื” ืืช ื”ืืžื ื”
02:02
after an expedition found gold in the Black Hills.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžืฉืœื—ืช ืžืฆืื” ื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช.
02:06
Miners set up camps,
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ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืžื—ื ื•ืช,
02:08
the military attacked and ultimately defeated the Lakota,
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ื”ืฆื‘ื ืชืงืฃ ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืœืงื•ื˜ื”,
02:11
and the US passed legislation illegally seizing the land.
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ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื—ื•ืง ืฉืชืคืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ืช.
02:16
50 years later, workers began etching
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ืœืื—ืจ 50 ืฉื ื”, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื’ืœืฃ
02:19
into the Lakotaโ€™s sacred Six Grandfatherโ€™s Mountain.
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ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืจ ืฉืฉืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืœืงื•ื˜ื”.
02:22
The project was led by an arrogant sculptor named Gutzon Borglum,
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ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื•ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืกืœ ื™ื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื’ื•ื˜ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืจื’ืœื•ื,
02:26
who had ties to the KKK.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœ-KKK.
02:29
A historian originally proposed that Mount Rushmore include Western figuresโ€”
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ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจ ืจืืฉืžื•ืจ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช -
02:33
like Lakota Chief Red Cloud.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืฆโ€™ื™ืฃ ืขื ืŸ ืื“ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœืงื•ื˜ื”.
02:35
But Borglum chose to feature his own heroes.
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ืืš ื‘ื•ืจื’ืœื•ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื•.
02:39
By October of 1941, Borglum had died from surgical complications and work stopped,
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ืขื“ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1941, ื‘ื•ืจื’ืœื•ื ื ืคื˜ืจ ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ืžื ื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืคืกืงื•,
02:45
though the project was unfinished.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืœื ื ื’ืžืจ.
02:47
None of the four figures had torsos, as intended,
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ืœืืฃ ืื—ืช ืž-4 ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื•ืฃ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ื ืŸ,
02:50
and rubble was left piled below.
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ื•ื—ืฆืฅ ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืขืจืžื” ืœืžื˜ื”.
02:53
To the Lakota, the monument was a desecration.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืœืงื•ื˜ื”, ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืžื ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ.
02:57
And the presidents immortalized on the rockface
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ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ืื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืฆืœืข ื”ื”ืจ
02:59
all had brutal anti-Indigenous legacies.
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ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืื ื˜ื™ ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ืช.
03:02
Members of the Iroquois Confederacy called George Washington โ€œTown Destroyerโ€
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืงื™ ืงืจืื• ืœื’โ€˜ื•ืจื’โ€™ ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ โ€œื”ื•ืจืก ืขืจื™ืโ€
03:06
for encouraging military campaigns that burned 50 of their villages in 1779.
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ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืขื•ื“ื“ ืงืžืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืฉืฉืจืคื• 50 ืžื”ื›ืคืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘-1779.
03:12
Theodore Roosevelt championed forced assimilation and said,
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ืชโ€™ื™ืื•ื“ื•ืจ ืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื›ืคื•ื™ื” ื•ืืžืจ,
03:16
โ€œI donโ€™t go so far as to think that the only good Indians are dead Indians,
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โ€œืื ื™ ืœื ืžืจื—ื™ืง ืœื›ืช ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืจืง ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื ื”ืžืชื™ื ื”ื ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื,
03:20
but I believe nine out of 10 are.โ€
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉ 9 ืžืชื•ืš 10 ื”ื ื›ืืœื”.โ€
03:24
In 1980, after the Sioux Nation had sued the US for treaty violations,
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1980, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืื•ืžืช ื”ืกื• ืชื‘ืขื” ืืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืืžื ื”,
03:29
the Supreme Court ruled that the Black Hills had been unlawfully taken,
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ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคืกืง ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื ืœืงื—ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ืช,
03:34
and the Sioux were entitled to compensation.
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ื•ื”ืกื• ื”ื™ื• ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื.
03:37
The amount named has since reached over a billion dollars.
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ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืขืœื” ืžืื– ืœืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
03:40
But the Sioux Nation refused to take the money
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ืืš ืื•ืžืช ื”ืกื• ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ
03:43
and to give up their claim to the Black Hills,
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ื•ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช,
03:46
maintaining that they were never for sale.
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ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœืžื›ื™ืจื”.
03:49
So, what should happen to Mount Rushmore and the Black Hills?
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ืื–, ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ืช ืœื”ืจ ืจืืฉืžื•ืจ ื•ืœื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช?
03:53
Responses to that question are wide-ranging.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื”ืŸ ืจื‘ื•ืช.
03:56
Some, including tribal leaders and Borglumโ€™s great-granddaughter,
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ื—ืœืง, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืจื’ืœื•ื,
04:01
have called for Mount Rushmore to be removed.
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ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ืกืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจ ืจืืฉืžื•ืจ.
04:03
Others see it as an important patriotic symbol
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ืื—ืจื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื›ืกืžืœ ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘
04:06
and vital aspect of South Dakota's economy that should remain.
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ื•ื›ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ื“ืงื•ื˜ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ.
04:10
Many Lakota people want the 1868 Treaty to be honored
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ืื ืฉื™ ืœืงื•ื˜ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืืžื ื” ืžืฉื ืช 1868 ืชื›ื•ื‘ื“
04:14
and the now-federally controlled lands to be returned to their tribal communities.
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ื•ืฉื”ืื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ืขืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
04:18
Others have said that the Lakota and the US should at least co-manage
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ืื—ืจื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืœืงื•ื˜ื” ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ
04:22
parts of the Black Hills.
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ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช.
04:24
Currently, there are no plans for change.
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ื›ืจื’ืข, ืื™ืŸ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
04:27
The US broke many of its promises with Indigenous nations
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ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉื‘ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืขื ื”ืขืžื™ื ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื
04:31
making issues like this common.
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ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืืœื” ืœื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช.
04:34
Native people have been fighting for broken treaties to be honoured
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ื‘ื“ื•
04:37
for generations,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื“ื•ืจื•ืช,
04:38
achieving some major victories along the way.
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ื•ื–ื›ื• ืœื›ืžื” ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš.
04:42
Meanwhile, if untouched,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืื ื™ื•ื•ืชืจื• ืœืœื ืžื’ืข,
04:44
the faces engraved on the Six Grandfathers Mountain
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ื”ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื ื”ื—ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจ ืฉืฉืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื
04:47
are expected to remain for thousands of years to come.
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ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืฉื ืœืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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