The dark history of Mount Rushmore - Ned Blackhawk and Jeffrey D. Means

754,422 views ・ 2021-12-16

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Sally Jeon κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:06
Between 1927 and 1941, 400 workers blasted 450,000 tons of rock
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1927λ…„μ—μ„œ 1941λ…„ 사이에
μž‘μ—…μž 4λ°± λͺ…이 μ‚°λΉ„νƒˆμ—μ„œ 암석 45만 톀을 ν­νŒŒν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:13
from a mountainside using chisels, jackhammers, and a lot of dynamite.
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그듀은 끌, 착암기와 λ§Žμ€ λ‹€μ΄λ„ˆλ§ˆμ΄νŠΈλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμ£ .
00:20
Gradually, they carved out Mount Rushmore.
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그듀은 점차적으둜 λŸ¬μ‹œλͺ¨μ–΄ 산을 μ‘°κ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:22
Now, the monument draws nearly 3 million people
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ν˜„μž¬, κ·Έ 기념물은 맀년 거의 3백만 λͺ…을
00:25
to South Dakota’s Black Hills every year.
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μ‚¬μš°μŠ€ λ‹€μ½”νƒ€μ˜ λΈ”λž™ 힐슀둜 λŒμ–΄ λͺ¨μλ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:29
But its façade belies a dark history.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κ·Έ μ™Έκ΄€ λ’€μ—λŠ” μ–΄λ‘μš΄ 역사가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:32
About 10,000 years ago, Native American people began inhabiting the Black Hills.
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μ•½ 1만 λ…„ 전에 아메리카 원주민이 λΈ”λž™ νžμŠ€μ— κ±°μ£Όν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:38
The area became especially sacred to the Lakota people,
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이 지역은 특히 라코타 μ‘±μ—κ²Œ μ‹ μ„±μ‹œλ˜μ—ˆλŠ”λ°.
00:41
who formed the western branch of what the US called the Sioux Nation.
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미ꡭ이 수 쑱이라고 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ μ„œμͺ½ μ§€νŒŒμ— μ†ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄μ£ .
00:45
The Lakota believed one cave within the Black Hills
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라코타 쑱은 λΈ”λž™ 힐슀의 ν•œ λ™κ΅΄μ—μ„œ 그듀이 λ°œμ›ν–ˆλ‹€κ³  λ―Ώμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:47
to be where they first emerged.
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00:49
And they named one of the Black Hills mountain peaks
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그리고 λΈ”λž™ 힐슀 μ‚° λ΄‰μš°λ¦¬ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό μ‹μŠ€ κ·Έλžœλ“œνŒŒλ”μŠ€λΌκ³  λͺ…λͺ…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:51
the Six Grandfathers after their sacred directional spirits.
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μ‹ μ„±ν•œ μ§€λ„μž μ˜ν˜Όμ„ λ”°μ„œ 말이죠.
00:55
But in the 1800s, Lakota access to this land came under threat.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 1800λ…„λŒ€μ— 이 땅에 λŒ€ν•œ λΌμ½”νƒ€μ˜ 접근이 μœ„ν˜‘ λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:00
White settlers in North America expanded their territories
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뢁미의 백인 정착민듀은 μ˜ν† λ₯Ό ν™•μž₯ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
01:04
by using physical violence or negotiating with Indigenous peoples.
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물리적 폭λ ₯을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ 원주민과 ν˜‘μƒμ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:08
After its establishment in the late 1700s,
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1700λ…„λŒ€ ν›„λ°˜μ— 건ꡭ된 ν›„
01:11
the US government ratified hundreds of treaties with Native American nations.
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λ―Έκ΅­ μ •λΆ€λŠ” 아메리카 원주민 λ―Όμ‘±λ“€κ³Ό 쑰약을 수백 개 λΉ„μ€€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:15
However, it often broke them or created them using coercion.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 쑰약을 κΉ¨λœ¨λ¦¬κ±°λ‚˜ κ°•μ••μœΌλ‘œ λ§ΊλŠ” λ•Œκ°€ ν”ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:19
Between 1866 in 1868, the Lakota and their allies
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1866λ…„μ—μ„œ 1868λ…„ 사이에 라코타 μ‘±κ³Ό 동맹듀은
01:24
successfully defended their land from the U.S. military
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미ꡰ의 μΉ¨μž…μ„ μ„±κ³΅μ μœΌλ‘œ λ§‰μ•˜κ³ 
01:27
and negotiated a new treaty with the government.
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정뢀와 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 쑰약을 ν˜‘μƒν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:30
In the 1868 Treaty at Fort Laramie,
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1868λ…„ 라라미 μš”μƒˆ μ‘°μ•½μ—μ„œ λͺ¨λ“  ν˜‘μƒ μ°Έμ—¬μžκ°€
01:33
all parties agreed that a vast territory, including the Black Hills,
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λΈ”λž™ 힐슀λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•œ κ΄‘λŒ€ν•œ 땅이 수 쑱에 μ†ν•œλ‹€κ³  λ™μ˜ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
belonged to the Sioux Nation.
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01:40
In return, the Lakota would allow US travelers to pass safely through.
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κ·Έ λŒ€κ°€λ‘œ 라코타 쑱은 μ—¬ν–‰μžλ“€μ΄ μ•ˆμ „ν•˜κ²Œ 톡과할 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:44
But many aspects of the Treaty also aimed to assimilate
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 쑰약은 λ§Žμ€ μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ
라코타 쑱을 백인 문화에 λ™ν™”μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 것도 λͺ©ν‘œλ‘œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:47
the Lakota into white culture.
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01:49
This included incentives to convert them from hunting to farming,
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μ—¬κΈ°μ—λŠ” 사λƒ₯μ—μ„œ λ†μ—…μœΌλ‘œ μ „ν™˜ν•˜κ³ 
01:53
abandon their nomadic lifestyle, and wear clothes the US provided.
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유λͺ© μƒν™œμ„ ν¬κΈ°ν•˜κ³  미ꡭ이 μ€€ μ˜·μ„ μž…λ„λ‘ ν•˜λŠ” μž₯렀책이 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:58
Meanwhile, just seven years later, the US broke the treaty
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그런데 뢈과 7λ…„ ν›„, 미ꡭ은 쑰약을 νŒŒκΈ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:02
after an expedition found gold in the Black Hills.
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νƒν—˜λŒ€κ°€ λΈ”λž™ νžμŠ€μ—μ„œ κΈˆμ„ λ°œκ²¬ν•œ λ’€μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:06
Miners set up camps,
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광뢀듀은 기지λ₯Ό μ„€μΉ˜ν•˜κ³ 
02:08
the military attacked and ultimately defeated the Lakota,
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κ΅°λŒ€λŠ” 라코타λ₯Ό κ³΅κ²©ν•˜μ—¬ κ²°κ΅­ νŒ¨λ°°μ‹œμΌ°κ³ 
02:11
and the US passed legislation illegally seizing the land.
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미ꡭ은 λΆˆλ²•μœΌλ‘œ 땅을 μ λ Ήν•˜λŠ” λ²•μ•ˆμ„ ν†΅κ³Όμ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:16
50 years later, workers began etching
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50μ—¬λ…„ 후에, 인뢀듀은
라코타 쑱의 μ‹ μ„±ν•œ μ‹μŠ€ κ·Έλžœλ“œνŒŒλ” 산을 깎기 μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:19
into the Lakota’s sacred Six Grandfather’s Mountain.
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02:22
The project was led by an arrogant sculptor named Gutzon Borglum,
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이 일은 κ±°λ§Œν•œ 쑰각가 ꡬ트쑴 λ³΄κΈ€λŸΌμ΄ μ£Όλ„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
who had ties to the KKK.
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KKK와 관련이 μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄μ£ .
02:29
A historian originally proposed that Mount Rushmore include Western figuresβ€”
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ν•œ μ—­μ‚¬κ°€λŠ” μ›λž˜ λŸ¬μ‹œλͺ¨μ–΄ 산에 μ„œλΆ€ μœ„μΈλ„ 포함할 것을 μ œμ•ˆν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:33
like Lakota Chief Red Cloud.
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라코타 μ‘± μΆ”μž₯인 λ ˆλ“œ ν΄λΌμš°λ“œ 같은 μΈλ¬Όμ΄μš”.
02:35
But Borglum chose to feature his own heroes.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λ³΄κΈ€λŸΌμ€ μžμ‹ μ˜ μ˜μ›…λ“€λ‘œλ§Œ μ±„μš°κΈ°λ‘œ ν–ˆμ£ .
02:39
By October of 1941, Borglum had died from surgical complications and work stopped,
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1941λ…„ 10μ›”, 수술 ν•©λ³‘μ¦μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄κΈ€λŸΌμ΄ μ‚¬λ§ν–ˆκ³ 
일이 λλ‚˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŒμ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μž‘μ—…μ€ μ€‘λ‹¨λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:45
though the project was unfinished.
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02:47
None of the four figures had torsos, as intended,
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4λͺ…μ˜ 인물 쀑 μ–΄λŠ 것에도 μ›λž˜ μ˜λ„ν–ˆλ˜ λͺΈν†΅μ€ μ—†μ—ˆκ³ 
02:50
and rubble was left piled below.
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κ·Έ μ•„λž˜μ—λŠ” λΆ€μŠ€λŸ¬κΈ°λ“€μ΄ μŒ“μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:53
To the Lakota, the monument was a desecration.
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라코타 μ‘±μ—κ²Œ κ·Έ κΈ°λ…λΉ„λŠ” μ‹ μ„± λͺ¨λ…μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
02:57
And the presidents immortalized on the rockface
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그리고 암벽에 얼꡴이 μƒˆκ²¨μ Έ 뢈멸이 된 λŒ€ν†΅λ Ήλ“€μ€
02:59
all had brutal anti-Indigenous legacies.
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λͺ¨λ‘ μž”ν˜Ήν•œ 반 원주민 정책을 νŽΌμ³€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:02
Members of the Iroquois Confederacy called George Washington β€œTown Destroyer”
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이둜쿼이 연합은 쑰지 μ›Œμ‹±ν„΄μ„ β€˜λ„μ‹œ νŒŒκ΄΄μžβ€™λΌκ³  λΆˆλ €μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:06
for encouraging military campaigns that burned 50 of their villages in 1779.
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1779년에 λ§ˆμ„ 50개λ₯Ό λΆˆνƒœμš΄ ꡰ사 μž‘μ „μ„ μ‘°μž₯ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:12
Theodore Roosevelt championed forced assimilation and said,
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ν…Œμ˜€λ„λ₯΄ λ£¨μ¦ˆλ²¨νŠΈλŠ” κ°•μ œ 동화λ₯Ό μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜λ©° μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:16
β€œI don’t go so far as to think that the only good Indians are dead Indians,
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β€œμ’‹μ€ 인디언은 죽은 μΈλ””μ–ΈλΏμ΄λΌκ³ κΉŒμ§€ μƒκ°ν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ§€λ§Œ
03:20
but I believe nine out of 10 are.”
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10λͺ… 쀑 9λͺ…은 κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€κ³  λ―ΏλŠ”λ‹€.”
03:24
In 1980, after the Sioux Nation had sued the US for treaty violations,
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1980λ…„ 수 쑱이 미ꡭ을 μ‘°μ•½ μœ„λ°˜μœΌλ‘œ κ³ μ†Œν•œ ν›„
03:29
the Supreme Court ruled that the Black Hills had been unlawfully taken,
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λŒ€λ²•μ›μ€ λΈ”λž™ νžμŠ€κ°€ λΆˆλ²•μ μœΌλ‘œ λΉΌμ•—κ²Όλ‹€κ³  νŒκ²°ν–ˆκ³ 
03:34
and the Sioux were entitled to compensation.
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수 쑱은 보상 받을 자격이 μƒκ²ΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:37
The amount named has since reached over a billion dollars.
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λͺ…μ‹œλœ κΈˆμ•‘μ€ 10μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬κ°€ λ„˜μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
03:40
But the Sioux Nation refused to take the money
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 수 쑱은 돈 λ°›κΈ°λ₯Ό κ±°λΆ€ν•˜λ©°
03:43
and to give up their claim to the Black Hills,
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λΈ”λž™ νžμŠ€μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ²­κ΅¬κΆŒμ„ ν¬κΈ°ν•˜κ³ 
03:46
maintaining that they were never for sale.
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μ ˆλŒ€ νŒ”μ§€ μ•Šμ„ 것이라고 μ£Όμž₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:49
So, what should happen to Mount Rushmore and the Black Hills?
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ λŸ¬μ‹œλͺ¨μ–΄ μ‚°κ³Ό λΈ”λž™ νžμŠ€λŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ κΉŒμš”?
03:53
Responses to that question are wide-ranging.
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κ·Έ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— λŒ€ν•œ λŒ€λ‹΅μ€ μ•„μ£Ό λ‹€μ–‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:56
Some, including tribal leaders and Borglum’s great-granddaughter,
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λΆ€μ‘±μž₯λ“€κ³Ό λ³΄κΈ€λŸΌμ˜ 증손녀 같은 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
04:01
have called for Mount Rushmore to be removed.
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λŸ¬μ‹œλͺ¨μ–΄ μ‚°μ˜ 쑰각듀을 없앨 것을 μš”κ΅¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:03
Others see it as an important patriotic symbol
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 애ꡭ적 상징과
04:06
and vital aspect of South Dakota's economy that should remain.
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μ‚¬μš°μŠ€ 닀코타 경제의 μ£Όμš”ν•œ μΈ‘λ©΄μœΌλ‘œμ„œ 남겨야 ν•  κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 보고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:10
Many Lakota people want the 1868 Treaty to be honored
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λ§Žμ€ 라코타 쑱듀은 1868λ…„ 쑰약이 μ€€μˆ˜λ˜κ³ 
04:14
and the now-federally controlled lands to be returned to their tribal communities.
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ν˜„μž¬ 연방이 ν†΅μ œν•˜λŠ” 땅이 λΆ€μ‘± 곡동체에 λ°˜ν™˜λ˜κΈ°λ₯Ό μ›ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:18
Others have said that the Lakota and the US should at least co-manage
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 이듀은 라코타와 미ꡭ이
μ΅œμ†Œν•œ λΈ”λž™ 힐슀의 일뢀라도 곡동 관리해야 ν•œλ‹€κ³  λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
parts of the Black Hills.
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04:24
Currently, there are no plans for change.
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ν˜„μž¬λ‘œμ„œλŠ” λ³€κ²½ κ³„νšμ΄ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:27
The US broke many of its promises with Indigenous nations
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미ꡭ은 원주민 λΆ€μ‘±λ“€κ³Όμ˜ λ§Žμ€ 약속을 μ–΄κ²Όκ³ 
04:31
making issues like this common.
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이와 같은 문제λ₯Ό 많이 λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμ£ .
04:34
Native people have been fighting for broken treaties to be honoured
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원주민듀은 깨진 쑰약을 지킀기 μœ„ν•΄ μ—¬λŸ¬ μ„ΈλŒ€μ— 걸쳐 νˆ¬μŸν•΄ μ™”μœΌλ©°
04:37
for generations,
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04:38
achieving some major victories along the way.
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κ·Έ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ 큰 승리λ₯Ό λͺ‡ 번 κ±°λ’€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:42
Meanwhile, if untouched,
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ν•œνŽΈ, 손을 λŒ€μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λ©΄
04:44
the faces engraved on the Six Grandfathers Mountain
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μ‹μŠ€ κ·Έλžœλ“œνŒŒλ” 산에 μƒˆκ²¨μ§„ 얼꡴듀은
04:47
are expected to remain for thousands of years to come.
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μ•žμœΌλ‘œ 수천 λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ 남아 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ˜ˆμƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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