The dark history of Mount Rushmore - Ned Blackhawk and Jeffrey D. Means

譯者: 芄妤 陳 審譯者: Helen Chang

Between 1927 and 1941, 400 workers blasted 450,000 tons of rock

在1927至1941年間

400名工人開鑿了45噸岩石，

from a mountainside using chisels, jackhammers, and a lot of dynamite.

他們使用鑿子、手提鑽 和許多炸藥完成這項工作。

Gradually, they carved out Mount Rushmore.

他們逐漸雕刻出著名的拉什莫爾山。

Now, the monument draws nearly 3 million people

現在這個名勝古蹟每年吸引近三百萬人

to South Dakota’s Black Hills every year.

參觀南達科達州的黑山。

But its façade belies a dark history.

然而其光鮮亮麗的背後 卻隱藏了一段黑暗歷史。

About 10,000 years ago, Native American people began inhabiting the Black Hills.

約一萬年前， 美洲原住民開始居住在黑山。

The area became especially sacred to the Lakota people,

黑山成為了拉科塔族特別的聖地，

who formed the western branch of what the US called the Sioux Nation.

而拉科塔族後來形成了 被合眾國稱為蘇族的西部分支。

The Lakota believed one cave within the Black Hills

拉科塔族深信黑山中的某個洞穴

to be where they first emerged.

是族人初次出現的地方。

And they named one of the Black Hills mountain peaks

他們以一位方位聖靈名名：「六公」

the Six Grandfathers after their sacred directional spirits.

為黑山內的一座山峰命名。

But in the 1800s, Lakota access to this land came under threat.

然而在19世紀，

拉科塔族於這塊土地上的通行權 遭受威脅。

White settlers in North America expanded their territories

美國北方的白人定居者為了拓展領地，

by using physical violence or negotiating with Indigenous peoples.

以暴力威脅或協調談判的方式 取得原住民的土地。

After its establishment in the late 1700s,

在18世紀初建國後，

the US government ratified hundreds of treaties with Native American nations.

美國政府與美洲原住民族 簽署了上百則條約。

However, it often broke them or created them using coercion.

然而政府卻屢次違反條約， 或是以高壓統治強行頒布條約。

Between 1866 in 1868, the Lakota and their allies

在1866年至1868年間， 拉科塔族和其盟友

successfully defended their land from the U.S. military

成功擊敗美國軍隊、 保衛了他們的土地，

and negotiated a new treaty with the government.

並與政府協調出一項新條約。

In the 1868 Treaty at Fort Laramie,

1868年拉勒米堡條約中，

all parties agreed that a vast territory, including the Black Hills,

雙方達成共識， 包含黑山的一大範圍領土

belonged to the Sioux Nation.

是屬於蘇族的領地。

In return, the Lakota would allow US travelers to pass safely through.

另一方面，拉科塔族得保證 美國旅行者能安全通過該領地。

But many aspects of the Treaty also aimed to assimilate

然而這項條約的許多層面目的在於

the Lakota into white culture.

以白人文化同化拉科塔族。

This included incentives to convert them from hunting to farming,

包括鼓勵他們從打獵改為務農，

abandon their nomadic lifestyle, and wear clothes the US provided.

捨棄遊牧生活型態， 並穿著美國提供的服飾。

Meanwhile, just seven years later, the US broke the treaty

同時，僅僅七年， 在考察隊發先黑山中蘊藏黃金後，

after an expedition found gold in the Black Hills.

美國政府就違反了條約。

Miners set up camps,

挖礦者駐紮營地，

the military attacked and ultimately defeated the Lakota,

軍隊最終擊敗了拉科塔族，

and the US passed legislation illegally seizing the land.

而政府強行通過法條非法取得土地。

50 years later, workers began etching

50年後，工人們開始刻鑿

into the Lakota’s sacred Six Grandfather’s Mountain.

拉科塔族神聖的六公山。

The project was led by an arrogant sculptor named Gutzon Borglum,

這項工程由一位自負的 雕塑家古松・博格勒姆領導，

who had ties to the KKK.

他與三K黨有著緊密關係。

A historian originally proposed that Mount Rushmore include Western figures—

一位歷史學家原先提議 也在拉什莫爾山上加上西部的象徵—

like Lakota Chief Red Cloud.

例如拉科塔族酋長紅雲。

But Borglum chose to feature his own heroes.

博格勒姆卻選擇了他的英雄。

By October of 1941, Borglum had died from surgical complications and work stopped,

1941年10月，博格勒姆死於手術併發症，

雖然尚未竣工，工程也隨之中止。

though the project was unfinished.

None of the four figures had torsos, as intended,

四個雕像都如預期一樣只有頭部，

and rubble was left piled below.

鑿下來的碎石堆積在頭像下方。

To the Lakota, the monument was a desecration.

對拉科塔族人來說， 紀念雕像褻瀆了他們的聖山。

And the presidents immortalized on the rockface

在岩壁上永垂不朽的總統們，

all had brutal anti-Indigenous legacies.

全都是殘忍的反印地安派。

Members of the Iroquois Confederacy called George Washington “Town Destroyer”

北美原住民聯盟的成員 稱華盛頓為「城鎮破壞者」。

for encouraging military campaigns that burned 50 of their villages in 1779.

因為華盛頓在1779年鼓勵軍隊 在戰役中燒毀50個原住民村莊。

Theodore Roosevelt championed forced assimilation and said,

羅斯福是強制民族融合的擁護者，

“I don’t go so far as to think that the only good Indians are dead Indians,

他曾說過：「我沒那麼過份到認為 只有死的印地安人才是好印地安人，

but I believe nine out of 10 are.”

但我相信十個死的印地安人 裡面有九個是好印地安人。」

In 1980, after the Sioux Nation had sued the US for treaty violations,

在1980年，在蘇族控告 美國政府違反條約後，

the Supreme Court ruled that the Black Hills had been unlawfully taken,

最高法庭裁定政府非法取得黑山，

and the Sioux were entitled to compensation.

政府也必須給予蘇族賠償金。

The amount named has since reached over a billion dollars.

賠償金金額已經超過十億美元。

But the Sioux Nation refused to take the money

但蘇族拒絕收取賠償金

and to give up their claim to the Black Hills,

並放棄黑山的所有權，

maintaining that they were never for sale.

他們堅守黑山是非賣品的立場。

So, what should happen to Mount Rushmore and the Black Hills?

所以，該怎麼處理 拉什莫爾山與黑山呢？

Responses to that question are wide-ranging.

這個問題的答案範圍很廣。

Some, including tribal leaders and Borglum’s great-granddaughter,

部落領導者與博格朗姆的曾孫女

have called for Mount Rushmore to be removed.

長期呼籲移除拉什墨爾山。

Others see it as an important patriotic symbol

其他人將其視為重要的愛國象徵，

and vital aspect of South Dakota's economy that should remain.

作為南達科答重要的經濟來源， 應該要保留該景點。

Many Lakota people want the 1868 Treaty to be honored

許多拉科答人要求承兌《1868條約》，

and the now-federally controlled lands to be returned to their tribal communities.

將州政府控管的土地 歸還給部落社區。

Others have said that the Lakota and the US should at least co-manage

其他人則表示拉科塔族 與美國政府至少得共同管理

parts of the Black Hills.

部分的黑山區域。

Currently, there are no plans for change.

但近期沒有任何改變計劃。

The US broke many of its promises with Indigenous nations

美國政府已經破壞了 許多與印地安族簽訂的條約，

making issues like this common.

導致這種狀況也變得普遍。

Native people have been fighting for broken treaties to be honoured

原住民為了維護遭毀的條約， 已經奮鬥了好幾世代。

for generations,

achieving some major victories along the way.

在此過程中也獲得了一些重大的勝利。

Meanwhile, if untouched,

同時，若不受影響，

the faces engraved on the Six Grandfathers Mountain

刻在六公山的總統們

are expected to remain for thousands of years to come.

預期在接下來的數千年內 都會在黑山上屹立不搖。