The science of static electricity - Anuradha Bhagwat

Nauka o statičnom elektricitetu - Anurada Bagvat (Anuradha Bhagwat)

3,006,314 views

2015-04-09 ・ TED-Ed


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The science of static electricity - Anuradha Bhagwat

Nauka o statičnom elektricitetu - Anurada Bagvat (Anuradha Bhagwat)

3,006,314 views ・ 2015-04-09

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Mile Živković Lektor: Anja Saric
00:09
It can strike without warning, at any moment.
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Može da udari bez upozorenja, u bilo kom trenutku.
00:12
You may be walking across a soft carpet and reaching for the door knob
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Možda ćete hodati preko mekog tepiha i krenuti ka kvaki od vrata
00:16
when suddenly...zap!
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i odjednom... cap!
00:18
To understand static electricity,
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Kako bismo razumeli statički elektricitet,
00:20
we first need to know a bit about the nature of matter.
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prvo moramo da saznamo nešto o prirodi materije.
00:24
All matter is made up of atoms
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Sva materija sastoji se od atoma
00:25
that consist of three types of smaller particles:
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koji se sastoje od tri tipa manjih čestica:
00:28
negatively charged electrons,
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negativno naelektrisanih elektrona,
00:31
positively charged protons,
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pozitivno naelektrisanih protona
00:33
and neutral neutrons.
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i neutralnih neurona.
00:35
Normally, the electrons and protons in an atom balance out,
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Obično se elektroni i protoni sami izbalansiraju,
00:39
which is why most matter you come across is electrically neutral.
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zbog čega je većina materije na koju naiđete električno neutralna.
00:44
But electrons are tiny and almost insignificant in mass,
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Ali elektroni su sićušni i skoro beznačajni po masi
00:48
and rubbing or friction can give loosely bound electrons
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i trljanje ili trenje mogu dati slabo povezanim elektronima
00:51
enough energy to leave their atoms and attach to others,
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dovoljno energije da napuste svoje atome i zakače se jedan za drugi,
00:55
migrating between different surfaces.
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seleći se sa površine na površinu.
00:57
When this happens,
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Kada se ovo desi,
00:58
the first object is left with more protons than electrons
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prvi predmet ima više protona nego elektrona
01:02
and becomes positively charged,
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i pozitivno se naelektriše,
01:05
while the one with more electrons accumulates a negative charge.
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dok onaj sa više elektrona skuplja negativno naelektrisanje.
01:09
This situation is called a charge imbalance,
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Ova situacija naziva se disbalansom u naelektrisanju,
01:12
or net charge separation.
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ili odvajanju čistog elektriciteta.
01:15
But nature tends towards balance,
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Ali priroda teži ka balansu, tako da kada jedno
01:17
so when one of these newly charged bodies comes into contact with another material,
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od ovih sveže naelektrisanih tela dođe u kontakt s drugim materijalom,
01:22
the mobile electrons will take the first chance they get
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pokretni elektroni će iskoristiti prvu priliku
01:26
to go where they're most needed,
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da odu tamo gde su najpotrebniji,
01:28
either jumping off the negatively charged object,
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ili skačući sa negativno naelektrisanog predmeta,
01:30
or jumping onto the positively charged one
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ili skačući na pozitivno naelektrisani
01:33
in an attempt to restore the neutral charge equilibrium.
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u pokušaju da povrate ravnotežu neutralnog naelektrisanja.
01:37
And this quick movement of electrons, called static discharge,
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Ovo brzo kretanje elektrona koje se naziva statičkim pražnjenjem,
01:41
is what we recognize as that sudden spark.
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ono je što vidimo kao tu iznenadnu varnicu.
01:45
This process doesn't happen with just any objects.
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Ovaj proces se ne javlja kod bilo kog predmeta,
01:48
Otherwise you'd be getting zapped all the time.
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inače biste stalno dobijali udare.
01:51
Conductors like metals and salt water
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Provodnici poput metala i slane vode
01:53
tend to have loosely bound outer electrons,
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obično imaju labavo povezane spoljašnje elektrone,
01:56
which can easily flow between molecules.
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koji lako mogu da teku između molekula.
01:59
On the other hand, insulators like plastics, rubber and glass
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Sa druge strane, izolatori poput plastike, gume i stakla
02:03
have tightly bound electrons that won't readily jump to other atoms.
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imaju usko povezane elektrone koji ne skaču odmah na druge atome.
02:08
Static build-up is most likely to occur
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Nagomilavanje elektriciteta najlakše će se desiti
02:11
when one of the materials involved is an insulator.
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kada je jedan od materijala izolator.
02:14
When you walk across a rug,
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Kada hodate preko tepiha,
02:16
electrons from your body will rub off onto it,
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elektroni sa vašeg tela će se trljati o njega,
02:19
while the rug's insulating wool will resist losing its own electrons.
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dok će se izolaciona vuna na tepihu odupirati gubljenju svojih elektrona.
02:24
Although your body and the rug together are still electrically neutral,
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Iako su vaše telo i tepih zajedno još uvek elektronski neutralni,
02:28
there is now a charge polarization between the two.
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sada postoji polarizacija napona između to dvoje.
02:31
And when you reach to touch the door knob,
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A kada posegnete za kvakom,
02:33
zap!
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cap!
02:34
The metal door knob's loosely bound electrons hop to your hand
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Labavo povezani elektroni na metalnoj kvaki skaču na vašu ruku
02:37
to replace the electrons your body has lost.
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kako bi zamenili elektrone koje je izgubilo vaše telo.
02:40
When it happens in your bedroom, it's a minor nuisance.
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Kada se to desi u vašoj sobi, to je mala nelagodnost.
02:44
But in the great outdoors,
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Ali u prirodi,
02:46
static electricity can be a terrifying, destructive force of nature.
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statički elektricitet može biti strašna, razorna prirodna sila.
02:50
In certain conditions, charge separation will occur in clouds.
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U određenim uslovima dešava se odvajanje napona u oblacima.
02:54
We don't know exactly how this happens.
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Ne znamo tačno kako se ovo dešava.
02:56
It may have to do with the circulation of water droplets
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Možda ima veze sa cirkulisanjem kapi kiše
02:59
and ice particles within them.
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i čestica leda u njima.
03:02
Regardless, the charge imbalance is neutralized
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Bez obzira, neutrališe se disbalans u naelektrisanju
03:05
by being released towards another body,
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tako što se otpuštaju ka drugom telu,
03:07
such as a building,
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poput zgrade,
03:09
the Earth,
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Zemlje
03:10
or another cloud in a giant spark that we know as lightning.
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ili drugog oblaka u ogromnoj varnici koja nam je poznata kao munja.
03:14
And just as your fingers can be zapped over and over in the same spot,
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Isto kao što vaše prste struja može da udari više puta na istom mestu,
03:17
you better believe that lightning can strike the same place more than once.
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tako isto i munja može da udari više puta na isto mesto.
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