How do wind turbines work? - Rebecca J. Barthelmie and Sara C. Pryor

990,624 views ・ 2021-04-22

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Milana Popara Lektor: Milenka Okuka
00:08
Every 24 hours, wind generates enough kinetic energy
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Svakih 24 sata, vetar generiše dovoljno kinetičke energije
00:12
to produce roughly 35 times more electricity than humanity uses each day.
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da proizvede otprilike 35 puta više struje nego što ljudi iskoriste svaki dan.
00:18
And unlike coal or oil, this resource is totally renewed each day.
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Za razliku od uglja ili nafte, ovaj resus je potpuno obnovljiv svakoga dana.
00:24
So how can we harness this incredible amount of energy,
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Stoga, kako možemo da iskoristimo ovu neverovatnu količinu energije,
00:27
and is it possible to create a world powered entirely by wind?
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i da li je moguće stvoriti svet koji je u potpunosti na pogon vetra?
00:32
The basic principle of wind energy is simple.
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Osnovni princip energije vetra je jednostavan.
00:35
A series of sails or blades mounted around a rotor catch the wind
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Niz jedara ili krila, montiranih oko rotora, hvata vetar
00:39
and translate its kinetic energy into rotational energy.
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i pretvara njegovu kinetičku energiju u rotacionu energiju.
00:43
Traditional windmills use that rotational energy to grind wheat or pump water.
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Tradicionalne vetrenjače koriste tu rotacionu energiju
da melju žito ili pumpaju vodu.
00:48
But in modern wind turbines, it turns a generator that creates electricity.
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Ali u modernim vetrenjačama, pokreće se generator koji stvara struju.
00:54
This conversion from wind to rotational energy to electricity
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Ova konverzija od vetra preko rotacione energije do struje
00:58
has defined wind turbines since their invention in the late 19th century.
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definiše vetrenjače još od njihovog izuma u kasnom 19. veku.
01:03
And there are three primary factors that determine just how much energy
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Postoje tri primarna faktora koja utiču na to koliko energije
01:06
they can produce: the size and orientation of the blades,
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mogu proizvesti: veličina i orijentacija krila,
01:10
the blade’s aerodynamic design, and the amount of wind turning the rotor.
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aerodinamički dizajn krila i količina vetra koja pokreće rotor.
01:16
First up, blade orientation.
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Najpre, orijentacija krila.
01:18
Wind turbines can be designed with their rotor
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Vetrenjače mogu biti dizajnirane sa rotorom
01:20
on a vertical axis or a horizontal axis.
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sa vertikalnom ili horizontalnom osovinom.
01:24
Vertical blades can pick up wind coming from any direction,
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Vertikalna krila mogu da uhvate vetar koji duva iz bilo kog pravca,
01:27
but with much less efficiency than horizontal axis rotors.
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ali sa mnogo manje efikasnosti u poređenju sa rotorima sa horizontalnom osovinom.
01:32
Horizontal designs allow blades to capture the wind’s full force
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Horizontalni dizajn omogućuje krilima da uhvate punu snagu vetra
01:36
by tracking the wind’s direction and turning to face it.
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praćenjem pravca duvanja vetra i usmeravanjem prema vetru.
01:40
This turning process is called yawing,
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Ovaj proces zaokretanja
01:42
and older windmills achieved it through manual monitoring.
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je kod starijih vetrenjača obavljan ručno.
01:46
Today, wind sensors and computer systems automatically adjust the blades
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Danas, senzori i kompjuterski sistemi automatski podešavaju krila
01:51
with expert precision to capture as much energy as possible.
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sa ekspertskom preciznošću kako bi se uhvatilo što je moguće više energije.
01:55
Outside rotor orientation,
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Pored orijentacije rotora,
01:58
the blades themselves need to be shaped to maximize efficiency.
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krila moraju biti određenog oblika kako bi efikasnost bila što je moguće veća.
02:02
While early designs used flat blades,
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Dok su početni dizajni koristili ravna krila,
02:04
modern blades are curved like airplane wings.
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moderna krila su zakrivljena poput krila aviona.
02:07
Wind travels faster over the curved surface,
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Vetar duva brzo preko zakrivljene površine,
02:10
creating a low-pressure pocket above the blade that forces it upwards.
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čime se stvara nizak pritisak iznad krila koji ga tera da se kreće na gore.
02:14
Since the amount of lift depends on the angle
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S obzirom na to da količina podizanja zavisi od ugla
02:16
at which the wind is moving relative to the blade,
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pri kome se vetar kreće u donosu na krila,
02:19
modern blades also incorporate a twist,
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moderna krila takođe sadrže zakrivljenje,
02:22
optimizing how much of the blade can cut into the wind.
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čime se optimizuje površina krila koja preseca vetar.
02:26
Made of fiberglass and resin layers, these blades are strong enough
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Napravljena od staklene vune i slojeva smole, ova krila su dovoljno jaka
02:30
to operate through rain, lightning, and blistering sunlight for over 20 years.
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da rade za vreme kiše, grmljavine i jakog sunca i preko 20 godina.
02:36
Even with aerodynamic blades and a horizontal rotor,
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Čak i sa aerodinamičkim krilima i rotorom sa horizontalnom osovinom,
02:39
a wind turbine can only capture wind if it's in a windy environment.
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vetrenjača može uhvatiti vetar samo ako je u vetrovitoj sredini.
02:43
Wind speeds typically increase the higher into the atmosphere you travel.
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Obično je brzina vetra veća na većim nadmorskim visinama.
02:48
So today, most turbines are well over 100 meters tall,
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Te stoga, većina turbina su visoke znatno preko 100 metara,
02:52
with equally large rotor diameters.
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sa jednako velikim prečnikom rotora.
02:55
A turbine of this height and size can capture a huge amount of wind,
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Turbina ove visine i veličine može da uhvati ogromnu količinu vetra,
02:59
generating enough electricity every year to power 750 American homes.
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stvarajući dovoljno struje svake godine kako bi se napojilo 750 američkih domova.
03:04
A wind farm of 200 similarly sized turbines
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Polje vetrenjača sa 200 turbina ove veličine
03:07
could power over 150,000 American homes— or twice as many European homes—
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u stanju je da napaja preko 150 000 američkih ili dvostruko evropskih domova.
03:13
for an entire year.
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u toku cele godine.
03:15
Offshore wind farms contain an even greater number of even larger turbines.
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Morske farme vetrenjača sadrže još više čak i većih vetrenjača.
03:21
In 2019, the largest wind turbine ever built
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Najveća vetrenjača ikada napravljena je počela sa radom 2019. na obali Holandije.
03:24
began operating off the coast of the Netherlands.
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03:27
With a rotor diameter of 220 meters, just one of these turbines
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Sa rotorom dijametra od 220 metara, samo jedna ovakva turbina
03:31
can meet the annual power needs of 16,000 European households.
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može da zadovolji godišnje potrebe za strujom 16 000 evropskih domaćinstava.
03:37
Despite its amazing potential, wind energy still faces challenges.
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Uprkos ogromnom potencijalu,
energija vetra se još uvek suočava sa velikim izazovima.
03:42
Wind may be a free and unlimited fuel,
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Vetar je možda besplatno i neograničeno gorivo,
03:44
but no matter how large or efficient a turbine is
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ali bez obzira na veiličinu ili efikasnost turbina,
03:47
there's a mathematical limit to how much wind it can convert into electricity.
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postoji matematičko ograničenje koliko vetra mogu da pretvore u struju.
03:52
German physicist Albert Betz calculated
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Nemački fizičar Albert Bec je izračunao
03:54
that since some wind must remain to keep the blades spinning,
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da pošto deo vetra mora ostati kako bi se krila obrtala,
03:57
a turbine can only ever capture 59.3% of the wind’s energy.
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turbina može iskoristiti svega 59,3% energije vetra.
04:03
Additionally, some people feel turbines disrupt natural scenery,
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Dodatno, neki smatraju da vetrenjače narušavaju prirodni pejzaž,
04:07
and wind energy’s intermittent availability
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a kako je energija vetra nestalna,
04:10
can make it difficult to integrate into electrical grids.
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to otežava njenu integraciju u električnu mrežu.
04:13
But even with these challenges, modern wind turbines have made wind energy
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Ali čak i sa ovim poteškoćama, moderne vetrenjače su učinile energiju vetra
04:17
the most efficient and inexpensive source of electricity.
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najefikasnijim i najjeftinijim izvorem električne enrgije.
04:21
Wind turbines already provide essential energy for communities around the world.
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Vetrenjače već pružaju nužnu energiju zajednicama širom sveta.
04:26
And for many farmers, hosting a wind turbine
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Za mnoge farmere, instaliranje vetrenjače
04:29
can be a reliable source of additional income.
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može biti siguran izvor dodatnog prihoda.
04:32
With continued improvements in wind forecasting,
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Sa konstantnim unapređenjem u prognozi vetra,
04:35
electrical grid infrastructure and energy storage,
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te u infrastrukturi električne mreže i skladištenju energije,
04:38
wind power might blow away all our energy problems.
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energija vetra bi mogla da oduva sve naše energetske probleme.
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