How do wind turbines work? - Rebecca J. Barthelmie and Sara C. Pryor

1,177,303 views ใƒป 2021-04-22

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:08
Every 24 hours, wind generates enough kinetic energy
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ื›ืœ 24 ืฉืขื•ืช, ื”ืจื•ื— ืžืคื™ืงื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืช
00:12
to produce roughly 35 times more electricity than humanity uses each day.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ 35 ืžื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช.
00:18
And unlike coal or oil, this resource is totally renewed each day.
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืคื—ื ื•ื ืคื˜, ื”ืžืฉืื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
00:24
So how can we harness this incredible amount of energy,
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืชื•ื ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื•,
00:27
and is it possible to create a world powered entirely by wind?
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ื•ื”ืื ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื•ืœื ืฉืžื•ืคืขืœ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ื—?
00:32
The basic principle of wind energy is simple.
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ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ืจื•ื— ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜.
00:35
A series of sails or blades mounted around a rotor catch the wind
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ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืจื•ื˜ื•ืจ, ืœื•ื›ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื•ื—
00:39
and translate its kinetic energy into rotational energy.
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ื•ืžืชืจื’ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืช (ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ืช) ืฉืœื” ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืช.
00:43
Traditional windmills use that rotational energy to grind wheat or pump water.
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ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื— ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื˜ื” ืื• ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ืžื™ื.
00:48
But in modern wind turbines, it turns a generator that creates electricity.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื— ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ืช ื’ื ืจื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ.
00:54
This conversion from wind to rotational energy to electricity
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ื”ื”ืžืจื” ืžืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ืจื•ื— - ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืช - ืœื—ืฉืžืœ
00:58
has defined wind turbines since their invention in the late 19th century.
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ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื” ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื— ืžืื– ื”ืžืฆืืชืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื” 19.
01:03
And there are three primary factors that determine just how much energy
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื›ืžื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
01:06
they can produce: the size and orientation of the blades,
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ: ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื”ื‘ื™ื,
01:10
the bladeโ€™s aerodynamic design, and the amount of wind turning the rotor.
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ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืื•ื™ืจื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื”ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื— ืฉืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืจื•ื˜ื•ืจ.
01:16
First up, blade orientation.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื”ื‘ื™ื.
01:18
Wind turbines can be designed with their rotor
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื— ืขื ืจื•ื˜ื•ืจ
01:20
on a vertical axis or a horizontal axis.
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ืขืœ ืฆื™ืจ ืื ื›ื™ ืื• ืฆื™ืจ ืื•ืคืงื™.
01:24
Vertical blades can pick up wind coming from any direction,
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื ื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื— ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ,
01:27
but with much less efficiency than horizontal axis rotors.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžืจื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืขื ืฆื™ืจ ืื•ืคืงื™.
01:32
Horizontal designs allow blades to capture the windโ€™s full force
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ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืคืงื™ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื” ื”ืžืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื—
01:36
by tracking the windโ€™s direction and turning to face it.
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ืชื•ืš ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื”.
01:40
This turning process is called yawing,
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืกื™ื‘ืกื•ื‘,
01:42
and older windmills achieved it through manual monitoring.
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ื•ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื— ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ืื•ืชื• ื“ืจืš ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื™ื“ื ื™.
01:46
Today, wind sensors and computer systems automatically adjust the blades
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ ืจื•ื— ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืœื”ื‘ื™ื
01:51
with expert precision to capture as much energy as possible.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืจื‘, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
01:55
Outside rotor orientation,
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื,
01:58
the blades themselves need to be shaped to maximize efficiency.
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ื”ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ืช.
02:02
While early designs used flat blades,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื™ื,
02:04
modern blades are curved like airplane wings.
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืžืขื•ืงืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื.
02:07
Wind travels faster over the curved surface,
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ื”ืจื•ื— ื ืขื” ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžืขื•ืงืœ,
02:10
creating a low-pressure pocket above the blade that forces it upwards.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ื›ื™ืก ืœื—ืฅ ื ืžื•ืš ืžืขืœ ื”ืœื”ื‘ ืฉื“ื•ื—ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืขืœื”.
02:14
Since the amount of lift depends on the angle
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืœื•ื™ ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช
02:16
at which the wind is moving relative to the blade,
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ื‘ื” ื”ืจื•ื— ื ืขื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืœื”ื‘,
02:19
modern blades also incorporate a twist,
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘,
02:22
optimizing how much of the blade can cut into the wind.
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ื•ืžืžื˜ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืœื”ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืจื•ื—.
02:26
Made of fiberglass and resin layers, these blades are strong enough
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ื”ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืคื™ื‘ืจื’ืœืก ื•ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืจืฃ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง
02:30
to operate through rain, lightning, and blistering sunlight for over 20 years.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื’ืฉื, ื‘ืจืงื™ื, ื•ืฉืžืฉ ืงื•ืคื—ืช ืžืขืœ 20 ืฉื ื”.
02:36
Even with aerodynamic blades and a horizontal rotor,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ื™ืจื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืจื•ื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืคืงื™,
02:39
a wind turbine can only capture wind if it's in a windy environment.
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ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืช ืจื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืจื•ื— ืจืง ืื ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ืคื” ืœืจื•ื—ื•ืช.
02:43
Wind speeds typically increase the higher into the atmosphere you travel.
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ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื— ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื›ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
02:48
So today, most turbines are well over 100 meters tall,
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ืื– ื”ื™ื•ื, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืœ 100 ืžื˜ืจ,
02:52
with equally large rotor diameters.
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ืขื ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืจื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืชืื.
02:55
A turbine of this height and size can capture a huge amount of wind,
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ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื” ื•ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ื—,
02:59
generating enough electricity every year to power 750 American homes.
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ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ืฉืžืœ ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืœ 750 ื‘ืชื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื.
03:04
A wind farm of 200 similarly sized turbines
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ื—ื•ื•ืช ืจื•ื— ืฉืœ 200 ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื“ื•ืžื”
03:07
could power over 150,000 American homesโ€” or twice as many European homesโ€”
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืคืง ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœืžืขืœ 150,000 ื‘ืชื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื -- ืื• ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื --
03:13
for an entire year.
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ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื ื” ืฉืœืžื”.
03:15
Offshore wind farms contain an even greater number of even larger turbines.
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ื—ื•ื•ืช ืจื•ื— ื‘ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:21
In 2019, the largest wind turbine ever built
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ื‘ 2019, ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื‘ื ื• ืื™ ืคืขื
03:24
began operating off the coast of the Netherlands.
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืžื•ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ ื”ื•ืœื ื“.
03:27
With a rotor diameter of 220 meters, just one of these turbines
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ืขื ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืจื•ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœ 220 ืžื˜ืจ, ืจืง ืื—ืช ืžื”ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
03:31
can meet the annual power needs of 16,000 European households.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืคืง ื›ื•ื— ืฉื ืชื™ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ืœ 16,000 ื‘ืชื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื.
03:37
Despite its amazing potential, wind energy still faces challenges.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื ื˜ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื, ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืจื•ื— ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฆื‘ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืืชื’ืจื™ื.
03:42
Wind may be a free and unlimited fuel,
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ืจื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืœืง ื—ื™ื ืžื™ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ,
03:44
but no matter how large or efficient a turbine is
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ื”ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืื• ื™ืขื™ืœื”,
03:47
there's a mathematical limit to how much wind it can convert into electricity.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ ืœื›ืžื” ืจื•ื— ื”ื™ื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืœื—ืฉืžืœ.
03:52
German physicist Albert Betz calculated
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ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ื‘ื˜ืก ื—ื™ืฉื‘
03:54
that since some wind must remain to keep the blades spinning,
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ืฉืžืื—ืจ ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘,
03:57
a turbine can only ever capture 59.3% of the windโ€™s energy.
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ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืจืง 59.3% ืžืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืจื•ื—.
04:03
Additionally, some people feel turbines disrupt natural scenery,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื— ืžืคืจื™ืขื•ืช ืœื ื•ืฃ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™,
04:07
and wind energyโ€™s intermittent availability
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ื•ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื˜ืขืช ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ืช ื”ืจื•ื—
04:10
can make it difficult to integrate into electrical grids.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ.
04:13
But even with these challenges, modern wind turbines have made wind energy
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื— ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ืื ืจื’ื™ืช ื”ืจื•ื—
04:17
the most efficient and inexpensive source of electricity.
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ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื–ื•ืœ ื•ื™ืขื™ืœ ืœื—ืฉืžืœ.
04:21
Wind turbines already provide essential energy for communities around the world.
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ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื— ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
04:26
And for many farmers, hosting a wind turbine
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื, ืื™ืจื•ื— ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืช ืจื•ื—
04:29
can be a reliable source of additional income.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจ ืืžื™ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื ืกื” ื ื•ืกืคืช.
04:32
With continued improvements in wind forecasting,
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ืขื ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืชืžืฉื›ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ื”ืจื•ื—,
04:35
electrical grid infrastructure and energy storage,
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ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ืื’ื™ืจืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
04:38
wind power might blow away all our energy problems.
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ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืจื•ื— ืื•ืœื™ ืชืขื™ืฃ ืืช ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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