How do scars form? - Sarthak Sinha

Kako nastaju ožiljci? - Sartak Sinha (Sarthak Sinha)

Prevodilac: Mile Živković Lektor: Anja Saric

Remember the time you fell off your bike or bumped your head on a sharp corner?

Sećate li se kada ste pali sa bicikla ili udarili čelom o oštar ćošak?

Childhood injuries are things we'd often like to forget,

Povrede u detinjstvu su stvari koje bismo često voleli da zaboravimo,

but our bodies often carry the memories in the form of scars.

ali naša tela često nose sećanja u obliku ožiljaka.

So what are these unwanted souvenirs and why do we keep them for so long

Šta su onda ove neželjene uspomene i zašto ih imamo tako dugo

after that unintended vacation to the emergency room?

nakon te neželjene posete hitnoj pomoći?

The most common place we see scars are on our skin,

Ožiljke najčešće nalazimo na koži,

a patch that looks slightly different from the normal skin around it.

na delu koji izgleda nešto drugačije od normalne kože oko njega.

Often, this is considered an unfortunate disfigurement,

Ovo se često smatra nesrećnim deformitetom,

while other times, deliberate scarification has been used

dok se u drugim slučajevima koristilo namerno nanošenje ožiljaka,

in both traditional and modern cultures, to mark a rite of passage

u tradicionalnim i modernim kulturama, da se označi obred prelaska

or simply for aesthetic decoration.

ili prosto za estetsku dekoraciju.

But the difference isn't only cosmetic.

Ali razlika nije samo u izgledu.

When we look at healthy skin tissue under a microscope,

Kada pogledamo tkivo zdrave kože pod mikroskopom,

we see the cells that perform various functions

vidimo ćelije koje vrše razne funkcije

connected by an extracellular matrix, or ECM.

i koje su povezane vanćelijskim matriksom ili ECM-om.

This is composed of structural proteins, like collagen,

On se sastoji od strukturnih proteina poput kolagena

secreted by specialized fibroblast cells.

kog luče posebne ćelije, fibroblasti.

Well-arranged ECM allows for transportation of nutrients,

Dobro raspoređen ECM omogućava transport hranljivih materija,

cell-to-cell communication, and cell adhesion.

komunikaciju i prijanjanje među ćelijama.

But when a deep wound occurs, this arrangement is disrupted.

Ali kada se desi duboka rana, ovaj raspored se remeti.

During the process of wound healing, collagen is redeposited at the wound site,

Tokom procesa zarastanja, kolagen se smešta na mesto rane,

but instead of the basket-weave formation found in healthy tissue,

ali umesto strukture pletene korpe koja se može naći u zdravom tkivu,

the new ECM is aligned in a single direction,

nova ECM se raspoređuje samo u jednom pravcu,

impeding inter-cell processes, and reducing durability and elasticity.

što usporava međućelijske procese i smanjuje izdržljivost i elastičnost.

To make matters worse,

Da stvari budu gore,

the healed tissue contains a higher proportion of ECM than before,

izlečeno tkivo sadrži veću proporciju ECM-a nego pre,

reducing its overall function.

čime se smanjuje njena ukupna funkcija.

In the skin, the overabundance of collagen interferes with its original functions,

Višak kolagena u koži remeti njene prvobitne funkcije,

like producing sweat,

poput stvaranja znoja,

controlling body temperature

kontrolisanja temperature tela

and even growing hair.

i čak i rasta dlaka.

The scar tissue is fragile, sensitive to changes in temperature and sensation,

Tkivo ožiljka je krhko, osetljivo na promene u temperaturi i opažajima,

and should be kept in moist environments to maximize healing.

i treba ga držati u vlažnom okruženju da bi se poboljšalo zarastanje.

This presence of excessive fibrous connective tissue in an organ

Ovo prisustvo viška fibroznog vezivnog tkiva u organu

is known as fibrosis, and if that term sounds familiar,

je poznato kao fibroza, a ako vam se naziv čini poznatim,

it's because our skin is not the only organ vulnerable to scarring.

to je zato što naša koža nije jedini organ podložan ožiljcima.

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that causes scarring of the pancreas,

Cistična fibroza je genetski poremećaj koji izaziva ožiljke na pankreasu,

while pulmonary fibrosis is a scarring of the lungs,

dok pulmonarna fibroza podrazumeva ožiljke na plućima

resulting in shortness of breath.

koji za posledicu imaju kratak dah.

Scarring of the heart and the buildup of ECM following a heart attack

Ožiljci na srcu i taloženje ECM-a nakon srčanog udara

can inhibit its beating, leading to further heart problems.

mogu da uspore kucanje srca i dovedu do većih srčanih problema.

What's common to all these conditions

Svim ovim bolestima je zajedničko to

is that although it retains some of the original functions,

što iako organi imaju neke od svojih prvobitnih funkcija,

the scar tissue formed after a wound

tkivo ožiljka koje se stvori nakon rane

is inferior to the native tissue it replaces.

je uvek inferiorno u odnosu na tkivo koje menja.

However, there is hope.

Ipak, postoji nada.

Medical researchers are now studying what causes fibroblast cells

Medicinski istraživači sada proučavaju šta prouzrokuje da fibroblasti

to secrete excessive amounts of collagen

luče višak kolagena

and how we can recruit the body's other cells

i kako možemo regrutovati ostale ćelije u telu

in regenerating and repopulating the damaged tissue.

da regenerišu i nastane oštećeno tkivo.

By learning how to better control wound healing and the formation of scar tissue,

Saznanjem kako da bolje kontrolišemo zarastanje rana i stvaranje tkiva ožiljka,

we can utilize the multi-billion-dollar budgets

možemo koristiti budžete od više milijardi dolara

currently used to address the aftermath of wounding

koji se trenutno koriste za posledice ranjavanja

in a much more efficient manner,

na mnogo efikasniji način

and help millions of people live better and healthier lives.

i tako pomognemo milionima ljudi da žive bolje i na zdraviji način.

But until then, at least some of our scars

Ali do tog trenutka, makar neki od naših ožiljaka

can help us remember to avoid the sorts of things that cause them.

mogu da nam pomognu da se prisetimo da izbegavamo stvari koje su ih izazvale.