How do scars form? - Sarthak Sinha

1,069,166 views ใƒป 2014-11-11

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
Remember the time you fell off your bike or bumped your head on a sharp corner?
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ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืขื ื‘ื” ื ืคืœืชื ืžื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืคื’ืขืชื ืขื ื”ืจืืฉ ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื—ื“ื”?
00:12
Childhood injuries are things we'd often like to forget,
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ืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื›ื•ื—,
00:15
but our bodies often carry the memories in the form of scars.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆืœืงื•ืช.
00:20
So what are these unwanted souvenirs and why do we keep them for so long
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื›ืจื•ืช ื”ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื•ืœืžื” ื”ืŸ ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ
00:24
after that unintended vacation to the emergency room?
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื”ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžื™ื•ืŸ?
00:28
The most common place we see scars are on our skin,
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ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฆืœืงื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืจ,
00:32
a patch that looks slightly different from the normal skin around it.
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ื›ืชื ืฉื ืจืื” ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•.
00:35
Often, this is considered an unfortunate disfigurement,
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ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ืžืฆืขืจ,
00:39
while other times, deliberate scarification has been used
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืฆื™ืœื•ืง ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
00:42
in both traditional and modern cultures, to mark a rite of passage
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ื’ื ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื•ื’ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืžืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ
00:46
or simply for aesthetic decoration.
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ืื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ ื“ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
00:49
But the difference isn't only cosmetic.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืงื•ืกืžื˜ื™.
00:51
When we look at healthy skin tissue under a microscope,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจืงืžืช ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค,
00:54
we see the cells that perform various functions
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
00:57
connected by an extracellular matrix, or ECM.
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ืฉืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื˜ืจื™ืฆืช ืชืื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ืื• ECM.
01:02
This is composed of structural proteins, like collagen,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ,
01:06
secreted by specialized fibroblast cells.
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ืฉืžื•ืคืจืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืื™ ืคื™ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืœืกื˜ื™ื ืžืชืžื—ื™ื.
01:09
Well-arranged ECM allows for transportation of nutrients,
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ECM ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
01:13
cell-to-cell communication, and cell adhesion.
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ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืื™ืช, ื•ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืชืื™ื.
01:17
But when a deep wound occurs, this arrangement is disrupted.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืคืฆืข ืขืžื•ืง ืงื•ืจื”, ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืคืจืข.
01:21
During the process of wound healing, collagen is redeposited at the wound site,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ืคืฆืข, ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืงืข ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคืฆืข,
01:26
but instead of the basket-weave formation found in healthy tissue,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื‘ื ื” ืืจื™ื’ืช ื”ืกืœ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืจืงืžื” ื‘ืจื™ืื”,
01:30
the new ECM is aligned in a single direction,
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ื” ECM ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“,
01:34
impeding inter-cell processes, and reducing durability and elasticity.
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ื•ืžืคืจื™ืข ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืื™ื™ื, ื•ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืืœืกื˜ื™ื•ืช.
01:39
To make matters worse,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืจืงืžื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžื›ื™ืœื”
01:40
the healed tissue contains a higher proportion of ECM than before,
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ื™ื—ืก ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ECM ืžืืฉืจ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ื•ืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœื”.
01:45
reducing its overall function.
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01:48
In the skin, the overabundance of collagen interferes with its original functions,
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ื‘ืขื•ืจ, ื”ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ ืžืคืจื™ืข ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™,
01:52
like producing sweat,
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ื›ืžื• ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื–ื™ืขื”, ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืขืจ.
01:54
controlling body temperature
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01:55
and even growing hair.
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01:57
The scar tissue is fragile, sensitive to changes in temperature and sensation,
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ืจืงืžืช ื”ืฆืœืงืช ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื ื”, ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉื”,
02:03
and should be kept in moist environments to maximize healing.
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ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืจ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืœื—ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื”ื—ืœืžื”.
02:07
This presence of excessive fibrous connective tissue in an organ
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ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืจืงืžืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจ
02:11
is known as fibrosis, and if that term sounds familiar,
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ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ืคื™ื‘ืจื•ื–ื™ืก, ื•ืื ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื ืฉืžืข ืžื•ื›ืจ,
02:15
it's because our skin is not the only organ vulnerable to scarring.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœืฆืœืงื•ืช.
02:19
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that causes scarring of the pancreas,
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ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืคื™ื‘ืจื•ื–ื™ืก ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืจืขื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืฆืœืงื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘,
02:24
while pulmonary fibrosis is a scarring of the lungs,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืคื™ื‘ืจื•ื–ื™ืก ืจื™ืืชื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืชืœืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช,
02:28
resulting in shortness of breath.
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืงื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžื”.
02:30
Scarring of the heart and the buildup of ECM following a heart attack
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ื”ืฆื˜ืœืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื‘ ื•ื”ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ECM ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืชืงืฃ ืœื‘
02:34
can inhibit its beating, leading to further heart problems.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืคืขื™ืžื” ืฉืœื•, ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
02:38
What's common to all these conditions
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:39
is that although it retains some of the original functions,
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ื–ื” ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืžืจื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช,
02:43
the scar tissue formed after a wound
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ืจืงืžืช ื”ืฆืœืงืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคืฆื™ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื ื—ื•ืชื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืจืงืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื”.
02:45
is inferior to the native tissue it replaces.
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02:49
However, there is hope.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
02:51
Medical researchers are now studying what causes fibroblast cells
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืชืื™ ืคื™ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืœืืกื˜
02:55
to secrete excessive amounts of collagen
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ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ
02:58
and how we can recruit the body's other cells
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ื•ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
03:00
in regenerating and repopulating the damaged tissue.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืœืื›ืœืก ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจืงืžื” ื”ืคื’ื•ืขื”.
03:04
By learning how to better control wound healing and the formation of scar tissue,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืฆืข ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ื”ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืงืžืช ืฆืœืงืช,
03:08
we can utilize the multi-billion-dollar budgets
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืื“ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืฉื›ืจื’ืข ืžื•ืฉืงืขื™ื
03:11
currently used to address the aftermath of wounding
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช,
03:13
in a much more efficient manner,
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03:15
and help millions of people live better and healthier lives.
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ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:19
But until then, at least some of our scars
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ ืื–, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฆืœืงื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
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can help us remember to avoid the sorts of things that cause them.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืœื”ืŸ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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