The rise of modern populism - Takis S. Pappas

636,821 views ・ 2020-08-20

TED-Ed


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Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Ivana Korom
00:06
In the mid-1970s, after decades of political turmoil,
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Sredinom 1970-ih, nakon decenija političkih previranja,
00:11
Greece finally seemed to be on the path to stability.
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činilo se da je Grčka konačno na putu stabilnosti.
00:14
With the introduction of a new constitution
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Donošenjem novog ustava
00:17
and negotiations underway to enter European institutions,
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i započinjanjem pregovora o ulasku u evropske institucije,
00:21
many analysts expected Greek politics
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mnogi analitičari su očekivali da će grčka politika
00:23
to follow the pattern of the larger Western world.
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da prati obrazac šireg zapadnog sveta.
00:27
Then in 1981, a political party called PASOK came to power.
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Potom, 1981. godine, politička partija nazvana PASOK dolazi na vlast.
00:32
Its charismatic leader Andreas Papandreou railed against the new constitution,
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Njen harizmatični vođa Andreas Papandreu se bunio protiv novog ustava
00:37
and accused those in power of “national betrayal.”
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i optužio je one na vlasti za „nacionalnu izdaju”.
00:42
Opposing Greece’s membership in NATO and the European Economic Community,
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Protiveći se članstvu grčke u NATO-u i Evropskoj ekonomskoj zajednici,
00:46
Papandreou promised to govern for the betterment of the “common people"
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Papandreu je obećao da će da vlada za dobrobit „običnih ljudi”
00:50
above all else.
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iznad svega drugog.
00:52
He famously declared, “there are no institutions, only the people exist.”
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Čuven je njegov proglas: „nema institucija, postoje samo ljudi.”
00:58
Papandreou’s rise to power isn’t a unique story.
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Papandreuov uspon na vlast nije jedinstvena priča.
01:02
In many democratic countries around the world,
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U mnogim demokratskim državama širom sveta,
01:04
charismatic leaders vilify political opponents,
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harizmatične vođe satanizuju političke protivnike,
01:08
disparage institutions, and claim the mantle of the people.
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omalovažavaju institucije i tvrde da dolaze u ime naroda.
01:12
Some critics label this approach as authoritarian or fascist,
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Neki kritičari označavaju ovaj pristup kao autokratski ili fašistički,
01:16
and many argue that these leaders are using emotions
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a mnogi tvrde da ove vođe koriste osećanja
01:20
to manipulate and deceive voters.
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kako bi manipulisali i obmanjivali glasače.
01:23
But whether or not this style of politics is ethical, it's certainly democratic,
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Međutim, bio ovaj politički stil etičan ili ne, svakako je demokratski,
01:28
and it goes by the name of populism.
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a naziva se populizmom.
01:31
The term populism has been around since Ancient Rome,
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Termin populizam je prisutan još od antičkog Rima
01:35
and has its roots in the Latin word “populus” meaning “the people."
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i ima korene u latinskoj reči „populus” koja znači „narod”.
01:39
But since then populism has been used to describe dozens of political movements,
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Međutim, otad se populizam koristi da opiše desetine političkih pokreta,
01:44
often with counterintuitive and sometimes contradictory goals.
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koji često imaju nelogične i ponekad kontradiktorne ciljeve.
01:48
Populist movements have rebelled against monarchies, monopolies,
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Populistički pokreti su se bunili protiv monarhija, monopola,
01:52
and a wide variety of powerful institutions.
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kao i širokog spektra institucija moći.
01:55
It’s not possible to cover the full history of this term here.
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Nemoguće je pokriti punu istoriju termina u ovoj lekciji.
01:59
Instead, we’re focusing on one specific type of populism—
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Umesto toga, usredsredićemo se na jedan naročit tip populizma -
02:03
the kind that describes Papandreou’s administration
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onaj koji opisuje Papandreuovu administraciju
02:06
and numerous other governments over the last 70 years: modern populism.
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i brojne druge vlade u proteklih 70 godina: savremeni populizam.
02:12
But to understand how political theorists define this phenomenon
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Međutim, pre nego što razmemo kako politički teoretičari definišu ovu pojavu,
02:16
we first need to explore what it’s responding to.
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moramo prvo da istražimo na šta je ona reakcija.
02:20
In the aftermath of World War Two,
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Nakon Drugog svetskog rata,
02:22
many countries wanted to move away from totalitarian ideologies.
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mnoge države su želele da se ograde od totalitarnih ideologija.
02:26
They sought a new political system
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Tragali su za novim političkim sistemom
02:28
that prioritized individual and social rights,
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kome bi prioritet bila individualna i društvena prava,
02:31
aimed at political consensus, and respected the rule of law.
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kome bi cilj bio politički konsenzus i koji bi poštovao vladavinu prava.
02:36
As a result, most Western nations adopted a longstanding form of government
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Iz toga je proizašlo da su mnoge zapadne nacije prihvatile dugoročni oblik vladanja
02:41
called liberal democracy.
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koji se naziva liberalnom demokratijom.
02:43
In this context, “liberal” doesn’t refer to any political party,
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„Liberalnost” se u ovom kontekstu ne odnosi ni na jednu političku partiju,
02:46
but rather a type of democracy that has three essential components.
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već pre na vid demokratije koja ima tri suštinske komponente.
02:51
First, liberal democracies accept that society
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Pod jedan, liberalne demokratije prihvataju da je društvo
02:54
is full of many, often crosscutting divisions that generate conflict.
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ispunjeno mnogim, često oprečnim podelama koje stvaraju sukobe.
02:59
Second, it requires that society’s many factions
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Pod dva, zahteva da mnoge frakcije u društvu
03:02
seek common ground across those divisions.
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traže zajednički jezik duž datih podela.
03:05
Finally, liberal democracies rely on the rule of law
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Naposletku, liberalne demokratije se oslanjaju na vladavinu prava
03:09
and the protection of minority rights,
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i zaštitu prava manjina,
03:11
as specified in constitutions and legal statutes.
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kao što je naznačeno u ustavima i pravnim statutima.
03:15
Taken together, these ideals propose
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Sveukupno, ovi ideali pretpostavljaju
03:17
that tolerance and institutions that protect us from intolerance,
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da su tolerancija i institucije koje nas štite od netolerancije
03:22
are the bedrock of a functional and diverse democratic society.
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osnova funkcionalnog i raznolikog demokratskog društva.
03:27
Liberal democracies helped bring stability to the nations that adopted them.
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Liberalne demokratije su doprinele stabilnosti narodima koji su ih usvojili.
03:31
But like any system of government, they didn’t solve everything.
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No, kao i bilo koji sistem vladanja, nisu rešile sve probleme.
03:35
Among other issues, an ever-increasing wealth gap
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Između ostalog, stalno rastući jaz u bogatstvu
03:38
led to underserved communities
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je doveo do zapostavljenih zajednica
03:41
who distrusted both their wealthy neighbors and their political leaders.
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koje nisu verovale svojim imućnim komšijama, ni političkim vođama.
03:45
In some cases, political corruption further damaged the public's trust.
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U nekim slučajevima, politička korupcija je dodatno oštetila poverenje javnosti.
03:51
Growing suspicion and resentment around these politicians
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Rastuća sumnjičavost i ogorčenost na trenutne političare
03:54
primed citizens to look for a new kind of leader
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su naveli građane da tragaju za novim tipom vođe
03:57
who would challenge established institutions
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koji bi izazvao postojeće institucije
04:00
and put the needs of the people first.
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i stavio potrebe naroda na prvo mesto.
04:03
In many ways, this reaction highlights democracy in action:
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Na razne načine, ova reakcija osvetljava demokratiju na delu:
04:07
if the majority of a population feels their interests are underrepresented,
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ako većina naroda smatra da su njihovi interesi zapostavljeni,
04:12
they can elect leaders to change that using existing democratic systems.
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mogu da izaberu vođe koji će to da promene upotrebom postojećih demokratskih sistema.
04:17
But this is where assertive, modern populist candidates can subvert democracy.
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Međutim, baš tu samouvereni, savremeni populistički kandidati
mogu da podriju demokratiju.
04:23
Modern populists identify themselves as embodying the "will of the people,"
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Savremeni populisti sebe određuju kao otelotvorenje „narodne volje”,
04:28
and they place those interests
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te oni stavljaju date potrebe
04:30
above the institutions that protect individual and social rights.
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iznad institucija koje štite individualna i društvena prava.
04:35
Modern populists argue these institutions
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Savremeni populisti tvrde da institucijama
04:38
are run by a self-serving ruling minority,
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zarad ličnog interesa upravlja vladajuća manjina
04:41
who seek to control the vast majority of virtuous common people.
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koja teži da kontroliše veliku većinu poštenog običnog naroda.
04:45
As a result, politics is no longer about seeking compromise and consensus
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Posledica toga je da politika više nije traženje kompromisa i konsenzusa
04:51
through tolerant democratic institutions.
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kroz tolerantne domokratske institucije.
04:53
Instead, these leaders seek to overturn what they see as a broken system.
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Umesto toga, ove vođe teže svrgavanju onoga što vide kao pokvaren sistem.
04:59
This means that where a liberal democracy has the utmost respect for institutions
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To znači da dok liberalna demokratija ima krajnje poštovanje prema institucijama
05:04
like courtrooms, free press, and national constitutions,
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poput sudova, slobode štampe i državnih ustava,
05:08
modern populists disparage any establishment that disagrees
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savremeni populisti odbacuju sve institucije koje se ne slažu
05:12
with the so-called “common will."
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sa takozvanom narodnom voljom.
05:15
Modern populist parties have arisen in many places,
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Savremene populističke partije su se pojavile na raznim mestima,
05:18
but the leaders of these movements are remarkably similar.
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ali su vođe ovih pokreta zapanjujuće slični.
05:22
They’re often charismatic individuals
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Obično su to harizmatični pojedinci
05:24
who identify themselves as embodying the “will of the people."
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koji sebe određuju kao otelotvorenje „narodne volje”.
05:28
They make exorbitant promises to their supporters,
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Oni prave preterana obećanja svojim podržavaocima,
05:31
while casting their opponents as traitors actively undermining the country.
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dok označavaju protivnike kao izdajnike koji aktivno potkopavaju državu.
05:36
But whether these politicians are sincere believers or manipulative opportunists,
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No, bilo da su ovi političari iskreni vernici ili manipulativni oportunisti,
05:41
the dynamics they unleash
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dinamika koju oslobađaju
05:43
can be profoundly destabilizing for liberal democracy.
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može suštinski da destabilizuje liberalnu demokratiju.
05:47
Even when modern populist leaders don’t follow through
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Čak i kada savremene populističke vođe ne ispune
05:50
with their most extreme promises,
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svoja najekstremnija obećanja,
05:52
their impact on political discourse, the rule of law, and public trust
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njihov uticaj na politički diskurs, vladavinu prava i poverenje javnosti
05:57
can long outlast their time in office.
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može dugo da nadživi njihovo vreme na vlasti.
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