The rise of modern populism - Takis S. Pappas

636,821 views ใƒป 2020-08-20

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
In the mid-1970s, after decades of political turmoil,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”70 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”20, ืื—ืจื™ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื”ื•ืžื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช,
00:11
Greece finally seemed to be on the path to stability.
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ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื ืจืืชื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช.
00:14
With the introduction of a new constitution
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ืขื ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
00:17
and negotiations underway to enter European institutions,
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ื•ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ืคืื™ื,
00:21
many analysts expected Greek politics
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืฆื™ืคื• ืฉืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื
00:23
to follow the pattern of the larger Western world.
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ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:27
Then in 1981, a political party called PASOK came to power.
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ื•ืื– ื‘ 1981, ืžืคืœื’ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื” ืคืืกื•ืง ืขืœืชื” ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื”.
00:32
Its charismatic leader Andreas Papandreou railed against the new constitution,
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ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื˜ื™ ืฉืœื” ืื ื“ืจืืก ืคืืคืื ื“ืจืื• ื˜ืขืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืงื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”,
00:37
and accused those in power of โ€œnational betrayal.โ€
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ื•ื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ืืœื” ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘"ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช."
ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืื˜ื• ื•ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืืจื•ืคืื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™,
00:42
Opposing Greeceโ€™s membership in NATO and the European Economic Community,
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00:46
Papandreou promised to govern for the betterment of the โ€œcommon people"
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ืคืืคืื ื“ืจืื• ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”โ€œืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ืโ€
00:50
above all else.
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ืžืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ.
00:52
He famously declared, โ€œthere are no institutions, only the people exist.โ€
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคื•ืจืกื, โ€œืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ืจืง ืื ืฉื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.โ€
00:58
Papandreouโ€™s rise to power isnโ€™t a unique story.
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ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืืคืื ื“ืจืื•ืก ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ื ืœื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™.
01:02
In many democratic countries around the world,
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ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื,
01:04
charismatic leaders vilify political opponents,
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ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื›ืคื™ืฉื™ื ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื,
01:08
disparage institutions, and claim the mantle of the people.
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ืžื—ืœื™ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ื•ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
01:12
Some critics label this approach as authoritarian or fascist,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ืื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื˜ืจื™ืช ืื• ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืช,
01:16
and many argue that these leaders are using emotions
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืช
01:20
to manipulate and deceive voters.
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ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื•ืœื”ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื.
01:23
But whether or not this style of politics is ethical, it's certainly democratic,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื•ื ืืชื™ ืื• ืœื, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™,
01:28
and it goes by the name of populism.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ื–ื.
01:31
The term populism has been around since Ancient Rome,
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ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ื–ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืื– ืจื•ืžื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”,
ื•ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช โ€œืคื•ืคื•ืœื•ืกโ€ ืฉืžืฉืžืขื” โ€œื”ืื ืฉื™ื.โ€
01:35
and has its roots in the Latin word โ€œpopulusโ€ meaning โ€œthe people."
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01:39
But since then populism has been used to describe dozens of political movements,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื– ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ื–ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
01:44
often with counterintuitive and sometimes contradictory goals.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืขื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืกื•ืชืจื•ืช.
01:48
Populist movements have rebelled against monarchies, monopolies,
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ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื“ื• ื‘ืžื•ื ืจื›ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื,
01:52
and a wide variety of powerful institutions.
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ื•ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื™ื.
01:55
Itโ€™s not possible to cover the full history of this term here.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื–ื” ืคื”.
01:59
Instead, weโ€™re focusing on one specific type of populismโ€”
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ื–ื --
02:03
the kind that describes Papandreouโ€™s administration
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ื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉืœ ืคืืคืื ื“ืจืื•
02:06
and numerous other governments over the last 70 years: modern populism.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 70 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช: ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ื–ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™.
02:12
But to understand how political theorists define this phenomenon
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืชืื•ืจืชื™ืงื ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื–ื•
02:16
we first need to explore what itโ€™s responding to.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื”.
02:20
In the aftermath of World War Two,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
02:22
many countries wanted to move away from totalitarian ideologies.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจืฆื• ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
02:26
They sought a new political system
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ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ืคืฉื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”
02:28
that prioritized individual and social rights,
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ืฉืฉืžื” ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
02:31
aimed at political consensus, and respected the rule of law.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™, ื•ื›ื™ื‘ื“ื” ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง.
02:36
As a result, most Western nations adopted a longstanding form of government
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”, ืจื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืื™ืžืฆื• ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืชื™ืงื”
02:41
called liberal democracy.
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ืฉื ืงืจืื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช.
02:43
In this context, โ€œliberalโ€ doesnโ€™t refer to any political party,
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื–ื”, โ€œืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™โ€ ืœื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืคืœื’ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช,
02:46
but rather a type of democracy that has three essential components.
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ืืœื ืœืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
02:51
First, liberal democracies accept that society
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉื—ื‘ืจื”
02:54
is full of many, often crosscutting divisions that generate conflict.
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ืžืœืื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜.
02:59
Second, it requires that societyโ€™s many factions
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืฉื”ืคืœื’ื™ื ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”
03:02
seek common ground across those divisions.
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ื™ืžืฆืื• ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
03:05
Finally, liberal democracies rely on the rule of law
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง
03:09
and the protection of minority rights,
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ื•ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜,
03:11
as specified in constitutions and legal statutes.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ื.
03:15
Taken together, these ideals propose
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ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื
03:17
that tolerance and institutions that protect us from intolerance,
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ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช,
03:22
are the bedrock of a functional and diverse democratic society.
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ื”ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช ื•ืคืขื™ืœื”.
03:27
Liberal democracies helped bring stability to the nations that adopted them.
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ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืขื–ืจื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืื™ืžืฆื• ืื•ืชืŸ.
03:31
But like any system of government, they didnโ€™t solve everything.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืžืฉืœ, ื”ืŸ ืœื ืคื•ืชืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ.
03:35
Among other issues, an ever-increasing wealth gap
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื, ืคืขืจ ืขื•ืฉืจ ืžืชืจื—ื‘
03:38
led to underserved communities
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœืฉื•ืช
03:41
who distrusted both their wealthy neighbors and their political leaders.
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ืฉืœื ืกื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื’ื ืขืœ ืฉื›ื ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื.
03:45
In some cases, political corruption further damaged the public's trust.
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงืจื™ื, ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืคื’ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
03:51
Growing suspicion and resentment around these politicians
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ื—ืฉื“ ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ื˜ื™ื ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืืœื”
03:54
primed citizens to look for a new kind of leader
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ืžื›ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ
03:57
who would challenge established institutions
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ืฉื™ืืชื’ืจ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื
04:00
and put the needs of the people first.
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ื•ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืงื•ื“ื.
04:03
In many ways, this reaction highlights democracy in action:
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ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืจืื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”:
04:07
if the majority of a population feels their interests are underrepresented,
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ืื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ ืžืกืคื™ืง,
04:12
they can elect leaders to change that using existing democratic systems.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
04:17
But this is where assertive, modern populist candidates can subvert democracy.
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ืื‘ืœ ืคื” ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืืกืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืชื•ืจ ืชื—ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื›ืžื’ืœืžื™ื ืืช โ€œืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืขื,โ€
04:23
Modern populists identify themselves as embodying the "will of the people,"
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04:28
and they place those interests
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ื•ื”ื ืžืžืงืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื”ืืœื”
04:30
above the institutions that protect individual and social rights.
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ืžืขืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ ื•ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—.
04:35
Modern populists argue these institutions
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ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
04:38
are run by a self-serving ruling minority,
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ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืฉื•ืœื˜ ืฉืžืฉืจืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื•,
04:41
who seek to control the vast majority of virtuous common people.
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ืฉืžื—ืคืฉ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื.
04:45
As a result, politics is no longer about seeking compromise and consensus
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืœื ื ื•ื’ืขืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืœื—ืคืฉ ืคืฉืจื” ื•ืงื•ื ื–ื ื–ื•ืก
04:51
through tolerant democratic institutions.
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ื“ืจืš ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื™ื.
04:53
Instead, these leaders seek to overturn what they see as a broken system.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืจื”.
04:59
This means that where a liberal democracy has the utmost respect for institutions
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœื ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช
05:04
like courtrooms, free press, and national constitutions,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜, ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช, ื•ื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
05:08
modern populists disparage any establishment that disagrees
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ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื ืžืžืขื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื•ืกื“ ืฉืœื ืžืกื›ื™ื
05:12
with the so-called โ€œcommon will."
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ืขื ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• "ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืขื."
05:15
Modern populist parties have arisen in many places,
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ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœื• ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช,
05:18
but the leaders of these movements are remarkably similar.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
05:22
Theyโ€™re often charismatic individuals
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ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื˜ื™ื™ื
05:24
who identify themselves as embodying the โ€œwill of the people."
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ืฉืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื›ืžื’ืœืžื™ื ืืช "ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืขื."
05:28
They make exorbitant promises to their supporters,
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ื”ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื–ืžื•ืช ืœืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื,
05:31
while casting their opponents as traitors actively undermining the country.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ืžืกืžื ื™ื ืืช ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื™ื”ื ื›ื‘ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœื—ืชื•ืจ ืชื—ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
05:36
But whether these politicians are sincere believers or manipulative opportunists,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืื• ืื•ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื,
05:41
the dynamics they unleash
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ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื
05:43
can be profoundly destabilizing for liberal democracy.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืจืขืจืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขืžื™ืง ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช.
05:47
Even when modern populist leaders donโ€™t follow through
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื
05:50
with their most extreme promises,
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ื‘ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
05:52
their impact on political discourse, the rule of law, and public trust
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ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™, ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง, ื•ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ
05:57
can long outlast their time in office.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื–ืžื ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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