The rise of modern populism - Takis S. Pappas

607,008 views ใƒป 2020-08-20

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: YoonJu Mangione ๊ฒ€ํ† : Eunice Yunjung Nam
00:06
In the mid-1970s, after decades of political turmoil,
0
6685
4347
1970๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜, ๋ช‡ ์‹ญ๋…„๋™์•ˆ ์ •์น˜์  ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š”
00:11
Greece finally seemed to be on the path to stability.
1
11032
3660
๋“œ๋””์–ด ์•ˆ์ •์„ ๋˜์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•˜์ฃ .
00:14
With the introduction of a new constitution
2
14692
2400
์ƒˆ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์ด ๋„์ž…๋˜๊ณ 
00:17
and negotiations underway to enter European institutions,
3
17092
4000
์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ˜‘์ƒ์ด ์ด๋ค„์ง€๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ
00:21
many analysts expected Greek politics
4
21092
2610
๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ์ •์น˜๊ถŒ์ด
00:23
to follow the pattern of the larger Western world.
5
23702
3370
์„œ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์˜ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:27
Then in 1981, a political party called PASOK came to power.
6
27072
5326
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋˜ 1981๋…„, PASOK์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ •๋‹น์ด ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์žก์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
Its charismatic leader Andreas Papandreou railed against the new constitution,
7
32398
5187
์นด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹น๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์•ˆ๋“œ๋ ˆ์•„์Šค ํŒŒํŒ๋“œ๋ ˆ์šฐ๋Š”
์ƒˆ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
00:37
and accused those in power of โ€œnational betrayal.โ€
8
37585
4430
๋‹น์‹œ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์žก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์ž๋“ค์„ "๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฐฐ์‹ ์ž"๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋น„๋‚œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:42
Opposing Greeceโ€™s membership in NATO and the European Economic Community,
9
42015
4672
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ NATO์™€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
00:46
Papandreou promised to govern for the betterment of the โ€œcommon people"
10
46687
4082
ํŒŒํŒ๋“œ๋ ˆ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค๋„
"์„œ๋ฏผ"๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
above all else.
11
50769
1880
00:52
He famously declared, โ€œthere are no institutions, only the people exist.โ€
12
52649
6002
"๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์˜ค์ง ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋งŒ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•  ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค"๋ผ๋Š” ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์—ฐ์„ค์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ์ฃ .
00:58
Papandreouโ€™s rise to power isnโ€™t a unique story.
13
58651
3540
ํŒŒํŒ๋“œ๋ ˆ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์žก๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
In many democratic countries around the world,
14
62191
2580
์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ
01:04
charismatic leaders vilify political opponents,
15
64771
3261
์นด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋”๋“ค์€ ์ •์ ๋“ค์„ ๋น„๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ 
01:08
disparage institutions, and claim the mantle of the people.
16
68032
4550
๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์„ ํ„ํ•˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ํž˜์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
Some critics label this approach as authoritarian or fascist,
17
72582
4294
์–ด๋–ค ๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ถŒ์œ„์ฃผ์˜์ ์ด๋‚˜ ํŒŒ์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋ฉฐ
01:16
and many argue that these leaders are using emotions
18
76876
3360
์ด ๋ฆฌ๋”๋“ค์ด ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž๋“ค์„ ์†์ด๊ณ  ์กฐ์ข…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
01:20
to manipulate and deceive voters.
19
80236
2920
๊ฐ์ •์— ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:23
But whether or not this style of politics is ethical, it's certainly democratic,
20
83156
5253
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์˜ ์ •์น˜๊ฐ€ ์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์ด๋“  ์•„๋‹ˆ๋“ 
01:28
and it goes by the name of populism.
21
88409
3470
ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ํฌํ“ฐ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
The term populism has been around since Ancient Rome,
22
91879
3130
ํฌํ“ฐ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋กœ๋งˆ์‹œ์ ˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์žˆ๋˜ ๋‹จ์–ด์ธ๋ฐ
01:35
and has its roots in the Latin word โ€œpopulusโ€ meaning โ€œthe people."
23
95009
4568
"๋ฏผ์ค‘"์„ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ๋ผํ‹ด์–ด "ํฌํ“ฐ๋Ÿฌ์Šค"๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚˜์™”์ฃ .
01:39
But since then populism has been used to describe dozens of political movements,
24
99577
5127
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ํฌํ“ฐ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ •์น˜์  ์ „๋žต์„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
01:44
often with counterintuitive and sometimes contradictory goals.
25
104704
4000
์ข…์ข… ๋ฐ˜์ง๊ด€์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ชจ์ˆœ๋œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ ์š”.
01:48
Populist movements have rebelled against monarchies, monopolies,
26
108704
3880
ํฌํ“ฐ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์šด๋™์€ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ์ œ, ๋…์ ์ œ,
01:52
and a wide variety of powerful institutions.
27
112584
3390
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์— ๋งž์„œ ์‹ธ์›Œ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
Itโ€™s not possible to cover the full history of this term here.
28
115974
3640
์ด ๋‹จ์–ด์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‹ค ์–˜๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋„ค์š”.
01:59
Instead, weโ€™re focusing on one specific type of populismโ€”
29
119614
4108
๋Œ€์‹  ํฌํ“ฐ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
the kind that describes Papandreouโ€™s administration
30
123722
2690
ํŒŒํŒ๋“œ๋ ˆ์šฐ์˜ ์ •๊ถŒ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ
02:06
and numerous other governments over the last 70 years: modern populism.
31
126412
5695
์ง€๋‚œ 70๋…„ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ •๊ถŒ์„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ํ˜•์ด
๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ํฌํ“ฐ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
But to understand how political theorists define this phenomenon
32
132107
4442
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ •์น˜ ์ด๋ก ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
02:16
we first need to explore what itโ€™s responding to.
33
136549
4056
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋จผ์ € ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‘๋‹ต์ธ์ง€ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
In the aftermath of World War Two,
34
140605
1860
์„ธ๊ณ„ 2์ฐจ๋Œ€์ „์˜ ํํ•ด ์†,
02:22
many countries wanted to move away from totalitarian ideologies.
35
142465
4393
๋งŽ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ „์ฒด์ฃผ์˜ ์ด๋…์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
They sought a new political system
36
146858
1954
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ •์น˜์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
02:28
that prioritized individual and social rights,
37
148812
2910
๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ถŒ์„ ์šฐ์„ ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ 
02:31
aimed at political consensus, and respected the rule of law.
38
151722
4307
์ •์น˜์  ํ•ฉ์˜๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฒ•์น˜๋ฅผ ์กด์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒด์ œ์š”.
02:36
As a result, most Western nations adopted a longstanding form of government
39
156029
5323
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์„œ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์ •์น˜ ์ฒด์ œ์ธ
02:41
called liberal democracy.
40
161352
2030
์ž์œ  ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
In this context, โ€œliberalโ€ doesnโ€™t refer to any political party,
41
163382
3480
์ด ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ "์ž์œ "๋ž€ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋‹น์„ ์ง€์นญํ•˜๋Š” ๋ง์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
02:46
but rather a type of democracy that has three essential components.
42
166862
4572
์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ผ์ปซ๋Š” ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
First, liberal democracies accept that society
43
171434
3144
์ฒซ์งธ, ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š”
02:54
is full of many, often crosscutting divisions that generate conflict.
44
174578
4700
๋ถ„์—ด๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ฐจ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
Second, it requires that societyโ€™s many factions
45
179278
3060
๋‘˜์งธ, ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ํŒŒ๋ฒŒ๋“ค์ด
03:02
seek common ground across those divisions.
46
182338
3290
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ„์—ด์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์„ ์ฐพ๋„๋ก ์š”๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
Finally, liberal democracies rely on the rule of law
47
185628
3510
๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋Š”
03:09
and the protection of minority rights,
48
189138
2470
ํ—Œ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์— ๋ช…์‹œ๋œ
03:11
as specified in constitutions and legal statutes.
49
191608
3700
๋ฒ•์น˜์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์— ์˜์กดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
Taken together, these ideals propose
50
195308
2565
์ข…ํ•ฉํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š”
03:17
that tolerance and institutions that protect us from intolerance,
51
197873
4435
๊ด€์šฉ๊ณผ ํŽธํ˜‘ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ๋„๋“ค์ด
03:22
are the bedrock of a functional and diverse democratic society.
52
202308
4917
๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ž„์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
Liberal democracies helped bring stability to the nations that adopted them.
53
207225
4000
์ž์œ  ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ๋„์ž…๋œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ •์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋„์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
But like any system of government, they didnโ€™t solve everything.
54
211225
4180
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋ถ€ ์ฒด์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋“ฏ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์ง„ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ฃ .
03:35
Among other issues, an ever-increasing wealth gap
55
215405
3560
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ์ „๋ก€์—†๋Š” ๋นˆ๋ถ€๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ€
03:38
led to underserved communities
56
218965
2310
์†Œ์™ธ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
who distrusted both their wealthy neighbors and their political leaders.
57
221275
4639
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ์ด์›ƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์žƒ๊ฒŒ ๋์ฃ .
03:45
In some cases, political corruption further damaged the public's trust.
58
225914
5560
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—” ๋ถ€ํŒจํ•œ ์ •์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฏผ์‹ฌ์„ ๋” ์žƒ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
Growing suspicion and resentment around these politicians
59
231474
3350
์ด ์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ์˜์‹ฌ๊ณผ ์›๋ง์ด
03:54
primed citizens to look for a new kind of leader
60
234824
3150
๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฆฌ๋”,
03:57
who would challenge established institutions
61
237974
2420
๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ฒด์ œ์— ๋„์ „ํ•˜๊ณ 
04:00
and put the needs of the people first.
62
240394
2830
๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ํ•„์š”๋ฅผ ์šฐ์„ ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋”๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์ฃ .
04:03
In many ways, this reaction highlights democracy in action:
63
243224
4271
์ด ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ ์‹คํ–‰์ค‘์ธ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์š”์ ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
if the majority of a population feels their interests are underrepresented,
64
247495
4712
๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ํ•„์š”๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๋ฉด
04:12
they can elect leaders to change that using existing democratic systems.
65
252207
4937
๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ๋ฆฌ๋”๋ฅผ ์„ ์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:17
But this is where assertive, modern populist candidates can subvert democracy.
66
257144
5860
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋…๋‹จ์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์ธ ํฌํ“ฐ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ํ›„๋ณด์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์•…์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:23
Modern populists identify themselves as embodying the "will of the people,"
67
263004
5564
ํ˜„๋Œ€ ํฌํ“ฐ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค์€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ "๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ์˜์ง€"๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์นญํ•˜๋ฉฐ
04:28
and they place those interests
68
268568
1910
๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ๋„๋ณด๋‹ค
04:30
above the institutions that protect individual and social rights.
69
270478
5009
๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ์šฐ์„ ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
Modern populists argue these institutions
70
275487
2970
ํ˜„๋Œ€ํŒ ํฌํ“ฐ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค์€ ์ด ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€
04:38
are run by a self-serving ruling minority,
71
278457
3110
์Šค์Šค๋กœ์˜ ์ด์ต๋งŒ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
04:41
who seek to control the vast majority of virtuous common people.
72
281567
4204
๋„๋•์ ์ธ ์„œ๋ฏผ ์œ„์— ๊ตฐ๋ฆผํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ์ˆ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
As a result, politics is no longer about seeking compromise and consensus
73
285771
5376
๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ •์น˜๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๊ด€๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ
04:51
through tolerant democratic institutions.
74
291147
2800
ํƒ€ํ˜‘๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
Instead, these leaders seek to overturn what they see as a broken system.
75
293947
5729
๋Œ€์‹  ์ด ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ง๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋’ค์ง‘์–ด ์—Ž์„ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
04:59
This means that where a liberal democracy has the utmost respect for institutions
76
299676
4549
์ด๊ฑด ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ•์ •์ด๋‚˜ ์ž์œ  ์–ธ๋ก , ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ๋„์—
05:04
like courtrooms, free press, and national constitutions,
77
304225
4000
์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์กด๊ฒฝ์„ ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ
05:08
modern populists disparage any establishment that disagrees
78
308225
4635
ํ˜„๋Œ€ ํฌํ“ฐ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ์†Œ์œ„ "๊ณต๋™์˜์ง€"์— ๋™์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”
05:12
with the so-called โ€œcommon will."
79
312860
2700
๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ์„ ํ„ํ•˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
Modern populist parties have arisen in many places,
80
315560
3160
ํ˜„๋Œ€ํŒ ํฌํ“ฐ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์ •๋‹น์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ
05:18
but the leaders of these movements are remarkably similar.
81
318720
3770
์ด๋“ค ์ง€๋„์ž๋Š” ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„๊ฒŒ ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:22
Theyโ€™re often charismatic individuals
82
322490
2070
๋ณดํ†ต ์นด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ๋กœ,
05:24
who identify themselves as embodying the โ€œwill of the people."
83
324560
4244
์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ "๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ์˜์ง€"๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ž์ฒ˜ํ•˜์ฃ .
05:28
They make exorbitant promises to their supporters,
84
328804
2830
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์ง€์ง€์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ„ฐ๋ฌด๋‹ˆ์—†๋Š” ์•ฝ์†์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ
05:31
while casting their opponents as traitors actively undermining the country.
85
331634
5096
์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์„ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋ง์น˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์—ญ์ž๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ชฐ์•„๋ถ™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:36
But whether these politicians are sincere believers or manipulative opportunists,
86
336730
5006
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ •๋ง ์‹ ๋…์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด๊ฑด ๊ตํ™œํ•œ ๊ธฐํšŒ์ฃผ์˜์ž์ด๊ฑด
05:41
the dynamics they unleash
87
341736
1650
๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ•™๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š”
05:43
can be profoundly destabilizing for liberal democracy.
88
343386
4000
์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
Even when modern populist leaders donโ€™t follow through
89
347386
2910
ํ˜„๋Œ€ํŒ ํฌํ“ฐ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฆฌ๋”๋“ค์ด
05:50
with their most extreme promises,
90
350296
2380
๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋‚ด๊ฑด ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ๊ณต์•ฝ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹คํ•ด๋„
05:52
their impact on political discourse, the rule of law, and public trust
91
352676
4976
๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ •์น˜์  ๋‹ด๋ก , ๋ฒ•์น˜์ฃผ์˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์€
05:57
can long outlast their time in office.
92
357652
2930
์žฌ์ž„๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ดํ›„๋กœ๋„ ์ง€์†๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7