How to 3D print human tissue - Taneka Jones

Prevodilac: Aleksandar Bošnjak Lektor: Ivana Korom

There are currently hundreds of thousands of people on transplant lists,

Trenutno je stotine hiljada ljudi na listama za transplantaciju

waiting for critical organs like kidneys, hearts, and livers

koji čekaju na presudne organe poput bubrega, srca i jetri,

that could save their lives.

koji bi mogli da im spasu živote.

Unfortunately,

Nažalost,

there aren’t nearly enough donor organs available to fill that demand.

nema dovoljno dostupnih organa za doniranje da se ispuni ta potreba.

What if instead of waiting,

Šta ako bismo umesto čekanja

we could create brand-new, customized organs from scratch?

mogli da stvorimo potpuno nove, prilagodljive organe od nule?

That’s the idea behind bioprinting,

To je ideja na kojoj se zasniva bioštampanje,

a branch of regenerative medicine currently under development.

grana regenerativne medicine koja je trenutno u razvoju.

We’re not able to print complex organs just yet,

Nismo u mogućnosti da štampamo kompleksne organe za sad,

but simpler tissues including blood vessels and tubes

ali jednostavnija tkiva uključujući krvne sudove i cevčice

responsible for nutrient and waste exchange

odgovorne za razmenu nutrijenata i otpada

are already in our grasp.

su nam već na dohvatu ruke.

Bioprinting is a biological cousin of 3-D printing,

Bioštampanje je biološki rođak 3D štampanja,

a technique that deposits layers of material on top of each other

tehnika koja nanosi slojeve materijala jedne na druge

to construct a three-dimensional object one slice at a time.

da bi stvorila trodimenzionalni objekat parče po parče.

Instead of starting with metal, plastic, or ceramic,

Umesto korišćenja metala, plastike ili keramike,

a 3-D printer for organs and tissues uses bioink:

3D štampač za organe i tkiva koristi bio-mastilo,

a printable material that contains living cells.

materijal koji može da se štampa i koji sadrži žive ćelije.

The bulk of many bioinks are water-rich molecules called hydrogels.

Većina bio-mastila su molekuli bogati vodom zvani hidrogelovi.

Mixed into those are millions of living cells

U njima su pomešani milioni živih ćelija,

as well as various chemicals that encourage cells to communicate and grow.

kao i razne hemikalije koje podstiču ćelije da komuniciraju i rastu.

Some bioinks include a single type of cell,

Neka bio-mastila uključuju jedan tip ćelija,

while others combine several different kinds to produce more complex structures.

dok druga kombinuju različite vrste da bi proizveli kompleksnije strukture.

Let’s say you want to print a meniscus,

Da kažemo da želite da štampate meniskus,

which is a piece of cartilage in the knee

što je deo hrskavice u kolenu,

that keeps the shinbone and thighbone from grinding against each other.

koji sprečava goljeničnu i butnu kost da se stružu jedna o drugu.

It’s made up of cells called chondrocytes,

Sastoji se od ćelija zvanih hondrociti,

and you’ll need a healthy supply of them for your bioink.

i biće vam potrebna zdrava zaliha tih ćelija za bio-mastilo.

These cells can come from donors whose cell lines are replicated in a lab.

Ove ćelije mogu biti od donora čije su linije ćelija replikovane u laboratoriji.

Or they might originate from a patient’s own tissue

Ili mogu nastati od pacijentovog sopstvenog tkiva

to create a personalized meniscus less likely to be rejected by their body.

da bi se stvorio personalizovani meniskus koji će telo ređe odbaciti.

There are several printing techniques,

Postoji nekoliko tehnika štampanja,

and the most popular is extrusion-based bioprinting.

a najpopularnije je bioštampanje zasnovano na istiskivanju.

In this, bioink gets loaded into a printing chamber

Ovom tehnikom, bio-mastilo se ubrizgava u komoru za štampanje

and pushed through a round nozzle attached to a printhead.

i propušta kroz okruglu mlaznicu na glavi za štampanje.

It emerges from a nozzle that’s rarely wider than 400 microns in diameter,

Nastaje od mlaznice koja je retko šira od 400 mikrona u prečniku

and can produce a continuous filament

i može proizvesti neprekidnu nit

roughly the thickness of a human fingernail.

približno debljini ljudskog nokta.

A computerized image or file guides the placement of the strands,

Kompjuterizovana slika ili fajl rukovodi postavljanje niti,

either onto a flat surface or into a liquid bath

ili na ravnu površinu ili u tečni bazen,

that’ll help hold the structure in place until it stabilizes.

koji će pomoći da se struktura održi na mestu dok se ne stabilizuje.

These printers are fast, producing the meniscus in about half an hour,

Ovi štampači su brzi, proizvode meniskus u roku od pola sata,

one thin strand at a time.

jednu tanku nit u trenutku.

After printing, some bioinks will stiffen immediately;

Nakon štampanja, neka bio-mastila će se odmah ukrutiti;

others need UV light or an additional chemical or physical process

drugim je potrebna UV svetlost, dodatna hemikalija ili fizički proces

to stabilize the structure.

da stabilizuje strukturu.

If the printing process is successful,

Ako je proces štampanja uspešan,

the cells in the synthetic tissue

ćelije u sintetičkom tkivu

will begin to behave the same way cells do in real tissue:

će početi da se ponašaju na isti način kao ćelije u stvarnim tkivima -

signaling to each other, exchanging nutrients, and multiplying.

signaliziraju jedna drugoj, razmenjuju nutrijente i umnožavaju se.

We can already print relatively simple structures like this meniscus.

Već možemo da štampamo jednostavne strukture kao što je meniskus.

Bioprinted bladders have also been successfully implanted,

Bioštampane bešike su takođe uspešno usađene,

and printed tissue has promoted facial nerve regeneration in rats.

a štampana tkiva su unapredila regeneraciju nerava na licu kod pacova.

Researchers have created lung tissue, skin, and cartilage,

Istraživači su stvorili tkiva pluća, kože i hrskavice,

as well as miniature, semi-functional versions of kidneys, livers, and hearts.

kao i minijaturne, polu-funkcionalne verzije bubrega, jetri i srca.

However, replicating the complex biochemical environment

Međutim, repliciranje kompleksnog biohemijksog okruženja

of a major organ is a steep challenge.

jednog velikog organa je smeo izazov.

Extrusion-based bioprinting may destroy

Bioštampanje zasnovano na istiskivanju može uništiti

a significant percentage of cells in the ink if the nozzle is too small,

značajan procenat ćelija u mastilu ako je mlaznica premala

or if the printing pressure is too high.

ili ako je pritisak štampanja previsok.

One of the most formidable challenges

Jedan on najtežih izazova

is how to supply oxygen and nutrients to all the cells in a full-size organ.

je kako obezbediti kiseonik i nutrijente svim ćelijama u organu pune veličine.

That’s why the greatest successes so far

Zato je najveći uspeh do sada

have been with structures that are flat or hollow—

bio sa strukturama koje su ravne ili šuplje,

and why researchers are busy developing ways

i razlog što su istraživači zauzeti razvijajući načine

to incorporate blood vessels into bioprinted tissue.

da uključe krvne sudove u bioštampana tkiva.

There’s tremendous potential to use bioprinting

Postoji ogroman potencijal od korišćenja bioštampanja

to save lives and advance our understanding

za spasavanje života i progresa našeg razumevanja

of how our organs function in the first place.

o tome kako naši organi prvenstveno funkcionišu.

And the technology opens up a dizzying array of possibilities,

Tehnologija otvara vrtoglavi niz mogućnosti,

such as printing tissues with embedded electronics.

kao što je štampanje tkiva sa ugrađenom elektronikom.

Could we one day engineer organs that exceed current human capability,

Da li bismo mogli da jednog dana dizajniramo organe

koji prevazilaze trenutne ljudske sposobnosti

or give ourselves features like unburnable skin?

ili da dodelimo sebi odlike kao što je koža koja ne može da izgori?

How long might we extend human life by printing and replacing our organs?

Koliko možemo da produžimo ljudski život štampajući i zamenjujući organe?

And exactly who—and what—

I ko tačno, i šta

will have access to this technology and its incredible output?

će imati pristup ovoj tehnologiji i njenom neverovatnom učinku?