How to 3D print human tissue - Taneka Jones

743,688 views ใƒป 2019-10-17

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Allon Sasson ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
There are currently hundreds of thousands of people on transplant lists,
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ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืชื ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืœื•ืช,
00:12
waiting for critical organs like kidneys, hearts, and livers
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ืฉืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื ืœืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ืœื‘ ืื• ื›ื‘ื“
00:16
that could save their lives.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
00:18
Unfortunately,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ,
00:19
there arenโ€™t nearly enough donor organs available to fill that demand.
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ืื™ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืกืคืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื›ืš ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืžื™ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื”.
00:24
What if instead of waiting,
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ืžื” ืื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ
00:26
we could create brand-new, customized organs from scratch?
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช?
00:31
Thatโ€™s the idea behind bioprinting,
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ื–ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื”ื“ืคืกื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
00:33
a branch of regenerative medicine currently under development.
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ืขื ืฃ ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ืจื’ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืชืคืชื— ื›ื™ื•ื.
00:38
Weโ€™re not able to print complex organs just yet,
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ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื,
00:41
but simpler tissues including blood vessels and tubes
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืงืžื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช
00:44
responsible for nutrient and waste exchange
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ืฉืื—ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื–ื ื” ื•ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
00:47
are already in our grasp.
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ื”ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“.
00:49
Bioprinting is a biological cousin of 3-D printing,
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ื”ื“ืคืกื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ืช ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืคืกืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“
00:53
a technique that deposits layers of material on top of each other
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ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื—ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื”
00:57
to construct a three-dimensional object one slice at a time.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ืคืฅ ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™, ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื›ื‘ื”.
01:01
Instead of starting with metal, plastic, or ceramic,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืžืชื›ืช, ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืื• ืงืจืžื™ืงื”,
01:05
a 3-D printer for organs and tissues uses bioink:
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ืžื“ืคืกืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ ืฉืœ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืจืงืžื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™:
01:09
a printable material that contains living cells.
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจ-ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ืชืื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:13
The bulk of many bioinks are water-rich molecules called hydrogels.
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ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื ืฉืงืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ื’'ืœ.
01:18
Mixed into those are millions of living cells
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ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืชืื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื
01:21
as well as various chemicals that encourage cells to communicate and grow.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื•ืœืฆืžื•ื—.
01:26
Some bioinks include a single type of cell,
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ืžืกืคืจ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืชื ืื—ื“,
01:29
while others combine several different kinds to produce more complex structures.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:35
Letโ€™s say you want to print a meniscus,
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ืžื ื™ืกืงื•ืก,
01:37
which is a piece of cartilage in the knee
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืกื—ื•ืก ื‘ื‘ืจืš
01:39
that keeps the shinbone and thighbone from grinding against each other.
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ืฉืžื•ื ืขืช ืžืขืฆื ื”ืฉื•ืงื” ื•ืขืฆื ื”ื™ืจืš ืœื”ืชื—ื›ืš ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื•.
01:44
Itโ€™s made up of cells called chondrocytes,
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ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžืชืื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื›ื•ื ื“ืจื•ืฆื™ื˜ื™ื,
01:46
and youโ€™ll need a healthy supply of them for your bioink.
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ื•ืืชื ืชื–ื“ืงืงื• ืœืืกืคืงื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
01:50
These cells can come from donors whose cell lines are replicated in a lab.
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ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžืฉื•ื›ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
01:55
Or they might originate from a patientโ€™s own tissue
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ืื• ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืจืงืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืขืฆืžื•
01:58
to create a personalized meniscus less likely to be rejected by their body.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื ื™ืกืงื•ืก ืžื•ืชืื ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื“ื—ื™ื” ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ืžื•ื›ื”.
02:03
There are several printing techniques,
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ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื“ืคืกื”,
02:05
and the most popular is extrusion-based bioprinting.
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ื•ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืฉื™ื—ื•ืœ.
02:09
In this, bioink gets loaded into a printing chamber
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ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื•, ื”ื“ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžื•ื›ื ืก ืœืชื ื”ื“ืคืกื”
02:13
and pushed through a round nozzle attached to a printhead.
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ื•ื ื“ื—ืก ื“ืจืš ื ื—ื™ืจ ืขื’ื•ืœ ืฉืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžื“ืคืกืช.
02:17
It emerges from a nozzle thatโ€™s rarely wider than 400 microns in diameter,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืชื•ืš ื ื—ื™ืจ ืฉืงื•ื˜ืจื• ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœื ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ 400 ืžื™ืงืจื•ืŸ,
02:23
and can produce a continuous filament
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ื•ื˜ ืจืฆื™ืฃ
02:26
roughly the thickness of a human fingernail.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจืŸ ืื“ื.
02:29
A computerized image or file guides the placement of the strands,
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ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื• ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื ื—ื™ื ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื,
02:33
either onto a flat surface or into a liquid bath
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ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืžืฉื˜ื— ืฉื˜ื•ื— ืื• ืœืชื•ืš ืืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื ื•ื–ืœ
02:36
thatโ€™ll help hold the structure in place until it stabilizes.
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ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘.
02:40
These printers are fast, producing the meniscus in about half an hour,
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ื”ืžื“ืคืกื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื ื™ืกืงื•ืก ืชื•ืš ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื”,
02:45
one thin strand at a time.
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ื—ื•ื˜ ื“ืง ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื™.
02:47
After printing, some bioinks will stiffen immediately;
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ื“ืคืกื”, ื—ืœืง ืžืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื• ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืžื™ื“;
02:51
others need UV light or an additional chemical or physical process
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ืื—ืจื™ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืื•ืœื˜ืจื-ืกื’ื•ืœ, ืœื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืื• ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™
02:55
to stabilize the structure.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื”.
02:57
If the printing process is successful,
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ืื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืžื•ืฆืœื—,
02:59
the cells in the synthetic tissue
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ื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ืจืงืžื” ื”ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ืช
03:01
will begin to behave the same way cells do in real tissue:
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ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš ื›ืžื• ืชืื™ื ื‘ืจืงืžื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช:
03:05
signaling to each other, exchanging nutrients, and multiplying.
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ื™ืื•ืชืชื• ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™, ื™ื—ืœื™ืคื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื–ื ื” ื•ื™ืชืจื‘ื•.
03:09
We can already print relatively simple structures like this meniscus.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื ื™ืกืงื•ืก.
03:13
Bioprinted bladders have also been successfully implanted,
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ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืชืŸ ืžื•ื“ืคืกื•ืช ื’ื ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืฉืชืœื• ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”,
03:17
and printed tissue has promoted facial nerve regeneration in rats.
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ื•ืจืงืžื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืคืกื•ืช ืชืจืžื• ืœื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆื‘ื™ ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื.
03:23
Researchers have created lung tissue, skin, and cartilage,
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืจืงืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ืื”, ืขื•ืจ ื•ืกื—ื•ืก,
03:26
as well as miniature, semi-functional versions of kidneys, livers, and hearts.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืžื•ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœืžื—ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ืœื‘.
03:33
However, replicating the complex biochemical environment
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช
03:37
of a major organ is a steep challenge.
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ืฉืœ ืื™ื‘ืจ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ื•ื ืืชื’ืจ ืขืฆื•ื.
03:39
Extrusion-based bioprinting may destroy
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ื”ื“ืคืกื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืฉื™ื—ื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืจื•ืก
03:42
a significant percentage of cells in the ink if the nozzle is too small,
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ืื—ื•ื– ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื• ืื ื”ื ื—ื™ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื“ื™,
03:47
or if the printing pressure is too high.
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ืื• ืื ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื”ื“ืคืกื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื“ื™.
03:50
One of the most formidable challenges
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:52
is how to supply oxygen and nutrients to all the cells in a full-size organ.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืกืคืง ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžืœื.
03:58
Thatโ€™s why the greatest successes so far
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื“ ื›ื”
04:01
have been with structures that are flat or hollowโ€”
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ื”ื™ื• ืขื ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืื• ื—ืœื•ืœื™ื -
04:04
and why researchers are busy developing ways
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ื•ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื“ืจื›ื™ื
04:06
to incorporate blood vessels into bioprinted tissue.
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ืœืžื–ื’ ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ืœืชื•ืš ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื“ืคืกื• ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
04:11
Thereโ€™s tremendous potential to use bioprinting
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ื™ืฉ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืขืฆื•ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื“ืคืกื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
04:13
to save lives and advance our understanding
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•
04:16
of how our organs function in the first place.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
04:19
And the technology opens up a dizzying array of possibilities,
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืคื•ืชื—ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช,
04:23
such as printing tissues with embedded electronics.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื•ืช ืขื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืช.
04:27
Could we one day engineer organs that exceed current human capability,
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ื”ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื ื“ืก ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช,
04:31
or give ourselves features like unburnable skin?
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ืื• ืœืชืช ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืขื•ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืฉืจืฃ?
04:35
How long might we extend human life by printing and replacing our organs?
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืคืกื” ื•ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื?
04:42
And exactly whoโ€”and whatโ€”
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ื•ืœืžื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง - ืื• ืœืžื” -
04:44
will have access to this technology and its incredible output?
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ืชื”ื™ื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื•ืœืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื ืฉืœื”?
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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