How to 3D print human tissue - Taneka Jones

770,616 views ・ 2019-10-17

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Jooyeon Kim κ²€ν† : Eunice Yunjung Nam
00:06
There are currently hundreds of thousands of people on transplant lists,
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ν˜„μž¬ μž₯기이식 λͺ…단에 였λ₯Έ 수 μ‹­λ§Œμ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
00:12
waiting for critical organs like kidneys, hearts, and livers
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ λͺ©μˆ¨μ„ 살릴 수 μžˆλŠ” μ‹ μž₯, 심μž₯, κ°„ λ“±κ³Ό 같은
00:16
that could save their lives.
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μ£Όμš” μž₯κΈ°λ₯Ό 기닀리고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:18
Unfortunately,
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μ•ˆνƒ€κΉκ²Œλ„,
00:19
there aren’t nearly enough donor organs available to fill that demand.
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기증 μž₯κΈ°λŠ” κ·Έ μš”κ΅¬λ₯Ό μΆ©μ‘±ν•  만큼 μΆ©λΆ„ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:24
What if instead of waiting,
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만일 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ κΈ°λ‹€λ¦¬λŠ” λŒ€μ‹ ,
00:26
we could create brand-new, customized organs from scratch?
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μ™„μ „νžˆ μƒˆλ‘­κ³  κ°œκ°œμΈμ— λ§žλŠ” μž₯κΈ°λ₯Ό μ²˜μŒλΆ€ν„° λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄ μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
00:31
That’s the idea behind bioprinting,
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이것이 λ°”λ‘œ λ°”μ΄μ˜€ν”„λ¦°νŒ…μ˜ λ°œμƒμœΌλ‘œ,
00:33
a branch of regenerative medicine currently under development.
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ν˜„μž¬ κ°œλ°œμ€‘μΈ μž¬μƒμ˜ν•™μ˜ ν•œ λΆ„μ•Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:38
We’re not able to print complex organs just yet,
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아직 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ κΈ°κ΄€κΉŒμ§€λŠ” λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚Ό 수 μ—†μ§€λ§Œ,
00:41
but simpler tissues including blood vessels and tubes
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μ˜μ–‘λΆ„κ³Ό 노폐물을 κ΅ν™˜ν•˜λŠ” 역할을 ν•˜λŠ”
00:44
responsible for nutrient and waste exchange
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ν˜ˆκ΄€μ΄λ‚˜ 체내 κ΄€ λ“±μ˜ λ‹¨μˆœν•œ 쑰직듀을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 것은
00:47
are already in our grasp.
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이미 μ‹€ν˜„ κ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:49
Bioprinting is a biological cousin of 3-D printing,
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λ°”μ΄μ˜€ν”„λ¦°νŒ…μ€ 3D ν”„λ¦°νŒ…μ„ μƒλ¬Όν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‘μš©ν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ,
00:53
a technique that deposits layers of material on top of each other
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재료λ₯Ό ν•œ λ²ˆμ— ν•œ μΈ΅μ”© 겹겹이 μŒ“μ•„ 올렀
00:57
to construct a three-dimensional object one slice at a time.
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3μ°¨μ›μ˜ 사물을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚΄λŠ” κΈ°μˆ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:01
Instead of starting with metal, plastic, or ceramic,
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κΈˆμ†, ν”ŒλΌμŠ€ν‹± λ˜λŠ” 세라믹 λŒ€μ‹ 
01:05
a 3-D printer for organs and tissues uses bioink:
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μž₯기와 쑰직을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 3D ν”„λ¦°ν„°λŠ” λ°”μ΄μ˜€ μž‰ν¬λΌλŠ”
01:09
a printable material that contains living cells.
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μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” 세포λ₯Ό ν•¨μœ ν•œ ν”„λ¦°νŠΈ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μž¬μ§ˆμ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:13
The bulk of many bioinks are water-rich molecules called hydrogels.
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ λ°”μ΄μ˜€ μž‰ν¬λŠ” ν•˜μ΄λ“œλ‘œκ²”μ΄λΌλŠ” 물이 ν’λΆ€ν•œ λΆ„μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:18
Mixed into those are millions of living cells
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이λ₯Ό 수백만의 μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” 세포와 κ²°ν•©μ‹œν‚€λŠ”λ°
01:21
as well as various chemicals that encourage cells to communicate and grow.
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세포듀이 μ†Œν†΅ν•˜κ³  μ„±μž₯ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ ν™”ν•™ λ¬Όμ§ˆλ„ ν¬ν•¨μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:26
Some bioinks include a single type of cell,
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μ–΄λ–€ λ°”μ΄μ˜€ μž‰ν¬λŠ” ν•œ 가지 μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ μ„Έν¬λ§Œ ν•¨μœ ν•˜λŠ” 반면
01:29
while others combine several different kinds to produce more complex structures.
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μ–΄λ–€ 것듀은 λͺ‡λͺ‡ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…λ₯˜λ₯Ό κ²°ν•©ν•΄ μ’€ 더 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:35
Let’s say you want to print a meniscus,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ λ°˜μ›”νŒμ„ λ§Œλ“€λ €κ³  ν•œλ‹€κ³  κ°€μ •ν•΄ 보죠.
01:37
which is a piece of cartilage in the knee
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μ΄λŠ” 무릎의 연골 λΆ€μœ„λ‘œ
01:39
that keeps the shinbone and thighbone from grinding against each other.
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μ •κ°•μ΄λΌˆμ™€ λŒ€ν‡΄κ³¨μ΄ μ„œλ‘œ κ°ˆλ¦¬λŠ” 것을 막기 μœ„ν•΄ μ‘΄μž¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:44
It’s made up of cells called chondrocytes,
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μ΄λŠ” μ—°κ³¨μ„Έν¬λ‘œ 이루어져 μžˆλŠ”λ°
01:46
and you’ll need a healthy supply of them for your bioink.
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λ°”μ΄μ˜€ μž‰ν¬λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€λ €λ©΄ λ§Žμ€ μ–‘μ˜ 연골세포가 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:50
These cells can come from donors whose cell lines are replicated in a lab.
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이 세포듀은 κΈ°μ¦μžμ—κ²Œμ„œ 얻은 세포계λ₯Ό μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ—μ„œ λ³΅μ œν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
01:55
Or they might originate from a patient’s own tissue
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ν™˜μž 본인의 μ‘°μ§μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 가지고 μ™€μ„œ
01:58
to create a personalized meniscus less likely to be rejected by their body.
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λͺΈμ΄ κ±°λΆ€λ°˜μ‘μ„ μΌμœΌν‚€μ§€ μ•Šμ„λ§Œν•œ λ§žμΆ€ν˜• λ°˜μ›”νŒμ„ λ§Œλ“€ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:03
There are several printing techniques,
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이λ₯Ό μ œμž‘ν•˜λŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ κΈ°μˆ λ“€μ΄ μžˆλŠ”λ°
02:05
and the most popular is extrusion-based bioprinting.
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κ°€μž₯ 유λͺ…ν•œ 것은 μ••μΆœ 기반 λ°”μ΄μ˜€ν”„λ¦°νŒ…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:09
In this, bioink gets loaded into a printing chamber
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μ΄λŠ” ν”„λ¦°νŒ… 챔버에 μ±„μš΄ λ°”μ΄μ˜€ μž‰ν¬λ₯Ό
02:13
and pushed through a round nozzle attached to a printhead.
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ν”„λ¦°νŒ… ν—€λ“œμ— λΆ€μ°©λœ λ‘₯κ·Ό 노즐을 톡해 λ°€μ–΄λ‚΄λŠ” λ°©λ²•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:17
It emerges from a nozzle that’s rarely wider than 400 microns in diameter,
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μž‰ν¬λŠ” 직경 400미크둠도 λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” 노즐을 톡해 μ••μΆœλ˜μ–΄
02:23
and can produce a continuous filament
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연속 ν•„λΌλ©˜νŠΈλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚Ό 수 μžˆλŠ”λ°
02:26
roughly the thickness of a human fingernail.
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μ΄λŠ” λŒ€λž΅ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ 손가락 λ‘κ»˜ μ •λ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:29
A computerized image or file guides the placement of the strands,
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μ „μ‚°ν™”λœ μ΄λ―Έμ§€λ‚˜ 파일이 좜λ ₯물의 μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό
02:33
either onto a flat surface or into a liquid bath
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ν‰ν‰ν•œ ν‘œλ©΄μ΄λ‚˜ 앑체 수쑰 μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ 지정해 μ£Όμ–΄
02:36
that’ll help hold the structure in place until it stabilizes.
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μ•ˆμ •ν™” 될 λ•ŒκΉŒμ§€ μ œμžλ¦¬μ—μ„œ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό μœ μ§€ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ λ„μ™€μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:40
These printers are fast, producing the meniscus in about half an hour,
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이 프린터듀은 λΉ¨λΌμ„œ λ°˜μ›”νŒμ„ 30λΆ„λ§Œμ— λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚Ό 수 있고
02:45
one thin strand at a time.
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ν•œ λ²ˆμ— ν•œ κ°œμ”© λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:47
After printing, some bioinks will stiffen immediately;
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ν”„λ¦°νŠΈ 후에 μ–΄λ–€ λ°”μ΄μ˜€μž‰ν¬λ“€μ€ κ·Έ μ¦‰μ‹œ ꡳ어지기도 ν•˜κ³ 
02:51
others need UV light or an additional chemical or physical process
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μ–΄λ–€ 것듀은 μžμ™Έμ„ μ΄λ‚˜ λ³„λ„μ˜ 화학적 λ˜λŠ” 물질적 과정을 거쳐야
02:55
to stabilize the structure.
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ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό μ•ˆμ •ν™”μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:57
If the printing process is successful,
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λ§Œμ•½ ν”„λ¦°νŠΈ 과정이 성곡적이라면
02:59
the cells in the synthetic tissue
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인곡 쑰직의 세포듀이
03:01
will begin to behave the same way cells do in real tissue:
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μ‹€μ œ 쑰직의 세포듀이 ν•˜λŠ” 방식 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ ν™œλ™ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:05
signaling to each other, exchanging nutrients, and multiplying.
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μ„œλ‘œ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό 보내고, μ˜μ–‘λΆ„μ„ κ΅ν™˜ν•˜κ³  μ¦μ‹ν•˜λŠ” λ“±μ˜ ν™œλ™μ΄μ£ .
03:09
We can already print relatively simple structures like this meniscus.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ°˜μ›”νŒμ²˜λŸΌ 비ꡐ적 λ‹¨μˆœν•œ ꡬ쑰물을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:13
Bioprinted bladders have also been successfully implanted,
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λ°”μ΄μ˜€ν”„λ¦°νŠΈλ‘œ μ œμž‘ν•œ 방광을 μ„±κ³΅μ μœΌλ‘œ 이식해 μ™”κ³ 
03:17
and printed tissue has promoted facial nerve regeneration in rats.
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또 ν”„λ¦°νŠΈν•œ 쑰직으둜 μ₯μ˜ μ•ˆλ©΄ μ‹ κ²½ μž¬μƒμ„ μ΄‰μ§„μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 데 μ„±κ³΅ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:23
Researchers have created lung tissue, skin, and cartilage,
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연ꡬ원듀은 폐 쑰직, ν”ΌλΆ€, 연골 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
03:26
as well as miniature, semi-functional versions of kidneys, livers, and hearts.
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μΆ•μ†Œν™” 되고 약식 κΈ°λŠ₯을 가진 μ‹ μž₯, κ°„, 심μž₯도 λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:33
However, replicating the complex biochemical environment
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ£Όμš” μž₯기의 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 생화학적 ν™˜κ²½μ„ λ³΅μ œν•˜λŠ” 것은
03:37
of a major organ is a steep challenge.
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μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ μ–΄λ €μš΄ κ³Όμ œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:39
Extrusion-based bioprinting may destroy
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μ••μΆœ 기반의 λ°”μ΄μ˜€ν”„λ¦°νŒ…μ€
03:42
a significant percentage of cells in the ink if the nozzle is too small,
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노즐이 λ„ˆλ¬΄ μž‘κ±°λ‚˜ 좜λ ₯ μ••λ ₯이 λ„ˆλ¬΄ μ…€ 경우
03:47
or if the printing pressure is too high.
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μƒλ‹Ήμˆ˜μ˜ 세포λ₯Ό νŒŒκ΄΄ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:50
One of the most formidable challenges
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κ°€μž₯ ν’€κΈ° μ–΄λ €μš΄ κ³Όμ œλŠ”
03:52
is how to supply oxygen and nutrients to all the cells in a full-size organ.
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μ‹€μ œ 크기의 μž₯기의 λͺ¨λ“  μ„Έν¬λ“€μ—κ²Œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ‚°μ†Œμ™€ μ˜μ–‘μ„ κ³΅κΈ‰ν•˜λŠλƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:58
That’s why the greatest successes so far
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κ·Έλ ‡κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ κ°€μž₯ 성곡적인 결과물이
04:01
have been with structures that are flat or hollowβ€”
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ν‰ν‰ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ 속이 뚫린 ꡬ쑰물인 것이고
04:04
and why researchers are busy developing ways
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연ꡬ원듀이 ν˜ˆκ΄€κ³Ό λ°”μ΄μ˜€ν”„λ¦°νŒ… 쑰직을 κ²°ν•©μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 방법을 κ°œλ°œν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
04:06
to incorporate blood vessels into bioprinted tissue.
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열을 μ˜¬λ¦¬λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:11
There’s tremendous potential to use bioprinting
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λ°”μ΄μ˜€ν”„λ¦°νŒ…μ€ μ—„μ²­λ‚œ κ°€λŠ₯성을 가지고 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
04:13
to save lives and advance our understanding
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μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ λͺ©μˆ¨μ„ 살리고 또 우리의 μž₯κΈ°κ°€ μš°μ„ μ μœΌλ‘œ
04:16
of how our organs function in the first place.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•œ 이해λ₯Ό μ¦μ§„μ‹œμΌœ 쀄 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:19
And the technology opens up a dizzying array of possibilities,
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이 κΈ°μˆ μ€ λ¬΄κΆλ¬΄μ§„ν•œ κ°€λŠ₯μ„±μ˜ 길을 μ—΄μ–΄ μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:23
such as printing tissues with embedded electronics.
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μ „μž μž₯치λ₯Ό μ‚½μž…ν•œ λ°”μ΄μ˜€ν”„λ¦°νŒ… 쑰직을 예둜 λ“€ 수 있죠.
04:27
Could we one day engineer organs that exceed current human capability,
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μ–Έμ  κ°€ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν˜„μž¬ μΈκ°„μ˜ λŠ₯λ ₯을 λŠ₯κ°€ν•˜λŠ” μž₯κΈ°λ₯Ό μ œμž‘ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
04:31
or give ourselves features like unburnable skin?
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λΆˆμ— 타지 μ•ŠλŠ” ν”ΌλΆ€ 같은 것듀을 λ§Œλ“€κ²Œ 될 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
04:35
How long might we extend human life by printing and replacing our organs?
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우리 μž₯κΈ°λ₯Ό ν”„λ¦°νŒ… μž₯기둜 λŒ€μ²΄ν•˜λ©΄ 수λͺ…을 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 늘릴 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
04:42
And exactly whoβ€”and whatβ€”
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그리고 μ •ν™•νžˆ λˆ„κ°€ 또 무엇이
04:44
will have access to this technology and its incredible output?
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이 기술과 λ†€λΌμš΄ 결과물에 접근성을 κ°–κ²Œ λ κΉŒμš”?
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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