The controversial origins of the Encyclopedia - Addison Anderson

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Mile Živković

Denis Diderot left a dungeon outside Paris on November 3, 1749.

Deni Didro je napustio svoju tamnicu van Pariza 3. novembra 1749.

He'd had his writing burned in public before,

I pre su javno spaljivali njegova dela,

but this time, he'd gotten locked up under royal order

ali ovaj put je utamničen po kraljevskom naređenju

for an essay about a philosopher's death bed rejection of God.

zbog eseja o filozofu koji odbacuje boga na smrtnoj postelji.

To free himself, Denis promised never to write things like that again.

Da bi bio slobodan, Deni je obećao da nikad ponovo neće pisati slične stvari.

So he got back to work on something a little like that,

Pa se vratio radu na nečem pomalo sličnom tome,

only way worse,

samo mnogo gorem

and much bigger.

i mnogo većem.

In 1745, publisher André le Breton had hired Diderot

Godine 1745, izdavač Andre le Breton je unajmio Didroa

to adapt the English cyclopedia,

da prilagodi englesku enciklopediju,

or a universal dictionary of arts and sciences

iliti univerzalni rečnik umetnosti i nauke,

for French subscribers.

za francuske pretplatnike.

A broke writer, Diderot survived by translating,

Bez prebijene pare, pisac Didro je preživljavao prevodeći,

tutoring,

podučavajući

and authoring sermons for priests,

i pišući propovedi za sveštenike,

and a pornographic novel once.

a jednom je napisao pornografski roman.

Le Breton paired him with co-editor Jean le Rond d'Alembert,

Le Breton ga je upario sa saurednikom Žanom le Rondom d'Alemberom,

a math genius found on a church doorstep as a baby.

matematičkim genijalcem koga su pronašli na pragu crkve kad je bio beba.

Technical dictionaries, like the cyclopedia, weren't new,

Tehnički rečnici, poput enciklopedije, nisu bili novina,

but no one had attempted one publication covering all knowledge,

ali niko nije pokušao da objavi sve znanje u jednom izdanju,

so they did.

te su to oni uradili.

The two men organized the French Enlightenment's brightest stars

Dva čoveka su organizovala da najsjajnije zvezde francuskog prosvetiteljstva

to produce the first encyclopedia,

sastave prvu enciklopediju,

or rational dictionary of the arts, sciences, and crafts.

iliti racionalni rečnik umetnosti, nauke i zanata.

Assembling every essential fact and principle in, as it turned out,

Sakupljajući sve bitne činjenice i principe u, kako se ispostavilo,

over 70,000 entries,

preko 70,000 jedinica,

20,000,000 words

20,000,000 reči

in 35 volumes of text and illustrations

u 35 tomova teksta i ilustracija

created over three decades of researching,

sastavljanih tokom tri decenije istraživanja,

writing,

pisanja,

arguging,

rasprava,

smuggling,

krijumčarenja,

backstabbing,

podvala,

law-breaking,

kršenja zakona

and alphabetizing.

i uazbučavanja.

To organize the work,

Kako bi sredili svoje delo,

Diderot adapted Francis Bacon's "Classification of Knowledge"

Didro je prilagodio Frensis Bejkonovu "Klasifikaciju znanja"

into a three-part system based on the mind's approaches to reality:

u sistem iz tri dela zasnovan na pristupu uma stvarnosti:

memory,

sećanju,

reason,

razumu

and imagination.

i imaginaciji.

He also emphasized the importance of commerce,

Takođe je naglasio značaj trgovine,

technology,

tehnologije

and crafts,

i zanata,

poking around shops to study the tools and techniques of Parisian laborers.

vrzmajući se oko radnji kako bi izučavao alate i tehnike pariskih radnika.

To spotlight a few of the nearly 150 philosoph contributers,

Istaći ćemo samo nekolika od skoro 150 filozofa saradnika;

Jean Jacques Rousseau, Diderot's close friend,

Žan Žak Ruso, Didroov blizak brijatelj,

wrote much of the music section in three months,

napisao je veći deo muzičkog odeljka u roku od tri meseca

and was never reimbursed for copy fees.

i nikad nije primio naknadu od kopija.

His entry on political economy holds ideas he'd later develop further

Njegovi zapisi o političkoj ekonomiji sadrže ideje

koje će kasnije podrobnije razviti u "Društvenom ugovoru".

in "The Social Contract."

D'Alembert wrote the famous preliminary discourse,

D'Alember je napisao čuvenu uvodnu reč,

a key statement of the French Enlightenment,

ključni iskaz francuskog prosvetiteljstva,

championing independent investigative reasoning

braneći nezavisno istraživačko promišljanje

as the path to progress.

kao put do napretka.

Louis de Jaucourt wrote a quarter of the encyclopedia,

Luj de Žukur je napisao četvrtinu enciklopedije,

18,000 articles,

18,000 članaka,

5,000,000 words,

5,000,000 reči,

unpaid.

bez novčane naknade.

Louis once spent 20 years writing a book on anatomy,

Luj je jednom proveo 20 godina pišući knjigu o anatomiji,

shipped it to Amsterdam to be published uncensored,

poslao je brodom u Amsterdam da bi je objavili bez cenzure

and the ship sank.

a brod je potonuo.

Voltaire contributed entries,

Volter je doprineo zapisima,

among them history,

između ostalog: iz istorije,

elegance,

elegancije

and fire.

i vatre.

Diderot's entries sometimes exhibit slight bias.

Didroovi zapisi ponekad svedoče o blagoj pristrasnosti.

In "political authority," he dismantled the divine right of kings.

U "političkom autoritetu", ogolio je božanska prava kraljeva.

Under "citizen,"

Pod pojmom "građanin",

he argued a state was strongest without great disparity in wealth.

raspravljao je kako je država najjača

kad unutar nje nema velikih razlika u bogatstvu.

Not surprising from the guy who wrote poetry about mankind strangling its kings

Ne čudi od čoveka koji je pisao poeziju o čovečanstvu kako davi svoje kraljeve

with the entrails of a priest.

iznutricama sveštenika.

So Diderot's masterpiece wasn't a hit with the king or highest priest.

Pa, Didroovo remek-delo nije postiglo uspeh kod kralja i višeg sveštenstva.

Upon release of the first two volumes,

Nakon objavljivanja prva dva toma,

Louie XV banned the whole thing but enjoyed his own copy.

Luj XV je zabranio čitavu stvar, ali je uživao u svom primerku.

Pope Clement XIII ordered it burned.

Papa Klement XIII je naredio njeno spaljivanje.

It was "dangerous,"

Bila je "opasna",

"reprehensible,"

"prekorljiva",

as well as "written in French,"

kao i "napisana na francuskom"

and in "the most seductive style."

i to "najzavodljivijim stilom".

He declared readers excommunicated

Proglasio je čitaoce ekskomuniciranim

and wanted Diderot arrested on sight.

i želeo je da odmah uhapse Didroa.

But Diderot kept a step ahead of being shut down,

Ali Didro je bio korak ispred zabrane njegovog dela,

smuggling proofs outside France for publication,

krijumčario je primerke za štampu van Francuske

and getting help from allies in the French Regime,

i primao je pomoć od saveznika iz francuskog režima,

including the King's mistress, Madame de Pompadour,

uključujući kraljevu ljubavnicu, Madam de Pompadur

and the royal librarian and censor, Malesherbes,

i kraljevskog bibliotekara i cenzora, Malzerba,

who tipped Diderot off to impending raids,

koji je dojavio Didrou za nadolazeće racije,

and even hid Diderot's papers at his dad's house.

čak je i sakrio Didroove papire u očevoj kući.

Still, he faced years of difficulty.

Ipak, čekale su ga godine poteškoća.

D'Alembert dropped out.

D'Alember je odustao.

Rousseau broke off his friendship over a line in a play.

Ruso je raskinuo prijateljstvo s njim zbog rečenice u drami.

Worse yet, his publisher secretly edited some proofs

Još gore, izdavač je u tajnosti redigovao neke dokaze

to read less radically.

kako bi zvučali manje radikalno.

The uncensored pages reappeared in Russia in 1933,

Necenzurisane stranice će se ponovo pojaviti u Rusiji 1933,

long after Diderot had considered the work finished

dugo nakon što je Didro završio posao

and died at lunch.

i umro tokom ručka.

The encyclopedia he left behind is many things:

Enciklopedija koju je ostavio za sobom predstavlja mnogo toga:

a cornerstone of the Enlightenment,

temelj prosvetiteljstva,

a testament to France's crisis of authority,

testament krize autoriteta u Francuskoj,

evidence of popular opinions migration from pulpit and pew

svedočanstvo preseljenja javnog mnjenja s govornica i iz crkvenih klupa

to cafe, salon, and press.

do kafea, salona i štampe.

It even has recipes.

Ona čak sadrži i recepte.

It's also irrepressibly human,

Takođe je i bez zadrške ljudska,

as you can tell from Diderot's entry about a plant named aguaxima.

kao što možete da primetite iz Didroovog zapisa o biljci aguaksimi.

Read it yourself, preferably out loud in a French accent.

Pročitajte sami, poželjno bi bilo glasno francuskim akcentom.