The controversial origins of the Encyclopedia - Addison Anderson

459,145 views ใƒป 2016-02-18

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
Denis Diderot left a dungeon outside Paris on November 3, 1749.
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ื“ื ื™ ื“ื™ื“ืจื• ืขื–ื‘ ืฆื™ื ื•ืง ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืคืจื™ื– ื‘ 3 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1749.
00:12
He'd had his writing burned in public before,
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ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ื ืฉืจืคื• ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ,
00:15
but this time, he'd gotten locked up under royal order
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขื, ื”ื•ื ื ืืกืจ ืชื—ืช ืฆื• ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™
00:18
for an essay about a philosopher's death bed rejection of God.
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ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืืžืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื“ื—ื” ืืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืกืฃ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.
00:24
To free himself, Denis promised never to write things like that again.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื“ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:28
So he got back to work on something a little like that,
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืขื˜ ืœื–ื”,
00:31
only way worse,
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ืจืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข,
00:32
and much bigger.
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ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
00:34
In 1745, publisher Andrรฉ le Breton had hired Diderot
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ื‘ 1745, ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืื ื“ืจื” ืœื” ื‘ืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืจ ืืช ื“ื™ื“ืจื•
00:38
to adapt the English cyclopedia,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช,
00:41
or a universal dictionary of arts and sciences
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ืื• ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื
00:45
for French subscribers.
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ืœืžื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฆืจืคืชื™ื.
00:47
A broke writer, Diderot survived by translating,
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ืกื•ืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืจ, ื“ื™ื“ืจื• ืฉืจื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืจื’ื•ื,
00:50
tutoring,
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ืœื™ืžื•ื“,
00:51
and authoring sermons for priests,
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ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื›ืžืจื™ื,
00:53
and a pornographic novel once.
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ื•ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื ื•ื‘ืœื” ืคื•ืจื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช.
00:55
Le Breton paired him with co-editor Jean le Rond d'Alembert,
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ืœื” ื‘ืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืขื ื”ืขื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื–'ืืŸ ืœื” ืจื•ื ื“ ื“ื” ืืœืžื‘ืจื˜,
00:58
a math genius found on a church doorstep as a baby.
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ื’ืื•ืŸ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื” ืขืœ ืกืฃ ื“ืœืช ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื” ื›ืชื™ื ื•ืง.
01:02
Technical dictionaries, like the cyclopedia, weren't new,
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ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื”, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
01:05
but no one had attempted one publication covering all knowledge,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื ื™ืกื” ืคืจืกื•ื ืื—ื“ ืฉื™ื›ืกื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข,
01:09
so they did.
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ืื– ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช.
01:11
The two men organized the French Enlightenment's brightest stars
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืืจื’ื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืืจื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช
01:14
to produce the first encyclopedia,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืืช ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
01:17
or rational dictionary of the arts, sciences, and crafts.
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ืื• ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”.
01:22
Assembling every essential fact and principle in, as it turned out,
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ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื•ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ืกืชื‘ืจ,
01:27
over 70,000 entries,
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ื›ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 70,000 ืขืจื›ื™ื,
01:30
20,000,000 words
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20,000,000 ืžื™ืœื™ื
01:32
in 35 volumes of text and illustrations
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ื‘ 35 ื›ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื•ืื™ื•ืจื™ื
01:36
created over three decades of researching,
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ,
01:39
writing,
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ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”,
01:40
arguging,
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—,
01:41
smuggling,
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ื”ื‘ืจื—ื”,
01:42
backstabbing,
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ื“ืงื™ืจืช ื’ื‘,
01:43
law-breaking,
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ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื—ื•ืง,
01:44
and alphabetizing.
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ื•ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืืœืคื‘ืชื™.
01:46
To organize the work,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
01:48
Diderot adapted Francis Bacon's "Classification of Knowledge"
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ื“ื“ืจื• ื”ืชืื™ื ืืช "ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ื”ื™ื“ืข" ืฉืœ ืคืจื ืกื™ืก ื‘ื™ื™ืงื•ืŸ
01:52
into a three-part system based on the mind's approaches to reality:
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ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช:
01:56
memory,
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ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ,
01:57
reason,
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ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ,
01:58
and imagination.
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ื•ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ.
02:00
He also emphasized the importance of commerce,
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ,
02:02
technology,
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
02:03
and crafts,
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ื•ืžืœืื›ื”,
02:05
poking around shops to study the tools and techniques of Parisian laborers.
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ืžื—ื˜ื˜ ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืคืจื™ื–ืื™ื.
02:10
To spotlight a few of the nearly 150 philosoph contributers,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื›ืžืขื˜ 150 ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื”ืชื•ืจืžื™ื,
02:14
Jean Jacques Rousseau, Diderot's close friend,
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ื–'ืืŸ ื–'ืืง ืจื•ืกื•, ื—ื‘ืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื“ืจื•,
02:17
wrote much of the music section in three months,
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ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื—ืœืง ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
02:20
and was never reimbursed for copy fees.
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ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชืฉืœื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื•.
02:23
His entry on political economy holds ideas he'd later develop further
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ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื™ืชื— ืขื•ื“ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:27
in "The Social Contract."
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ื‘ "ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™."
02:29
D'Alembert wrote the famous preliminary discourse,
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ื“ืœืžื‘ืจ ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื,
02:32
a key statement of the French Enlightenment,
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ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืืจื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช,
02:35
championing independent investigative reasoning
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ื•ืงื™ื“ื ื—ืงืจ ืขืฆืžืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ
02:37
as the path to progress.
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ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืชื”ืชืœื™ืš.
02:39
Louis de Jaucourt wrote a quarter of the encyclopedia,
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ืœื•ืื™ ื“ื” ื–'ืืงื•ืจื˜ ื›ืชื‘ ืจื‘ืข ืžื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื”,
02:43
18,000 articles,
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18,000 ืขืจื›ื™ื,
02:45
5,000,000 words,
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5,000,000 ืžื™ืœื™ื,
02:46
unpaid.
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ืœืœื ืชืฉืœื•ื.
02:48
Louis once spent 20 years writing a book on anatomy,
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ืœื•ืื™ ืคืขื ื‘ื™ืœื” 20 ืฉื ื” ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื”,
02:51
shipped it to Amsterdam to be published uncensored,
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ืฉื ืฉืœื— ืœืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืœืœื ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื”,
02:53
and the ship sank.
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ื•ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื”.
02:55
Voltaire contributed entries,
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ื•ื•ืœื˜ื™ืจ ืชืจื ืขืจื›ื™ื,
02:57
among them history,
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ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
02:58
elegance,
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ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
02:59
and fire.
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ื•ืืฉ.
03:01
Diderot's entries sometimes exhibit slight bias.
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ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื“ืจื• ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืขื˜ ื ื˜ื™ื”.
03:04
In "political authority," he dismantled the divine right of kings.
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ื‘"ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช," ื”ื•ื ืคืจืง ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื.
03:09
Under "citizen,"
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ืชื—ืช "ืื–ืจื—,"
03:10
he argued a state was strongest without great disparity in wealth.
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ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืฉืจ.
03:14
Not surprising from the guy who wrote poetry about mankind strangling its kings
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ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืคืชื™ืข ืžื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื—ื•ื ืงืช ืืช ืžืœื›ื™ื”
03:20
with the entrails of a priest.
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ืขื ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืžืจ.
03:23
So Diderot's masterpiece wasn't a hit with the king or highest priest.
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ืื– ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืคืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื“ืจื• ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืืฆืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ืื• ื”ื›ืžืจื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื.
03:27
Upon release of the first two volumes,
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ืขื ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื,
03:29
Louie XV banned the whole thing but enjoyed his own copy.
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ืœื•ืื™ ื” 15 ืืกืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื‘ืœ ื ื”ื ื” ืžืขื•ืชืง ืžืฉืœื•.
03:34
Pope Clement XIII ordered it burned.
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ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ืงืœืžื ื˜ื” 13 ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื”.
03:37
It was "dangerous,"
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” "ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช,"
03:38
"reprehensible,"
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"ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœื’ื™ื ื•ื™,"
03:40
as well as "written in French,"
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื "ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช,"
03:42
and in "the most seductive style."
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ื•ื‘"ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืคืชื”."
03:44
He declared readers excommunicated
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืฉื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื™ื ื•ื“ื•
03:46
and wanted Diderot arrested on sight.
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ื•ืจืฆื” ืฉื“ื™ื“ืจื• ื™ืขืฆืจ ืžื™ื“.
03:49
But Diderot kept a step ahead of being shut down,
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื™ื“ืจื• ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืฆืขื“ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง,
03:52
smuggling proofs outside France for publication,
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ื— ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฆืจืคืช ืœืคืจืกื•ื,
03:55
and getting help from allies in the French Regime,
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขื–ืจื” ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™,
03:58
including the King's mistress, Madame de Pompadour,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื’ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš, ืžื“ืื ื“ื” ืคื•ืžืคื“ื•ืจ,
04:01
and the royal librarian and censor, Malesherbes,
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ื•ื”ืกืคืจืŸ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ื•ื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจ, ืžืœืฉืจื‘ื”,
04:05
who tipped Diderot off to impending raids,
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ืฉื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ื“ื™ื“ืจื• ืžืคื ื™ ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช,
04:07
and even hid Diderot's papers at his dad's house.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื“ืจื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ื•.
04:11
Still, he faced years of difficulty.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืขืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืฉื™.
04:14
D'Alembert dropped out.
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ื“ืœืžื‘ืจื˜ ืคืจืฉ.
04:15
Rousseau broke off his friendship over a line in a play.
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ืจื•ืกื• ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื—ื–ื”.
04:18
Worse yet, his publisher secretly edited some proofs
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ื•ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ืขืจืš ื›ืžื” ืขืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉืื™
04:23
to read less radically.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืจืื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื.
04:25
The uncensored pages reappeared in Russia in 1933,
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ื”ื“ืคื™ื ื”ืœื ืžืฆื•ื ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ 1933,
04:30
long after Diderot had considered the work finished
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื“ื™ื“ืจื• ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื”
04:32
and died at lunch.
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ื•ืžืช ื‘ืืจื•ื—ืช ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื.
04:35
The encyclopedia he left behind is many things:
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ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื:
04:38
a cornerstone of the Enlightenment,
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ืื‘ืŸ ืคื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื”,
04:40
a testament to France's crisis of authority,
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ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืจืคืช,
04:43
evidence of popular opinions migration from pulpit and pew
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ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืจืช ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืžื” ื•ืกืคืกืœ
04:48
to cafe, salon, and press.
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ืœืงืคื”, ืกืœื•ืŸ, ื•ื“ืคื•ืก.
04:51
It even has recipes.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืชื›ื•ื ื™ื.
04:53
It's also irrepressibly human,
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื“ื—ื™ืง,
04:55
as you can tell from Diderot's entry about a plant named aguaxima.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื“ืจื• ืขืœ ืฆืžื— ื‘ืฉื ืื’ื•ืืงืกื™ืžื”.
05:00
Read it yourself, preferably out loud in a French accent.
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ืงืจืื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื, ืจืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ื ืฆืจืคืชื™.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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