Ugly History: The El Mozote murders - Diana Sierra Becerra

217,773 views ・ 2022-05-17

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Ivana Korom
00:07
In 1984, a group of radio broadcasters and operators
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Godine 1984, grupa radio emitera i operatera
00:11
walked into the abandoned village of El Mozote in El Salvador.
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je ušetala u napušteno selo El Mazote u El Salvadoru.
00:15
Fireflies illuminated the remnants of a massacre
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Svici su osvetljavali ostatke masakra
00:17
that had taken place three years earlier.
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koji se desio tri godine ranije.
00:20
Led by Colonel Domingo Monterrosa,
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Predvođena pukovnikom Domingom Monterosom,
00:22
government soldiers had tortured, raped, and murdered 978 people,
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vladina vojska je mučila, silovala i ubila 978 ljudi,
00:27
including 553 children.
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uključujući 553 deteta.
00:31
The youngest victim, Concepción Sánchez, was just three days old.
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Najmlađa žrtva, Konsepsion Sančez, imala je svega tri dana.
00:36
Both the US and Salvadoran governments denied the massacre had taken place,
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I američka i salvadorska vlada su negirale da se masakr desio,
00:40
and the slaughter left few people alive to tell their story.
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a pokolj je preživelo svega nekoliko ljudi da bi ispričali svoju priču.
00:44
But with the help of Radio Venceremos, one of those survivors, Rufina Amaya,
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Međutim, uz pomoć radija Venseremos, jedna od preživelih, Rufina Amaja,
00:49
shared her testimony—
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podelila je svoje svedočanstvo -
00:51
exposing both Monterrosa and the governments funding his crimes.
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razotkrivajući i Monterosu i vlade koje su finansirale njegove zločine.
00:54
This massacre was one in a long line of atrocities
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Ovaj masakr je bio jedno u dugom nizu zverstava
00:57
committed against El Salvador’s farmers.
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koja su počinjena protiv zemljoradnika El Salvadora.
01:00
Since the 1800s, a handful of oligarchs
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Od 1800-ih, šačica oligarha
01:03
had controlled nearly all the country’s land,
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je kontrolisala svu zemlju u državi,
01:05
forcing laborers to work for almost nothing.
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terajući radnike na gotovo neplaćen rad.
01:08
In 1932, Indigenous farm workers led an insurrection,
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Godine 1932, domorodački zemljoradnici su predvodili ustanak,
01:12
but the dictatorial government responded by committing genocide
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ali je diktatorska vlada odgovorila genocidom
01:15
against these communities.
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nad tim zajednicama.
01:17
From then on, one military dictatorship after another ruled the country
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Od tada, u zemlji su se smenjivale vojne diktature koje su bile
01:22
in concert with wealthy landowners.
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u dosluhu sa imućnim zemljoposednicima.
01:25
Their power only grew in the 1960s,
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Njihova moć je samo porasla tokom 1960-ih
01:27
when the United States began supplying the regime with military aid.
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kada su SAD počele da snabdevaju režim vojnom pomoći.
01:31
The US wanted to stop the spread of reformist and revolutionary movements,
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SAD je želela da spreči širenje reformskih i revolucionarnih pokreta,
01:35
which they saw as threats to capitalism.
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koje je videla kao pretnju kapitalizmu.
01:37
So they spent huge sums of money training Salvadoran soldiers and “death squads”—
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Pa su trošili ogromne sume novca na obuku salvadorskih vojnika i „odreda smrti” -
01:42
fascist military units versed in brutal counter-insurgency methods.
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fašističkih vojnih jedinica podučenih brutalnim protivpobunjeničkim metodama.
01:47
Throughout the 1970s, these forces slaughtered farmers
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Tokom 1970-ih, ove snage su ubijale zemljoradnike
01:51
who organized to demand basic rights,
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koji su se organizovali zahtevajući osnovna prava,
01:53
such as living wages, food, and clean water.
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poput dostojnih plata, hrane i pitke vode.
01:57
Finally, in 1980, farmers and urban workers formed
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Naposletku, 1980, zemljoradnici i urbani radnici su oformili
02:00
the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front.
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Nacionalni front oslobođenja Farabundo Martí.
02:04
This coalition of guerrilla groups fought to overthrow the dictatorship
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Ova koalicija gerilskih grupa se borila da svrgne diktaturu
02:08
and build a socialist society that met the needs of laborers.
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i izgradi socijalističko društvo koje zadovoljava potrebe radnika.
02:12
These revolutionaries were attacked from every direction.
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Ove revolucionare su napadali sa svih strana.
02:15
Colonel Monterrosa led a special battalion intent on destroying the FMLN,
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Pukovnik Monterosa je predvodio naročit bataljon s namerom uništenja NFOFM-a,
02:20
using tactics he’d learned at an American military school.
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koristeći taktike koje je naučio u američkoj vojnoj školi.
02:23
State forces terrorized farmers to stop them
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Državne snage su maltretirale zemljoradnike kako bi ih sprečili
02:26
from joining or aiding the guerrillas.
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da se pridruže ili pomažu gerilama.
02:28
But one group of rebels would not be silenced:
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Jedna grupa pobunjenika pak nije želela da ćuti:
02:31
the operators of Radio Venceremos.
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operateri radija Venseremos.
02:34
This clandestine guerrilla radio began in 1981,
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Ovaj tajni gerilski radio je počeo sa radom 1981,
02:37
and its broadcasters Santiago and Mariposa became the voice of the revolution.
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a njegovi emiteri Santijago i Mariposa su postali glasovi revolucije.
02:43
They transmitted news from the front lines
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Prenosili su vesti iz prvih redova
02:45
and reported military abuses that no other source covered.
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i izveštavali o vojnom nasilju koje nijedan drugi izvor nije pokrivao.
02:49
The station’s politics and popularity made it a high-profile target.
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Zbog politike i popularnosti, stanica je postala visokoprofilna meta.
02:53
And because they operated in a relatively small area,
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A pošto su radili na relativno malom prostoru,
02:56
its broadcasters had to move constantly to evade capture.
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emiteri su morali stalno da budu u pokretu da bi izbegli zarobljeništvo.
03:00
To communicate undetected, the group modified two radios into telephones,
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Kako bi neopaženo komunicirali, grupa je modifikovala dva radija u telefone,
03:05
linked together through kilometers of barbed wire covering the countryside.
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povezane kilometrima bodljikave žice koja se prostirala selima.
03:10
This secret telephone line helped the rebels
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Tajna telefonska linija je pomagala pobunjenicima
03:12
stay one step ahead of their pursuers.
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da budu korak ispred progonitelja.
03:15
In addition to reporting news,
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Pored prenosa vesti,
03:17
the radio broadcast educational programs in areas under guerrilla control.
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radio je emitovao obrazovne programe u oblastima pod gerilskom kontrolom.
03:22
Here, farmers organized democratic councils to govern themselves,
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Tu su se zemljoradnici organizovali u demokratska veća,
03:25
alongside cooperatives, schools, and medical clinics.
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kao i zadruge, škole i klinike.
03:30
Organizers also encouraged civilian women to participate in these councils
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Organizatori su takođe ohrabrivali žene civile da učestvuju u ovim većima
03:34
to ensure the revolution overthrew both capitalism and patriarchy.
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kako bi se postarali da revolucija svrgne i kapitalizam i patrijarhat.
03:38
Women made up roughly a third of the guerrillas,
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Žene su sačinjavale otprilike trećinu gerila,
03:41
working in a huge variety of roles.
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radeći u raznim ulogama.
03:43
Colonel Monterrosa was obsessed with destroying Radio Venceremos.
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Pukovnik Monterosa je bio opsednut uništavanjem radija Venseremos.
03:47
In October 1984,
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Oktobra 1984,
03:49
government soldiers finally captured their radio transmitter.
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vladini vojnici su konačno zaplenili radijski predajnik.
03:53
Monterrosa himself went to retrieve the equipment
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Monterosa lično je otišao da zapleni opremu
03:55
and held a theatrical press conference celebrating
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i održao je teatralnu konferenciju za štampu slaveći
03:58
his “decisive blow to the subversives.”
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svoj „odlučni udarac subverzivcima.”
04:01
But in reality, the radio team had outsmarted him once again.
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U stvarnosti ipak, radijska ekipa ga je još jednom nadmudrila.
04:06
The transmitter was boobytrapped.
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Predajnik je bio zamka.
04:08
Once Monterrosa’s helicopter left the press conference,
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Čim je Monterosin helikopter napustio konferenciju za štampu,
04:11
radio members detonated the device over El Mozote,
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radijska ekipa je detonirala spravu iznad El Mozota,
04:14
killing the colonel near the village he had massacred.
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ubivši pukovnika blizu sela gde je izvršio masakr.
04:18
Monterrosa’s death was one victory in a much larger conflict.
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Monterosina smrt je bila jedna pobeda u mnogo većem konfliktu.
04:22
The civil war raged on for 8 more years before concluding in 1992,
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Građanski rat je buktio narednih osam godina i okončan je 1992,
04:27
when peace accords dissolved the oppressive National Guard
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kada su mirovni dogovori raspustili opresivnu Nacionalnu gardu
04:30
and allowed the FMLN to become an electoral party.
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i dozvolili NFOFM-u da postane politička partija.
04:33
But these accords didn’t address problems of deep, structural inequality.
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Ovi se dogovori pak nisu bavili problemima duboke, strukuralne nejednakosti.
04:39
In 1993, the UN Truth Commission
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Godine 1993, UN-ova Komisija istine
04:41
reported that over 75,000 people died during the war.
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je izvestila da je preko 75 000 ljudi izgubilo živote tokom rata.
04:46
Yet the Salvadoran legislature prevented the prosecution of war crimes
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Ipak, zakonodavci iz Salvadora su sprečili suđenja za ratne zločine
04:50
and continues to obstruct justice to this day.
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i dan-danas nastavljaju da ometaju pravdu.
04:53
As of 2021, no participating American officials have been put on trial,
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Do 2021, nijednom američkom zvaničniku koji je saučestvovao nije suđeno
04:59
and only one individual from the Salvadoran government
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i samo je jedna osoba iz salvadorske vlade
05:02
has been sentenced for war crimes.
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osuđena za ratne zločine.
05:05
Historical erasure exists in the US as well,
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Brisanje istorije je prisutno i u SAD-u,
05:08
where these and other stories of US intervention in Central America
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gde se ove i druge priče o američkim intervencijama u Centralnoj Americi
05:11
are rarely taught in public schools.
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retko podučavaju u državnim školama.
05:14
But the victims refuse to be forgotten.
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Međutim, žrtve odbijaju da se predaju zaboravu.
05:16
Rufina Amaya continued to share her testimony until her death in 2007.
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Rufina Amaja je delila svoje svedočanstvo do svoje smrti 2007. godine.
05:22
And survivors of other massacres still organize to denounce state violence.
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A preživeli iz drugih masakara se i dalje organizuju u osudi državnog nasilja.
05:28
They map old massacre sites, exhume and bury loved ones,
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Prave mape starih poprišta masakra, iskopavaju i sahranjuju voljene,
05:32
and build sanctuaries and museums,
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grade svetilišta i muzeje
05:34
all in the hope of pollinating a more just future.
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s nadom da će posejati seme pravednije budućnosti.
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