Ugly History: The El Mozote murders - Diana Sierra Becerra

236,145 views ใƒป 2022-05-17

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:07
In 1984, a group of radio broadcasters and operators
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ื‘ 1984, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืฉื“ืจื ื™ ืจื“ื™ื• ื•ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื
00:11
walked into the abandoned village of El Mozote in El Salvador.
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ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœื›ืคืจ ื”ื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืœ ืžื•ื–ื•ื˜ื” ื‘ืืœ ืกืœื‘ื“ื•ืจ.
00:15
Fireflies illuminated the remnants of a massacre
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ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ื—
00:17
that had taken place three years earlier.
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ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:20
Led by Colonel Domingo Monterrosa,
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ืžื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ืœ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื’ื• ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื•ื–ื”,
00:22
government soldiers had tortured, raped, and murdered 978 people,
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ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืขื™ื ื•, ืื ืกื• ื•ืจืฆื—ื• 978 ืื ืฉื™ื,
00:27
including 553 children.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ 553 ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
00:31
The youngest victim, Concepciรณn Sรกnchez, was just three days old.
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ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืงื•ื ืกืคืกื™ื•ืŸ ืกื ืฉื–, ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืง ื‘ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื.
00:36
Both the US and Salvadoran governments denied the massacre had taken place,
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ื’ื ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื’ื ื”ืกืœื‘ื“ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉื• ืฉื˜ื‘ื— ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ,
00:40
and the slaughter left few people alive to tell their story.
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ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ื— ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื.
00:44
But with the help of Radio Venceremos, one of those survivors, Rufina Amaya,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ืขื–ืจืช ืจื“ื™ื• ื•ื ืกืจืžื•ืก, ืื—ืช ืžืื•ืชื ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื, ืจื•ืคื™ื ื” ืืžื™ื”,
00:49
shared her testimonyโ€”
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ื—ืœืงื” ืืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื” --
00:51
exposing both Monterrosa and the governments funding his crimes.
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ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ื’ื ืืช ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื•ืกื” ื•ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืœืคืฉืขื™ื•.
00:54
This massacre was one in a long line of atrocities
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ื”ื˜ื‘ื— ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื•ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช
00:57
committed against El Salvadorโ€™s farmers.
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ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื ื’ื“ ื”ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœ ืกืœื•ื•ื“ื•ืจ.
01:00
Since the 1800s, a handful of oligarchs
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ืžืื– ื”ืžืื” ื”19, ืžืกืคืจ ืื•ืœื™ื’ืจื›ื™ื
01:03
had controlled nearly all the countryโ€™s land,
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ืฉืœื˜ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
01:05
forcing laborers to work for almost nothing.
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ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื—ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
01:08
In 1932, Indigenous farm workers led an insurrection,
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ื‘ 1932, ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืžื”ืคื›ื”,
01:12
but the dictatorial government responded by committing genocide
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืจืฆื— ืขื
01:15
against these communities.
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ื ื’ื“ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
01:17
From then on, one military dictatorship after another ruled the country
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ืžืื–, ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจ ืฆื‘ืื™ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”
01:22
in concert with wealthy landowners.
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ื‘ืชื™ืื•ื ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื” ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื.
01:25
Their power only grew in the 1960s,
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 60 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”20,
01:27
when the United States began supplying the regime with military aid.
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ื›ืฉืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืกืคืง ืœืžืฉื˜ืจ ืกื™ื•ืข ืฆื‘ืื™.
01:31
The US wanted to stop the spread of reformist and revolutionary movements,
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ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืจืฆืชื” ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื•ืช,
01:35
which they saw as threats to capitalism.
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ืฉื”ื ืจืื• ื›ืื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื.
01:37
So they spent huge sums of money training Salvadoran soldiers and โ€œdeath squadsโ€โ€”
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ืื– ื”ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืกืœื‘ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื•โ€œื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื•ืชโ€ --
01:42
fascist military units versed in brutal counter-insurgency methods.
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ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืžื—ื• ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ืชืžืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช.
01:47
Throughout the 1970s, these forces slaughtered farmers
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ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 70, ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื˜ื‘ื—ื• ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื
01:51
who organized to demand basic rights,
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ืฉื”ืชืืจื’ื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช,
01:53
such as living wages, food, and clean water.
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ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืงื•ืช ืœืžื—ื™ื”, ืื•ื›ืœ, ื•ืžื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื.
01:57
Finally, in 1980, farmers and urban workers formed
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ 1980, ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื•
02:00
the Farabundo Martรญ National Liberation Front.
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ืืช ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืคืจื‘ื•ื ื“ื• ืžืจื˜ื™.
02:04
This coalition of guerrilla groups fought to overthrow the dictatorship
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ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื’ืจื™ืœื” ื ืœื—ืžื” ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื”
02:08
and build a socialist society that met the needs of laborers.
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ื•ื‘ื ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืฉืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
02:12
These revolutionaries were attacked from every direction.
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ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ืชืงืคื• ืžื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
02:15
Colonel Monterrosa led a special battalion intent on destroying the FMLN,
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ืงื•ืœื•ื ืœ ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื•ืกื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื” FMLN,
02:20
using tactics heโ€™d learned at an American military school.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืฆื‘ืื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™.
02:23
State forces terrorized farmers to stop them
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ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ืื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื
02:26
from joining or aiding the guerrillas.
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ืžืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืื• ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื’ืจื™ืœื”.
02:28
But one group of rebels would not be silenced:
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœื ืชื•ืฉืชืง:
02:31
the operators of Radio Venceremos.
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ื”ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื“ื™ื• ื•ื ืกืจืžื•ืก.
02:34
This clandestine guerrilla radio began in 1981,
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ืจื“ื™ื• ื”ื’ืจื™ืœื” ื”ื—ืฉืื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ 1981,
02:37
and its broadcasters Santiago and Mariposa became the voice of the revolution.
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ื•ื”ืฉื“ืจื ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืกื ื˜ื™ืื’ื• ื•ืžืจื™ืคื•ืกื” ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื”.
02:43
They transmitted news from the front lines
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื“ืจื• ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื™ื™ื
02:45
and reported military abuses that no other source covered.
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ื•ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ืฉืืฃ ืžืงื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ืœื ื›ื™ืกื”.
02:49
The stationโ€™s politics and popularity made it a high-profile target.
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ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ื ื” ื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื” ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื‘ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
02:53
And because they operated in a relatively small area,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืคืขืœื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืงื˜ืŸ,
02:56
its broadcasters had to move constantly to evade capture.
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ื”ืฉื“ืจื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื–ื•ื– ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžืœื›ื™ื“ื”.
03:00
To communicate undetected, the group modified two radios into telephones,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืœืœื ื’ื™ืœื•ื™, ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืฉื ื™ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืจื“ื™ื• ืœื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ,
03:05
linked together through kilometers of barbed wire covering the countryside.
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ืงื™ืฉืจื” ืื•ืชื ื™ื—ื“ ื“ืจืš ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื˜ ืฉืžื›ืกื” ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข.
03:10
This secret telephone line helped the rebels
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ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืขื–ืจ ืœืžื•ืจื“ื™ื
03:12
stay one step ahead of their pursuers.
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ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืจื•ื“ืคื™ื™ื”ื.
03:15
In addition to reporting news,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
03:17
the radio broadcast educational programs in areas under guerrilla control.
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ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ืฉื™ื“ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ื’ืจื™ืœื”.
03:22
Here, farmers organized democratic councils to govern themselves,
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ืคื”, ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื ืืจื’ื ื• ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื,
03:25
alongside cooperatives, schools, and medical clinics.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืงื•ืื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ, ื•ืžืจืคืื•ืช.
03:30
Organizers also encouraged civilian women to participate in these councils
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ืžืืจื’ื ื™ื ืขื•ื“ื“ื• ื’ื ื ืฉื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
03:34
to ensure the revolution overthrew both capitalism and patriarchy.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืชืกืœืง ื’ื ืืช ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ื•ื’ื ืืช ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ืืจื›ื™ื”.
03:38
Women made up roughly a third of the guerrillas,
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ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ื’ืจื™ืœื”,
03:41
working in a huge variety of roles.
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ื•ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื.
03:43
Colonel Monterrosa was obsessed with destroying Radio Venceremos.
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ืงื•ืœื•ื ืœ ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื•ืกื” ื”ื™ื” ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื‘ื™ ืœื”ืฉืžื“ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ื•ื ืกืจืžื•ืก
03:47
In October 1984,
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ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1984,
03:49
government soldiers finally captured their radio transmitter.
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ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื›ื“ื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ืžืฉื“ืจ ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ืฉืœื”ื.
03:53
Monterrosa himself went to retrieve the equipment
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ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื•ืกื” ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืœืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“
03:55
and held a theatrical press conference celebrating
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ื•ืขืฉื” ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ืชืื˜ืจืœื™ืช ืฉื—ื’ื’ื”
03:58
his โ€œdecisive blow to the subversives.โ€
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ืืช โ€œื”ืžื›ื” ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉืœื• ืœื—ื•ืชืจื™ื.โ€
04:01
But in reality, the radio team had outsmarted him once again.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ื”ืชื—ื›ื ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื•ื‘.
04:06
The transmitter was boobytrapped.
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ื”ืžืฉื“ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืžื•ืœื›ื“.
04:08
Once Monterrosaโ€™s helicopter left the press conference,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื”ืœื™ืงื•ืคื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื•ืกื” ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื,
04:11
radio members detonated the device over El Mozote,
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ืคื•ืฆืฆื• ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžืขืœ ืืœ ืžื•ื–ื•ื˜ื”,
04:14
killing the colonel near the village he had massacred.
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ื•ื”ืจื’ื• ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ืœ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื›ืคืจ ืื•ืชื• ื˜ื‘ื—.
04:18
Monterrosaโ€™s death was one victory in a much larger conflict.
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ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื•ืกื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
04:22
The civil war raged on for 8 more years before concluding in 1992,
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ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื” ืขื•ื“ 8 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ 1992,
04:27
when peace accords dissolved the oppressive National Guard
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ื›ืฉื”ืกื›ืžื™ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืคืจืงื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืื›ื–ืจื™
04:30
and allowed the FMLN to become an electoral party.
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ื•ืืคืฉืจื• ืœ FMLN ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืคืœื’ื”.
04:33
But these accords didnโ€™t address problems of deep, structural inequality.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื˜ื™ืคืœื• ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืžื•ืง ื•ื”ืžื‘ื ื™.
04:39
In 1993, the UN Truth Commission
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ื‘ 1993, ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•โ€œืž
04:41
reported that over 75,000 people died during the war.
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ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 75,000 ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”.
04:46
Yet the Salvadoran legislature prevented the prosecution of war crimes
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื ื”ืกืœื‘ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืžื ืขื• ืžื”ืืฉืžืช ืคื•ืฉืขื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”
04:50
and continues to obstruct justice to this day.
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ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืฆื“ืง ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
04:53
As of 2021, no participating American officials have been put on trial,
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœ 2021, ืืฃ ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ืขืžื“ื• ืœื“ื™ืŸ,
04:59
and only one individual from the Salvadoran government
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ื•ืจืง ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืกืœื‘ื“ื•ืจื™
05:02
has been sentenced for war crimes.
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ื”ื•ืจืฉืข ื‘ืคืฉืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”.
05:05
Historical erasure exists in the US as well,
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ืžื—ื™ืงืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื’ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
05:08
where these and other stories of US intervention in Central America
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ืฉื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืžืจื™ืงื”
05:11
are rarely taught in public schools.
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ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื.
05:14
But the victims refuse to be forgotten.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืกืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉื›ื—.
05:16
Rufina Amaya continued to share her testimony until her death in 2007.
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ืจื•ืคื™ื ื” ืืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื” ื‘ 2007.
05:22
And survivors of other massacres still organize to denounce state violence.
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ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืฉื™ ื˜ื‘ื— ืื—ืจื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืืจื’ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืงื™ืข ืืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
05:28
They map old massacre sites, exhume and bury loved ones,
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ื”ื ืžืžืคื™ื ืืชืจื™ ื˜ื‘ื— ื™ืฉื ื™ื, ืžื’ืœื™ื ื•ืงื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื,
05:32
and build sanctuaries and museums,
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ื•ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื,
05:34
all in the hope of pollinating a more just future.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืคืจื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆื•ื“ืง.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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