The true story of 'true' - Gina Cooke

Istinita priča o "istinitom" - Đina Kuk (Gina Cooke)

445,823 views ・ 2013-12-16

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Miloš Milosavljević Lektor: Mile Živković
00:06
Everyone knows that stories
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Svi znaju da su priče
00:08
are made up of words,
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sačinjene od reči -
00:09
from short poems
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od kratkih pesama
00:10
to epic novels.
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do epskih romana.
00:11
But did you know
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Ali, da li ste znali
00:13
that a single word itself
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da jedna reč sama
00:14
can tell an entire story?
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može da ispriča celu priču?
00:16
You see, just as we can look at a story's plot,
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Kao što možemo da vidimo zaplet priče,
00:19
setting,
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okruženje
00:20
and characters,
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i likove,
00:21
we can also study the history
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tako možemo i da proučimo istorijat
00:23
of an individual word,
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pojedinačne reči,
00:24
where it developed,
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gde je nastala
00:25
and the cultures and people
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i kulture i ljude
00:27
who helped shape it.
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koji su pomogli da se oblikuje.
00:28
Looking into the story of a word
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Istraživati priču jedne reči
00:30
is like counting the rings of a tree.
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je kao brojati godove drveta.
00:32
Newer words, like Google
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Novije reči, kao što je "Gugl"
00:34
or cyborg,
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ili "kiborg"
00:35
have shorter stories.
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imaju kraće priče.
00:36
But the older the word,
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Ali, što je starija reč,
00:38
the longer the story
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to je duža priča
00:39
and the more it stands to reveal to us
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i više može da nam otkrije,
00:42
not only about itself,
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ne samo o sebi,
00:43
but about ourselves and our history.
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nego i o nama i o istoriji.
00:46
The oldest words in present-day English
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Najstarije reči u današnjem engleskom
00:48
are those that come from Old English,
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su one koje dolaze iz staroengleskog,
00:50
the ancestor of our modern language
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preteče našeg modernog jezika
00:52
whose first seeds were planted
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čije je prvo seme zasejano
00:53
about 1500 years ago.
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pre oko 1.500 godina.
00:56
Compared to languages like Greek or Chinese
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U poređenju sa jezicima kao što su grčki ili kineski
00:58
that date back thousands of years,
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koji su nastali pre više hiljada godina,
01:00
English is just a sapling in the lexical forest.
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engleski je tek izdanak u leksičkoj šumi.
01:03
But the stories of its words
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Ali priče o njegovim rečima
01:05
often start long before English itself took root.
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često počinju mnogo pre nego što se engleski ukorenio.
01:09
One such word is the familiar word true,
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Jedna takva reč je poznata reč "istinit",
01:12
as in true stories.
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kao u istinitim pričama.
01:14
Let's take a look.
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Hajde da pogledamo.
01:16
True usually means factual, correct,
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Istinito obično znači činjenično, tačno
01:18
or faithful to reality.
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ili - verno realnosti.
01:20
It can also mean exact,
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Takođe može da znači - precizno,
01:22
properly positioned,
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dobro postavljeno,
01:23
upright,
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ispravno
01:24
or straight.
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ili pravo.
01:25
A true friend is loyal,
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Istinit (pravi) prijatelj je lojalan,
01:27
reliable,
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pouzdan,
01:28
faithful,
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veran
01:29
and steadfast.
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i postojan.
01:30
The word true is a simple word,
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Reč "istinit" je jednostavna reč
01:32
and we can add some affixes
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i možemo dodati neke afikse
01:34
to grow its family tree
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da povećamo njeno porodično stablo
01:36
with words like truer,
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sa rečima kao što su: istinitiji,
01:37
truest,
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najistinitiji,
01:38
truly,
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iskreno,
01:39
truth,
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01:39
and untruth.
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istina
i neistina.
01:41
But if we go in the other direction
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Ali, ako odemo u drugom pravcu
01:42
to look at the roots of true itself,
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i pogledamo koren same reči
01:45
we find even more relatives
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naći ćemo još više srodnika
01:47
further up the family tree.
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na porodičnom stablu.
01:49
The words trust,
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Reči: poverenje,
01:50
bethroth,
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veriti se
01:51
and truce
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i primirje
01:52
all derive from the same source as true,
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izvedene su iz istog izvora kao i "istinit"
01:56
and these words all denote faithfulness
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i sve ove reči označavaju verovanje
01:58
or confidence.
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ili poverenje.
01:59
A thousand years ago,
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Pre hiljadu godina,
02:01
the word true looked and sounded
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reč "istinit" je izgledala i zvučala
02:03
different than it does today.
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drugačije nego danas.
02:05
In several Old English dialects,
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Na nekoliko staroengleskih dijalekata
02:07
the word treow was a noun
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reč "treow" je bila imenica
02:09
that meant good faith or trust,
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koja je značila iskrenost ili poverenje,
02:11
a pledge or a promise.
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zavet ili obećanje.
02:13
But it also had another definition,
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Ali, takođe je imala i drugu definiciju,
02:15
tree,
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"drvo"
02:16
and that's no coincidence.
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i to nije slučajnost.
02:18
If we trace the roots back even farther,
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Ako pratimo korene još dalje,
02:20
we find that both meanings
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naći ćemo da oba značenja
02:22
derive from a common origin,
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imaju zajedničko poreklo
02:24
where some of the earliest expressions
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gde su neki od najranijih izraza
02:25
of the concept of truth
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za pojam istine
02:27
were associated with the uprightness of an oak,
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bili povezani sa uspravnošću hrasta,
02:30
the steadiness of a silver birch,
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čvrstinom bele breze
02:33
and the fidelity of an orchard baring fruit
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i tačnošću voćnjaka koji rađa voće
02:35
year after year.
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godinu za godinom.
02:37
This may sound like a stretch at first,
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Ovo može zvučati preterano na prvi pogled,
02:39
but trees are the oldest living organisms
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ali drveće predstavlja najstarije žive organizme
02:41
on this planet.
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na ovoj planeti.
02:42
Some that would have been called treow long ago
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Poneko drvo koje su davno nazivali "treow"
02:45
still stand today.
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i danas još uvek stoji.
02:47
The Fortingall Yew in Scotland
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Fortingalski tis u Škotskoj
02:49
is more than 2,000 years old.
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star je preko 2000 godina.
02:51
A Californian Bristlecone Pine
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Kalifornijski čekinjasti bor
02:52
is more than 5,000.
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ima preko 5000 godina.
02:54
And Utah's Pando-quaking Aspen Grove
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A šumarak Pando topole u Juti
02:57
has a single root system
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ima jedan korenski sistem
02:59
that dates back more than 80 millennia.
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koji je star preko 80 milenijuma.
03:02
Trees have also held a sacred place
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Drveće je takođe zauzimalo sveto mesto
03:04
in many cultures throughout history.
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u mnogim kulturama tokom istorije.
03:06
The Celtic peoples
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Kelti,
03:07
who first inhabited the British Isles
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koji su prvi naselili Britanska ostrva,
03:09
believed that trees housed deities.
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verovali su da u drveću stanuju božanstva.
03:13
And, in fact, the ancient Druids take their name
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U stvari i naziv drevnih Druida potiče
03:15
from the same ancient root as tree.
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iz istog drevnog korena kao drvo.
03:18
Planting a tree is itself an act of faith
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Samo sađenje drveta je čin vere
03:20
and commitment.
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i odanosti.
03:22
Not only are trees upright and prototypically straight,
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Ne samo da je drveće uspravno i prototipično pravo,
03:25
but they are actual, solid, and real,
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već je čvrsto i stvarno,
03:27
something you can see and touch.
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nešto što možete videti i dotaći.
03:30
And they are as reliable and steadfast to us today
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I ono je pouzdano i postojano za nas danas,
03:32
as they were a millennium ago,
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kao što je to bilo i pre jednog milenijuma,
03:34
nurturing us,
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hraneći nas,
03:35
sheltering us,
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pružajući nam sklonište
03:36
and providing the pages of our books.
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i obezbeđujući nam stranice za knjige.
03:38
Philosophers and poets,
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Filozofi i pesnici,
03:39
people in search of the truth,
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ljudi u traganju za istinom,
03:41
have often sought it in trees.
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često su je tražili u drveću.
03:43
"What did the tree learn from the Earth
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"Šta je drvo naučilo od Zemlje
03:45
to be able to talk with the sky?"
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da bi moglo da razgovara sa nebom?"
03:47
asked Pablo Neruda.
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pitao je Pablo Neruda.
03:49
"A tree falls the way it leans,"
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"Drvo pada na onu stranu na koju se naginje.",
03:50
says an old proverb.
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kaže stara izreka.
03:52
Just as trees mark our landscapes
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Kao što drveće oblikuje naše pejzaže
03:54
and witness our histories,
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i svedoči našim istorijama,
03:55
the stories of words landscape our language,
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priče o rečima oblikuju naš jezik,
03:59
capturing the rains and sunshine of generations
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pamteći kiše i sunca generacija
04:01
and sending roots and branches far and wide.
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i puštajući korenje i grane svuda naokolo.
04:05
As there is a whole orchard in a single seed,
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Kao što se ceo voćnjak nalazi u jednoj semenki,
04:08
there is a whole story in a single word,
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tako se cela priča nalazi u jednoj reči
04:11
and that's the truth.
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i to je istina.
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