The true story of 'true' - Gina Cooke

Translator: Nazarbek Nazarov Reviewer: Azizbek Nazarov

Everyone knows that stories

Bilamizki, tarix

are made up of words,

so'zlardan iborat:

from short poems

qisqa she'rlar

to epic novels.

va epopeyalargacha.

But did you know

Lekin bilasizmi,

that a single word itself

hattoki bitta so'z ko'p narsa

can tell an entire story?

haqida ma'lumot berishi mumkin.

You see, just as we can look at a story's plot,

Ko'p hikoyalardagidek singari syujetni ajratish mumkin,

setting,

muhitni,

and characters,

qahramonlarni.

we can also study the history

Bitta so'zni olib turib, uning

of an individual word,

tarixini o'rganish mumkin:

where it developed,

qayerdan kelib

and the cultures and people

chiqqani, qaysi madaniyat

who helped shape it.

va xalq bunda hissa qo'shganligi.

Looking into the story of a word

Bunday "solnoma"ga nazar solish —

is like counting the rings of a tree.

daraxtning yillik aylanalarini sanashdek.

Newer words, like Google

"Gugl", "kiborg"

kabi yangi so'zlarning

or cyborg,

have shorter stories.

hayot yo'li qisqadir.

But the older the word,

Lekin so'zning eskiligi,

the longer the story

uning tarixi qanchalik uzun

and the more it stands to reveal to us

va ko'p ma'umot bera olishini anglatadi.

not only about itself,

Nafaqat o'zi haqda, balki

but about ourselves and our history.

biz va bizning o'tmishimiz haqida ham.

The oldest words in present-day English

Ingliz tilidagi eng eski so'zlar

are those that come from Old English,

qadimgi ingliz tilidan kirib kelgan,

the ancestor of our modern language

taxminan 1500 yillar oldin

whose first seeds were planted

shakllana boshlagan

about 1500 years ago.

zamonaviy ingliz tilining bobosi.

Compared to languages like Greek or Chinese

Minglab yillar tarixiga ega bo'lgan yunon

that date back thousands of years,

va xitoy tillariga nisbatan qaraganda,

English is just a sapling in the lexical forest.

ingliz tili — tillar o'rmonida yosh bir daraxt hisoblanadi.

But the stories of its words

Lekin ko'plab ingliz tilidagi

often start long before English itself took root.

so'zlar bu tilning o'zidan ham oldin paydo bo'lgan.

One such word is the familiar word true,

Shunday so'zlardan biri, hammaga tanish,

«true» [rost] so'zidir.

as in true stories.

Let's take a look.

Keling o'rganib chiqamiz.

True usually means factual, correct,

«True» — to'g'ri, ishonchli,

or faithful to reality.

haqiqiy.

It can also mean exact,

Shuningdek, u "aniq",

properly positioned,

"o'zida joylashgan",

upright,

"tekislangan",

or straight.

yoki "tekis" hamdir.

A true friend is loyal,

«True friend» — haqiqiy do'st,

reliable,

ishonchli,

faithful,

chin,

sodiq.

and steadfast.

The word true is a simple word,

Agar oddiy "true" so'ziga prefikslar

and we can add some affixes

va suffikslar qo'shsak, shunday

to grow its family tree

qarindosh so'zlar yuzaga keladi:

with words like truer,

truer [ishonchliroq],

truest,

truest [eng to'g'ri],

truly,

truly [chinakam],

truth,

and untruth.

truth [haqiqat],

untruth [yolg'on].

But if we go in the other direction

Agar "true" so'zining o'zagiga

to look at the roots of true itself,

e'tibor qaratsak,

we find even more relatives

uning yana boshqa bir

qarindoshlarini ham ko'rishimiz mumkin.

further up the family tree.

The words trust,

«Trust» [ishonch],

bethroth,

«betroth» [nikohlamoq]

and truce

«truce» [yarashuv]

all derive from the same source as true,

so'zlari ham «true» so'zining o'zagidan kelib chiqqan.

and these words all denote faithfulness

Va ularning barchasi sodiqlik yoki

or confidence.

ishonchni ifodalaydi.

A thousand years ago,

Ming yil avval

the word true looked and sounded

«true» so'zining yozilishi va eshitilishi

different than it does today.

bugungi kundagidan mutlaqo farq qilgan.

In several Old English dialects,

Eski ingliz tilining ayrim shevalarida

the word treow was a noun

ot so'zi turkumidagi «treow»

to'g'rilik, halollik yoki ishonch, iltimos

that meant good faith or trust,

a pledge or a promise.

yoki va'da ma'nolarini bergan.

But it also had another definition,

Lekin uning boshqa ma'nosi ham bo'lgan —

tree,

"tree" (daraxt),

and that's no coincidence.

va bu tasodif emas.

If we trace the roots back even farther,

Agar tarixga murojaat qilsak,

we find that both meanings

bu ikkita ma'noning ham

derive from a common origin,

kelib chiqishi bir joydan.

where some of the earliest expressions

Chunki birinchi tasavvurga ko'ra

of the concept of truth

"rost" so'zini

were associated with the uprightness of an oak,

eman daraxtining tekis va to'g'riligi,

the steadiness of a silver birch,

qayinning mustahkamligi, va yillab

and the fidelity of an orchard baring fruit

hosil beruvchi mevali daraxtlarning

sodiqligi bilan bog'lashgan.

year after year.

This may sound like a stretch at first,

Bunga ishonish qiyin,

but trees are the oldest living organisms

lekin daraxtlar sayyoramizdagi eng qadimiy

on this planet.

organizmlardir.

Some that would have been called treow long ago

Qachonlardir «treow» so'zi bilan atalgan organizmlar

still stand today.

hozirgi kunda ham mavjud.

The Fortingall Yew in Scotland

Shotlandiyadagi Fortingel tis

is more than 2,000 years old.

daraxtlarining yoshi 2000 yildan oshgan.

A Californian Bristlecone Pine

Kaliforniyadagi qarag'aylarning yoshi

is more than 5,000.

esa 5000 yildan oshgan.

And Utah's Pando-quaking Aspen Grove

Yuta shtatidagi pando daraxtlarining

has a single root system

yagona ildiz tizimi esa

that dates back more than 80 millennia.

80 000 yoshda deb tan olingan.

Trees have also held a sacred place

Juda ko'p madaniyatlarga ko'ra

in many cultures throughout history.

daraxtlar muqaddas hisoblangan.

The Celtic peoples

Keltlar ilk bor

who first inhabited the British Isles

Britaniya orollariga kelganlarida

believed that trees housed deities.

ularni xudolar uchunboshpana deyishgan.

And, in fact, the ancient Druids take their name

Qadimgi "druid" so'zi ham aynan

from the same ancient root as tree.

shu "tree" so'zi bilan bir ildizga ega.

Planting a tree is itself an act of faith

O'z-o'zidan, sabr-toqatsiz

and commitment.

daraxt ekib bo'lmaydi.

Not only are trees upright and prototypically straight,

Shuning uchun ham, "true" va "tree" o'zaro bog'liqdir.

but they are actual, solid, and real,

Chunki daraxt chidamlilik, mustahkamlik

something you can see and touch.

va haqiqiylik timsolidir.

And they are as reliable and steadfast to us today

Bugun ham daraxtlar shunday ishonchli va mustahkamdir.

as they were a millennium ago,

Xuddi minglab yillar oldingidek.

nurturing us,

Ular biz uchun

sheltering us,

ozuqa, boshpana,

and providing the pages of our books.

kitoblar uchun varoqlar yasaymiz.

Philosophers and poets,

Faylasuflar, shoirlar

people in search of the truth,

haqiqat izlovchi insonlar,

have often sought it in trees.

uni ko'pincha daraxtlardan topishgan.

"What did the tree learn from the Earth

«Eman nimani o'rgangan yerdan,

to be able to talk with the sky?"

osmon bilan suhbat uchun?» —

asked Pablo Neruda.

so'ragan Pablo Neruda.

"Daraxt qayerga egilsa, shu tomonga qulaydi",

"A tree falls the way it leans,"

says an old proverb.

qadimgi maqollardan.

Just as trees mark our landscapes

Daraxtlar Yerni qanday boyitsa,

and witness our histories,

va solnomasini yuritsa,

the stories of words landscape our language,

so'zlarning "biografiyalari" ham tilni shunday boyitadi,

capturing the rains and sunshine of generations

avlodlarning turli jihatlarini ko'rsatadi,

and sending roots and branches far and wide.

hayotimizdan chuqur o'rin egallaydi.

As there is a whole orchard in a single seed,

Xuddi bitta urug'da butun bir bog' yashiringanidek,

there is a whole story in a single word,

bitta so'zning tagida butun bir tarix yotadi.

and that's the truth.

Va bu haqiqat.