The true story of 'true' - Gina Cooke

446,376 views ใƒป 2013-12-16

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Boaz Hovav
00:06
Everyone knows that stories
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ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
00:08
are made up of words,
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ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืžื™ืœื™ื,
00:09
from short poems
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ืžืคื•ืืžื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช
00:10
to epic novels.
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ืœื ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืืคื™ื•ืช.
00:11
But did you know
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื™ื“ืขืชื
00:13
that a single word itself
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ืฉืžื™ืœื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื”
00:14
can tell an entire story?
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื?
00:16
You see, just as we can look at a story's plot,
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ,
00:19
setting,
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ื”ืขึทืžึธื“ื”,
00:20
and characters,
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ื•ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช,
00:21
we can also study the history
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
00:23
of an individual word,
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช,
00:24
where it developed,
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ืื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื”,
00:25
and the cultures and people
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ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
00:27
who helped shape it.
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ืฉืขื–ืจื• ืœืขืฆื‘ ืื•ืชื”.
00:28
Looking into the story of a word
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ื›ืฉืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื”
00:30
is like counting the rings of a tree.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฅ.
00:32
Newer words, like Google
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ืœืžื™ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื• ื’ื•ื’ืœ
00:34
or cyborg,
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ืื• ืกื™ื™ื‘ื•ืจื’,
00:35
have shorter stories.
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:36
But the older the word,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื” ืขืชื™ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:38
the longer the story
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื” ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:39
and the more it stands to reveal to us
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื’ืœื” ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:42
not only about itself,
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ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื”,
00:43
but about ourselves and our history.
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ืืœื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
00:46
The oldest words in present-day English
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ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•
00:48
are those that come from Old English,
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ื”ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”,
00:50
the ancestor of our modern language
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ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
00:52
whose first seeds were planted
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ืฉื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื” ื ื–ืจืขื•
00:53
about 1500 years ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ 1,500 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขืจืš.
00:56
Compared to languages like Greek or Chinese
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ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืฉืคื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืกื™ื ื™ืช
00:58
that date back thousands of years,
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ืฉื’ื™ืœืŸ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
01:00
English is just a sapling in the lexical forest.
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ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืฉืชื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืขืจ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช.
01:03
But the stories of its words
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”
01:05
often start long before English itself took root.
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืฆืžื” ื”ืฉืชืจืฉื”.
01:09
One such word is the familiar word true,
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ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช ื›ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื˜ืจื• (ืืžืช),
01:12
as in true stories.
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ื›ืžื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื.
01:14
Let's take a look.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜.
01:16
True usually means factual, correct,
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ืืžืช ืžืฉืžืขื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ืช, ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
01:18
or faithful to reality.
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ืื• ื ืืžื ื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
01:20
It can also mean exact,
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืง,
01:22
properly positioned,
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ืžืžื•ืงื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘,
01:23
upright,
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ืขื•ืžื“ ื™ืฉืจ,
01:24
or straight.
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ืื• ื™ืฉืจ.
01:25
A true friend is loyal,
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ื—ื‘ืจ ืืžืช ื”ื•ื ื ืืžืŸ,
01:27
reliable,
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ืืžื™ืŸ,
01:28
faithful,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœื™ื•,
01:29
and steadfast.
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ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ืืชื›ื.
01:30
The word true is a simple word,
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”,
01:32
and we can add some affixes
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ืžื” ืชื•ืกืคื™ื
01:34
to grow its family tree
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืช ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื”
01:36
with words like truer,
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ืขื ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ื˜ืจื•ืืจ,
01:37
truest,
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ื˜ืจื•ืืกื˜,
01:38
truly,
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ื˜ืจื•ืœื™,
01:39
truth,
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01:39
and untruth.
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ื˜ืจื•ื˜',
ื•ืื ื˜ืจื•ื˜'.
01:41
But if we go in the other direction
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืœืš ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™
01:42
to look at the roots of true itself,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื• ืขืฆืžื”,
01:45
we find even more relatives
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ื ืžืฆื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื
01:47
further up the family tree.
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ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
01:49
The words trust,
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื˜ืจืืกื˜,
01:50
bethroth,
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ื‘ื˜'ืจื•ืช',
01:51
and truce
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ื•ื˜ืจื•ืก
01:52
all derive from the same source as true,
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ื›ื•ืœื ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ืจ ื›ืžื• ื˜ืจื•,
01:56
and these words all denote faithfulness
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ื•ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืืžื•ืŸ
01:58
or confidence.
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ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ.
01:59
A thousand years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”,
02:01
the word true looked and sounded
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื˜ืจื• ื ืจืืชื” ื•ื ืฉืžืขื”
02:03
different than it does today.
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ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ื™ื•ื.
02:05
In several Old English dialects,
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”,
02:07
the word treow was a noun
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื˜ืจืื•ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื ืขืฆื
02:09
that meant good faith or trust,
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ืฉืžืฉืžืขื• ืืžื•ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืื• ืืžื•ืŸ,
02:11
a pledge or a promise.
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ืชื—ื™ื ื” ืื• ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื”.
02:13
But it also had another definition,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื” ื’ื ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืื—ืจืช,
02:15
tree,
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ืขืฅ,
02:16
and that's no coincidence.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืžืงืจื”.
02:18
If we trace the roots back even farther,
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ืื ื ืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:20
we find that both meanings
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ื ืžืฆื ืฉืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช
02:22
derive from a common origin,
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ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ,
02:24
where some of the earliest expressions
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ืฉื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:25
of the concept of truth
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœ ืืžืช
02:27
were associated with the uprightness of an oak,
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื•ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื•ืŸ,
02:30
the steadiness of a silver birch,
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ืœืขืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื ื” ื›ืกื•ืฃ,
02:33
and the fidelity of an orchard baring fruit
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ื•ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืข ื ื•ืชืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืช
02:35
year after year.
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ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื”.
02:37
This may sound like a stretch at first,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื“ื™ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
02:39
but trees are the oldest living organisms
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืฆื™ื ื”ื ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:41
on this planet.
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ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”.
02:42
Some that would have been called treow long ago
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ื›ืžื” ืขืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉื ืงืจืื• ื˜ืจืื•ื• ืžื–ืžืŸ
02:45
still stand today.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:47
The Fortingall Yew in Scotland
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ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื’ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“
02:49
is more than 2,000 years old.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž- 2,000 ืฉื ื”.
02:51
A Californian Bristlecone Pine
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ืื•ืจืŸ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”
02:52
is more than 5,000.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž- 5,000 ืฉื ื”.
02:54
And Utah's Pando-quaking Aspen Grove
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ื•ืœื—ื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืฆืคืฆืคื” ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื”
02:57
has a single root system
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ื™ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืื—ืช
02:59
that dates back more than 80 millennia.
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ืฉืžืชื•ืืจื›ืช ืœืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž- 80 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื™ื.
03:02
Trees have also held a sacred place
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ืขืฆื™ื ื’ื ืžื™ืœืื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืงื“ื•ืฉ
03:04
in many cultures throughout history.
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ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
03:06
The Celtic peoples
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ื”ืขืžื™ื ื”ืงืœื˜ื™ื
03:07
who first inhabited the British Isles
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ืฉืื™ื›ืœืกื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื
03:09
believed that trees housed deities.
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ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ืืœื™ื.
03:13
And, in fact, the ancient Druids take their name
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื“ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืœืงื—ื• ืืช ืฉืžื
03:15
from the same ancient root as tree.
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ืžืื•ืชื• ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืขืชื™ืง ื›ืžื• ื˜ืจื™.
03:18
Planting a tree is itself an act of faith
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ืฉืชื™ืœืช ืขืฅ ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืืžื•ื ื”
03:20
and commitment.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช.
03:22
Not only are trees upright and prototypically straight,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉืขืฆื™ื ื”ื ื–ืงื•ืคื™ื ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจื™ื,
03:25
but they are actual, solid, and real,
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ื”ื ื’ื ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื, ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื, ื•ืืžืชื™ื™ื,
03:27
something you can see and touch.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื•ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื•.
03:30
And they are as reliable and steadfast to us today
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ื”ื ืืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ืื™ืชื ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื
03:32
as they were a millennium ago,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”,
03:34
nurturing us,
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ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•,
03:35
sheltering us,
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ืžื’ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื•,
03:36
and providing the pages of our books.
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ื•ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ืคื™ื ืœืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
03:38
Philosophers and poets,
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ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื,
03:39
people in search of the truth,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืืžืช,
03:41
have often sought it in trees.
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ื—ื™ืคืฉื• ืื•ืชื” ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆื™ื.
03:43
"What did the tree learn from the Earth
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"ืžื” ื”ืขืฅ ืœืžื“ ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
03:45
to be able to talk with the sky?"
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื?"
03:47
asked Pablo Neruda.
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ืฉืืœ ืคืื‘ืœื• ื ืจื•ื“ื”.
03:49
"A tree falls the way it leans,"
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"ืขืฅ ื ื•ืคืœ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื˜ื”,"
03:50
says an old proverb.
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ืื•ืžืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขืชื™ืง.
03:52
Just as trees mark our landscapes
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฆื™ื ืžืกืžื ื™ื ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœื ื•
03:54
and witness our histories,
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ื•ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
03:55
the stories of words landscape our language,
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืžืœืื™ื ืืช ืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉืœื ื•,
03:59
capturing the rains and sunshine of generations
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ืœื•ื›ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืฉื ื•ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช
04:01
and sending roots and branches far and wide.
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ื•ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ืขื ืคื™ื ืขืžื•ืง ื•ืจื—ื‘.
04:05
As there is a whole orchard in a single seed,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืคืจื“ืก ืฉืœื ื‘ื–ืจืข ื‘ื•ื“ื“,
04:08
there is a whole story in a single word,
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช,
04:11
and that's the truth.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืืžืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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