Music and creativity in Ancient Greece - Tim Hansen

Prevodilac: Miloš Milosavljević Lektor: Mile Živković

We live in a society

Živimo u društvu

obsessed with music.

opsednutom muzikom.

We use music to worship,

Koristimo muziku za obožavanje,

tell stories,

za pričanje priča,

to celebrate,

za slavlje,

to work,

za rad,

exercise,

za vežbanje,

declare our love

za izjavljivanje ljubavi

and sometimes our hatred,

i ponekad, mržnje

and, arguably most importantly,

i možda najvažnije,

to dance.

za ples.

And, of course, we play music ourselves

I naravno, sami sviramo muziku

because, well, it's a pleasant thing to do.

jer je to prijatno.

Thousands of years ago in Ancient Greece,

Hiljadama godina ranije, u antičkoj Grčkoj,

when it came to music,

što se tiče muzike

things weren't much different.

stvari se nisu mnogo razlikovale.

They might have had lyres and tunics

Možda su imali lire i tunike

instead of MP3 players and jeans,

umesto MP3 plejera i farmerki,

but the Ancient Greeks were just as obsessed

ali stari Grci su bili jednako opsednuti muzikom

with music as we are today.

kao i mi danas.

In fact, music was such an important part

U stvari, muzika je bila toliko važan deo

of Ancient Greek society

društva u antičkoj Grčkoj

that it makes us seem tame by comparison.

da mi izgledamo dosadni u poređenju sa njima.

To really understand just how integral music was

Da bismo stvarno razumeli koliko je muzika bila

to the Ancient Greeks,

sastavni deo života starih Grka,

let's begin by acquainting ourselves

počnimo tako što ćemo se upoznati

with a bit of their mythology.

sa delom njihove mitologije.

In Ancient Greek mythology,

U starogrčkoj mitologiji

it was believed that human creativity

verovalo se da je ljudska kreativnost

was the result of divine inspiration

rezultat božanske inspiracije

from a group of goddesses known as the Muses.

koja potiče od grupe boginja poznatih kao Muze.

While scholars have argued over the years

Dok su naučnici raspravljali tokom godina

that there are anything between 3 and 13 Muses,

da li ima 3 ili 13 Muza,

the standard number accepted today is 9.

standardni broj prihvaćen danas je 9.

Each Muse oversees her own specific area

Svaka Muza je zadužena za posebnu

of artistic expertise,

oblast umetnosti

ranging from song and dance

u rasponu od pesme i plesa

to history and astronomy.

do istorije i astronomije.

It might seem strange to categorize

Možda izgleda čudno svrstavati

history and astronomy as creative pursuits,

istoriju i astronomiju u kreativna zanimanja,

but the Ancient Greeks saw these disciplines

ali stari Grci su videli ove discipline

as more than just school subjects.

kao nešto više od prostih školskih predmeta.

These were the hallmarks of civilization

One su bile obeležja civilizacije

in what, to their eyes,

koja je, u njihovim očima,

was a pretty barbaric world.

bila prilično varvarski svet.

An educated, civilized person

Od obrazovane, civilizovane osobe

was expected to be proficient

se očekivalo da bude vešta

in all aspects of creative thought

u svim aspektima kreativne misli

inspired by the Muses,

inspirisane Muzama

and the common medium

i uobičajeni medijum

through which these disciplines were taught,

kroz koji su se ove discipline učile,

studied,

proučavale

and disseminated

i širile,

was music.

bila je muzika.

You see, it's no coincidence

Nije slučajnost

that the word Muse is very similar

da je reč "Muza" veoma slična

to the word music.

reči "muzika".

It's where the word originates.

Odatle ona vodi poreklo.

Poetry, be it a love poem

Poezija, bilo ljubavna

or an epic poem about a dragon-slaying hero,

ili epska pesma o heroju ubici zmajeva,

was sung with a musical accompaniment.

pevala se uz muzičku pratnju.

Dancing and singing, obviously,

Ples i pevanje su, naravno,

were accompanied by music.

bili praćeni muzikom.

Theater was always a combination

Pozorište je uvek bilo

of spoken word and music.

kombinacija govorne reči i muzike.

History was recounted through song.

Istorija se prepričavala kroz pesmu.

Even the study of astronomy

Čak je i proučavanje astronomije

was linked to the same physical principles

bilo povezano sa istim fizičkim principima

as musical harmony,

kao muzička harmonija,

such as the belief held by many Greek thinkers

kao što je verovanje mnogih grčkih mislilaca

that each of the planets and stars

da svaka planeta i zvezda

created their own unique sound

proizvodi svoj jedinstveni zvuk

as they traveled through the cosmos,

dok putuje kosmosom

thrumming like an enormous guitar string

vibrirajući kao ogromna žica od gitare

light-years long.

dugačka više svetlosnih godina.

However, music pervaded more aspects of their lives

Ali muzika je, osim obrazovanja

than just education.

prožimala i druge aspekte njihovog života.

Ancient Greeks considered music

Stari Grci su smatrali muziku

to be the basis for understanding

osnovom za razumevanje

the fundamental interconnectedness

ključne međupovezanosti

of all things in the universe.

svih stvari u svemiru.

This concept of connectivity

Ovaj koncept povezanosti

is known as harmonia,

je poznat kao harmonia

and it's where we get the word harmony.

i od toga smo dobili reč harmonija.

Music was used as a form of medicine

Muzika se koristila kao oblik lečenja

to treat illnesses and physical complaints,

bolesti i fizičkih tegoba,

as a vital accompaniment to sporting contests,

kao neophodna pratnja za sportska takmičenja

and as a means to keep workers in time

i kao sredstvo za usklađivanje radnika

as they toiled away on monotonous or menial tasks.

koji su kulučili na monotonim ili ropskim poslovima.

One of the most important applications

Jedna od najvažnijih primena muzike

of music in Ancient Greek society

u društvu stare Grčke

is found in the belief

je bila u verovanju

that music can affect a person's ethos.

da muzika može da utiče na etos (karakter) osobe.

A word we still use today,

Etos, reč koju koristimo i danas,

ethos is a person's guiding beliefs

predstavlja nečija uverenja

or personal ethics,

ili lični moral,

the way that one behaves

način na koji se neko ponaša

towards oneself and others.

prema sebi i drugima.

The Greek philosopher Plato,

Grčki filozof Platon,

one of the most famous

jedan od najpoznatijih

and influential Greek thinkers of the time,

i najuticajnijih grčkih mislilaca onog vremena,

asserted that music had a direct effect

potvrdio je da muzika direktno utiče

on a person's ethos.

na etos ljudi.

Certain kinds of music

Određene vrste muzike

could incite a person to violence

mogu da podstaknu čoveka na nasilje,

while others could placate a person

dok druge mogu da ga smire

into a benign, unthinking stupor.

do dobroćudne omamljenosti.

According to Plato,

Po Platonu

only very specific types of music

samo specifične vrste muzike

were beneficial to a person's ethos.

su korisne za etos ljudi.

One should only listen to music

Trebalo bi samo slušati muziku koja

that promotes intelligence,

unapređuje inteligenciju,

self-discipline,

samodisciplinu

and courage,

i hrabrost,

and all other kinds of music must be avoided.

a sve druge vrste muzike bi trebalo izbegavati.

Furthermore, Plato fervently denounced

Takođe, Platon je žestoko osuđivao

any music that deviated

svaku muziku koja odstupa

from established musical conventions,

od utvrđenih muzičkih konvencija,

fearing that doing so

plašeći se da bi to dovelo

would lead to the degradation

do degradacije

of the standards of civilization,

civilizacijskih standarda,

the corruption of youth,

kvarenja omladine

and eventually complete and utter anarchy.

i konačno, do potpune anarhije.

While Plato's fears can seem extreme,

I dok Platonovi strahovi mogu izgledati preterani,

this argument has appeared in modern times

ovaj argument se pojavio i u modernim vremenima

to condemn musical trends

da osudi muzičke trendove

such as jazz or punk or rap.

kao što su džez ili pank ili rep.

What do you think Plato would say

Šta mislite da bi Platon rekao

about the music you listen to?

o muzici koju slušate?

Is it beneficial to your ethos,

Da li je korisna za vaš etos

or will it degenerate you

ili će vas izopačiti

into a gibbering, amoral barbarian?

u brbljivog, nemoralnog varvarina?