Why do we have museums? - J. V. Maranto

Zakaj imamo muzeje? - J. V. Maranto

Translator: Klavdija Cernilogar Reviewer: Nika Kotnik

Hello, everyone. Let's begin our guided tour.

Pozdravljeni! Pa začnimo z ogledom.

Welcome to the Museum of Museums.

Dobrodošli v muzej muzejev.

Museums have been a part of human history for over 2000 years.

Muzeji so že več kot dva tisoč let del človeške zgodovine.

But they weren't always like the ones we visit today.

Vendar niso bili vedno taki kot danes.

The history of museums is far older and much stranger than you might imagine.

Zgodovina muzejev je mnogo daljša in bolj nenavadna, kot si mislite.

We'll start over here in the Greek wing.

Začeli bomo tu, v grškem krilu.

Our word museum comes from the Greek mouseion,

Beseda muzej izhaja iz grščine: mouseion

temples built for the Muses, the goddesses of the arts and the sciences.

so bili templji, zgrajeni za Muze, boginje umetnosti in znanosti.

Supplicants asked the Muses to keep watch over academics

Ljudje so prosili Muze, naj ščitijo akademike

and grant ingenuity to those they deemed worthy.

in podelijo domiselnost tistim, ki so si to zaslužili.

The temples were filled with offerings of sculptures,

Templji so bili polni darov, kot so kipi,

mosaics,

mozaiki,

complex scientific apparatuses,

zapleteni znanstveni stroji,

poetic and literary inscriptions,

poetski in literarni zapisi

and any other tribute that would demonstrate a mortal's worthiness

in druga darila, ki so dokazovala, da je navaden smrtnik

for divine inspiration.

vreden božanskega navdiha.

We have arrived at the Mesopotamian wing.

Prispeli smo v mezopotamsko krilo.

The first museum was created in 530 B.C. in what is now Iraq.

Prvi muzej je nastal leta 530 pred našim štetjem v današnjem Iraku.

And the first curator was actually a princess.

Prva kuratorka je bila kar princesa.

Ennigaldi-Nanna started to collect and house Mesopotamian antiquities

Enigaldi-Nana je začela zbirati mezopotamske starine

in E-Gig-Par, her house.

v svoji hiši v E-Gig-Paru.

When archeologists excavated the area,

Ko so arheologi območje izkopali,

they discovered dozens of artifacts neatly arranged in rows,

so našli na ducate predmetov, urejenih v vrste,

with clay labels written in three languages.

z glinenimi oznakami v treh jezikih.

She must have had interesting parties.

Njene zabave so bile gotovo zanimive.

The tradition of collecting and displaying intriguing items began to be mimicked,

Tradicija zbiranja in prikazovanja nenavadnih stvari se je prijela,

as you can see here in the Roman Empire wing.

kot lahko vidite tule v krilu rimskega cesarstva.

Treasure houses of politicians and generals

Hiše zakladov politikov in generalov

were filled with the spoils of war,

so bile polne vojnega plena,

and royal menageries displayed exotic animals

v kraljevih zverinjakih so bile na ogled eksotične živali,

to the public on special occasions, like gladiator tournaments.

posebej ob priložnostih, kot so bili gladiatorski boji.

As you can see, we have a lion here and a gladiator,

Tule vidite leva in gladiatorja

and, well, the janitor ought to be in this wing clearly.

in hišnika, no, on bi seveda moral biti v tem krilu.

Moving on, hurry along.

Gremo naprej, kar hitro.

The next step in the evolution of museums occurred in the Renaissance,

Naslednji korak v razvoju muzejev je prišel v renesansi,

when the study of the natural world was once again encouraged

ko se je po skoraj tisoč letih zahodne nevednosti

after almost a millennium of Western ignorance.

vrnilo zanimanje za raziskovanje narave.

Curiosity cabinets, also referred to as Wunderkammers,

Omare radovednosti, znane tudi kot "Wunderkammers",

were collections of objects that acted as a kind of physical encyclopedia,

so bile zbirke predmetov, ki so delovale kot neke vrste fizična enciklopedija,

showcasing artifacts.

ki je prikazovala najdeno.

Just step into the wardrobe here. There you go. Mind the coats.

Stopimo v tole omaro. Takole. Pazite na plašče.

And we'll tour Ole Worm's cabinet,

Gremo pogledat omaro Oleja Worma.

One of the most notable Wunderkammers

Ena najbolj uglednih takih omar

belonged to a wealthy 17th-century naturalist,

je pripadala bogatemu naturalistu iz 17. stoletja,

antiquarian, and physician Ole Worm.

starinarju in zdravniku Oleju Wormu.

Ole Worm collected natural specimens,

Zbiral je primerke iz narave,

human skeletons,

človeška okostja,

ancient runic texts,

starodavna runska besedila

and artifacts from the New World.

in predmete iz Novega sveta.

In other curiosity cabinets,

V drugih omarah radovednosti

you could find genetic anomalies,

so našli genetske anomalije,

precious stones,

drage kamne,

works of art,

umetniška dela

and religious and historic relics.

ter verske in zgodovinske predmete.

Oh my. You might not want to touch that.

Opa. Tega se nočete dotakniti.

These cabinets were private, again, often in residencies,

Te omare so bile zasebne, pogosto v rezidencah,

curated by their owners, rulers and aristocrats,

urejali so jih lastniki, vladarji in aristokrati,

as well as merchants and early scientists.

pa tudi trgovci in prvi znanstveniki.

Now, who hears a circus organ?

Slišite cirkuške orgle?

In the 1840s,

V 40. letih 19. stoletja

an enterprising young showman named Phineas T. Barnum

je podjetni mladenič Phineas T. Barnum

purchased some of the more famous cabinets of curiosity from Europe

kupil nekaj najbolj znanih evropskih omar radovednosti

and started Barnum's American Museum in New York City.

ter odprl Barnumov Ameriški muzej v New Yorku.

A spectacular hodgepodge of zoo,

Osupljiva mešanica živalskega vrta,

lecture hall,

predavalnice,

wax museum,

muzeja voščenih lutk,

theater,

gledališča

and freak show that was known for its eclectic residents,

in nenavadnih pojavov, znana po eklektičnih prebivalcih,

such as bears,

kot so bili medvedi,

elephants,

acrobats,

sloni,

akrobati,

giants,

velikani,

Siamese twins,

siamski dvojčki,

a Fiji mermaid,

morska deklica s Fidžija

and a bearded lady,

in gospa z brado,

along with a host of modern machinery and scientific instruments.

poleg kupa modernih naprav in znanstvenih inštrumentov.

Museums open to the public are a relatively new phenomenon.

Muzeji, odprti za javnost, so relativno nov pojav.

Before Barnum, the first public museums

Pred Barnumom so bili prvi muzeji

were only accessible by the upper and middle classes,

dostopni samo višjemu in srednjemu sloju,

and only on certain days.

in to samo določene dni.

Visitors would have to apply to visit the museum

Obiskovalci so morali vnaprej

in writing prior to admision,

pisno zaprositi za obisk

and only small groups could visit the museum each day.

in vsak dan so lahko vstopile le majhne skupine.

The Louvre famously allowed all members of the public into the museum

Louvre je vsem ljudem dovolil vstop,

but only three days a week.

a le tri dni na teden.

In the 19th century,

V 19. stoletju

the museum as we know it began to take shape.

so začeli nastajati muzeji, kakršne poznamo danes.

Institutions like the Smithsonian were started

Nastale so institucije, kot je Smithsonian,

so that objects could be seen and studied, not just locked away.

kjer je predmete mogoče videti in študirati, ne samo hraniti.

American museums, in particular,

Posebej ameriški muzeji

commissioned experiments

so naročali eksperimente

and hired explorers to seek out and retrieve natural samples.

in najemali raziskovalce, da so iskali primerke iz narave.

Museums became centers for scholarship and artistic and scientific discovery.

Muzeji so postali središča za študij, za umetniška in znanstvena odkritja.

This is often called the Museum Age.

To pogosto imenujemo doba muzejev.

Nowadays, museums are open to everybody,

Dandanes so muzeji dostopni vsem,

are centers of learning and research,

so kraji za učenje in raziskave

and are turning into more hands-on institutions.

in postajajo vse bolj praktične institucije.

But the question of who gets to go is still relevant

A vprašanje, kdo lahko gre tja, je še vedno pomembno,

as ticket prices can sometimes bar admission

saj cene vstopnic včasih preprečijo vstop

to those future scholars, artists and targets of divine inspiration

tistim bodočim učenjakom, umetnikom in iskalcem božanskega navdiha,

who can't afford to satisfy their curiosity.

ki si tega ne morejo privoščiti.

Thank you all for coming, and please,

Hvala, da ste prišli,

feel free to stop by the gift shop of gift shops on your way out.

ustavite se tudi v muzejski trgovini muzejskih trgovin, ko boste odhajali.