Why do we have museums? - J. V. Maranto

577,266 views ใƒป 2015-02-05

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:11
Hello, everyone. Let's begin our guided tour.
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ืฉืœื•ื ืœื›ื•ืœื. ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื ื•.
00:14
Welcome to the Museum of Museums.
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ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื.
00:17
Museums have been a part of human history for over 2000 years.
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ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืžืขืœ 2,000 ืฉื ื”.
00:21
But they weren't always like the ones we visit today.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื• ืืœื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
00:25
The history of museums is far older and much stranger than you might imagine.
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ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื–ืจื” ืžืžื” ืฉืืชื ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื.
00:31
We'll start over here in the Greek wing.
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ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืคื” ื‘ืื’ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™.
00:34
Our word museum comes from the Greek mouseion,
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžืžื•ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช,
00:38
temples built for the Muses, the goddesses of the arts and the sciences.
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ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื ื• ืœืžื•ื–ื•ืช, ื”ืืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื“ืข.
00:43
Supplicants asked the Muses to keep watch over academics
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ืกื•ืคืœื™ืงื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืžื”ืžื•ื–ื•ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื”
00:47
and grant ingenuity to those they deemed worthy.
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ื•ืœืชืช ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ืœืืœื” ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืจืื•ื™ื™ื.
00:51
The temples were filled with offerings of sculptures,
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ื”ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืกืœื™ื,
00:54
mosaics,
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ืžื•ื–ืื™ืงื•ืช,
00:55
complex scientific apparatuses,
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ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื,
00:57
poetic and literary inscriptions,
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ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืื˜ื™ื ื•ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื,
01:00
and any other tribute that would demonstrate a mortal's worthiness
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื ื—ื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืชื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื”
01:04
for divine inspiration.
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ืœื”ืฉืจืื” ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช.
01:07
We have arrived at the Mesopotamian wing.
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ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืื’ืฃ ื”ืžืกื•ืคื•ื˜ืžื™.
01:10
The first museum was created in 530 B.C. in what is now Iraq.
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ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ 530 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืขื™ืจืง.
01:16
And the first curator was actually a princess.
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ื•ื”ืื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืกื™ื›ื”.
01:20
Ennigaldi-Nanna started to collect and house Mesopotamian antiquities
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ืื ื™ื’ืœื“ื™-ื ื ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื•ืœืฉื›ืŸ ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืžืกื•ืคื•ื˜ืžื™ื•ืช
01:26
in E-Gig-Par, her house.
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ื‘ ืื™-ื’ื™ื’-ืคืืจ, ื‘ื™ืชื”.
01:29
When archeologists excavated the area,
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ื›ืฉืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื—ืคืจื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ,
01:31
they discovered dozens of artifacts neatly arranged in rows,
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ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช,
01:36
with clay labels written in three languages.
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ืขื ืชื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืžืจ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืคื•ืช.
01:39
She must have had interesting parties.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช.
01:42
The tradition of collecting and displaying intriguing items began to be mimicked,
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ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืฆื’ืช ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขืชืงืช,
01:47
as you can see here in the Roman Empire wing.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืคื” ื‘ืื’ืฃ ื”ืืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช.
01:51
Treasure houses of politicians and generals
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ื‘ืชื™ ืื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื•ื’ื ืจืœื™ื
01:53
were filled with the spoils of war,
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ืžื•ืœืื• ื‘ืฉืœืœ ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช,
01:56
and royal menageries displayed exotic animals
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ื•ื’ื ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช
01:59
to the public on special occasions, like gladiator tournaments.
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ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืืจื•ืขื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืจื™ ื’ืœื“ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื™ื.
02:04
As you can see, we have a lion here and a gladiator,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืคื” ืืจื™ื” ื•ื’ืœื“ื™ืื˜ื•ืจ,
02:07
and, well, the janitor ought to be in this wing clearly.
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ื•... ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืฉืจืช ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืื’ืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
02:11
Moving on, hurry along.
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ื ืžืฉื™ืš, ืžื”ืจื• ืื—ืจื™.
02:13
The next step in the evolution of museums occurred in the Renaissance,
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ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ืจื ืกื ืก,
02:17
when the study of the natural world was once again encouraged
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ืื– ืขื•ื“ื“ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื—ืงืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™
02:21
after almost a millennium of Western ignorance.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช.
02:24
Curiosity cabinets, also referred to as Wunderkammers,
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ืืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืงืจืื• ื’ื ื—ื“ืจื™ ืคืœื,
02:28
were collections of objects that acted as a kind of physical encyclopedia,
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ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื ืฉืคืขืœื• ื›ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช,
02:33
showcasing artifacts.
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ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื.
02:35
Just step into the wardrobe here. There you go. Mind the coats.
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ืจืง ื›ื ืกื• ืœืืจื•ืŸ ืคื”. ื”ื ื” ืœื›ื. ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืžืขื™ืœื™ื.
02:39
And we'll tour Ole Worm's cabinet,
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ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืกื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืœื” ื•ื•ืจื,
02:41
One of the most notable Wunderkammers
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ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ืคืœื ื”ื›ื™ ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช
02:43
belonged to a wealthy 17th-century naturalist,
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ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืœื—ื•ืงืจ ื˜ื‘ืข ืขืฉื™ืจ ืžื”ืžืื” ื” 17,
02:46
antiquarian, and physician Ole Worm.
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ืืกืคืŸ ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช, ื•ืจื•ืคื ืื•ืœื” ื•ื•ืจื.
02:50
Ole Worm collected natural specimens,
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ืื•ืœื” ื•ื•ืจื ืืกืฃ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื,
02:52
human skeletons,
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ืฉืœื“ื™ื ืื•ื ืฉื™ื™ื,
02:54
ancient runic texts,
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ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ืจื•ื ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื,
02:56
and artifacts from the New World.
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ื•ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.
02:59
In other curiosity cabinets,
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ื‘ืืจื•ื ื•ืช ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื,
03:00
you could find genetic anomalies,
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื ื•ืžืœื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
03:02
precious stones,
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ืื‘ื ื™ื ื™ืงืจื•ืช,
03:03
works of art,
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ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช,
03:05
and religious and historic relics.
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ื•ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื.
03:07
Oh my. You might not want to touch that.
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ื•ื•ืื•. ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื–ื”.
03:10
These cabinets were private, again, often in residencies,
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ื”ืืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื,
03:14
curated by their owners, rulers and aristocrats,
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ื ืืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื, ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื,
03:18
as well as merchants and early scientists.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื.
03:21
Now, who hears a circus organ?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื™ ืฉื•ืžืข ืื•ืจื’ืŸ ืงืจืงืก?
03:24
In the 1840s,
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 40 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” 19,
03:25
an enterprising young showman named Phineas T. Barnum
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ื™ื–ื ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืคืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืคื™ื ื™ืืก ื‘ืืจื ื•ื
03:28
purchased some of the more famous cabinets of curiosity from Europe
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ืจื›ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืžืืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ืžืื™ืจื•ืคื”
03:32
and started Barnum's American Museum in New York City.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจื ื•ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง.
03:37
A spectacular hodgepodge of zoo,
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ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช,
03:39
lecture hall,
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ืื•ืœื ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช,
03:40
wax museum,
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ืžื•ื–ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขื•ื•ื”,
03:41
theater,
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ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ,
03:43
and freak show that was known for its eclectic residents,
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ื•ืžื•ืคืข ืคืจื™ืงื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืืงืœืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื•,
03:46
such as bears,
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ื›ืžื• ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื,
03:48
elephants,
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03:48
acrobats,
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ืคื™ืœื™ื,
ืืงืจื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื,
03:49
giants,
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ืขื ืงื™ื,
03:50
Siamese twins,
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ืชืื•ืžื™ื ืกื™ืืžื™ื™ื,
03:52
a Fiji mermaid,
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ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ื™ืช ื™ื ืžืคื™ื’'ื™,
03:53
and a bearded lady,
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ื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ืžื–ื•ืงื ืช,
03:56
along with a host of modern machinery and scientific instruments.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื.
04:00
Museums open to the public are a relatively new phenomenon.
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ืžื•ื–ืื•ื ื™ื ืฉืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ื“ื™ ื—ื“ืฉื”.
04:04
Before Barnum, the first public museums
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ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืจื ื•ื, ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื
04:06
were only accessible by the upper and middle classes,
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ื”ื™ื• ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืจืง ืœืžืขืžื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™,
04:10
and only on certain days.
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ื•ืจืง ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื.
04:12
Visitors would have to apply to visit the museum
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ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ
04:15
in writing prior to admision,
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ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื”,
04:17
and only small groups could visit the museum each day.
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ื•ืจืง ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
04:20
The Louvre famously allowed all members of the public into the museum
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ื”ืœื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ
04:25
but only three days a week.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข.
04:27
In the 19th century,
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ื‘ืžืื” ื” 19,
04:29
the museum as we know it began to take shape.
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ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื”.
04:32
Institutions like the Smithsonian were started
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ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืกืžื™ืชืกื•ื ื™ืืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื•
04:34
so that objects could be seen and studied, not just locked away.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื—ืงืจ, ืœื ืจืง ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืขื•ืœื™ื.
04:39
American museums, in particular,
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ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ,
04:41
commissioned experiments
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ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื
04:43
and hired explorers to seek out and retrieve natural samples.
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ื•ืฉื›ืจื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
04:48
Museums became centers for scholarship and artistic and scientific discovery.
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ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™ ื•ืžื“ืขื™.
04:54
This is often called the Museum Age.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื.
04:57
Nowadays, museums are open to everybody,
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืœื›ื•ืœื,
05:01
are centers of learning and research,
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ื•ื”ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ืžื—ืงืจ,
05:02
and are turning into more hands-on institutions.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื.
05:06
But the question of who gets to go is still relevant
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช
05:10
as ticket prices can sometimes bar admission
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ื›ืฉืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื—ืกื•ื ื›ื ื™ืกื”
05:13
to those future scholars, artists and targets of divine inspiration
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ืœื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ืื•ืžื ื™ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืจืื” ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช
05:19
who can't afford to satisfy their curiosity.
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ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
05:22
Thank you all for coming, and please,
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื•ืœื›ื ืฉื‘ืืชื ื•ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”,
05:23
feel free to stop by the gift shop of gift shops on your way out.
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ืชืจื’ื™ืฉื• ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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