Why do we have museums? - J. V. Maranto

Hello, everyone. Let's begin our guided tour.

Welcome to the Museum of Museums.

Museums have been a part of human history for over 2000 years.

But they weren't always like the ones we visit today.

The history of museums is far older and much stranger than you might imagine.

We'll start over here in the Greek wing.

Our word museum comes from the Greek mouseion,

temples built for the Muses, the goddesses of the arts and the sciences.

Supplicants asked the Muses to keep watch over academics

and grant ingenuity to those they deemed worthy.

The temples were filled with offerings of sculptures,

mosaics,

complex scientific apparatuses,

poetic and literary inscriptions,

and any other tribute that would demonstrate a mortal's worthiness

for divine inspiration.

We have arrived at the Mesopotamian wing.

The first museum was created in 530 B.C. in what is now Iraq.

And the first curator was actually a princess.

Ennigaldi-Nanna started to collect and house Mesopotamian antiquities

in E-Gig-Par, her house.

When archeologists excavated the area,

they discovered dozens of artifacts neatly arranged in rows,

with clay labels written in three languages.

She must have had interesting parties.

The tradition of collecting and displaying intriguing items began to be mimicked,

as you can see here in the Roman Empire wing.

Treasure houses of politicians and generals

were filled with the spoils of war,

and royal menageries displayed exotic animals

to the public on special occasions, like gladiator tournaments.

As you can see, we have a lion here and a gladiator,

and, well, the janitor ought to be in this wing clearly.

Moving on, hurry along.

The next step in the evolution of museums occurred in the Renaissance,

when the study of the natural world was once again encouraged

after almost a millennium of Western ignorance.

Curiosity cabinets, also referred to as Wunderkammers,

were collections of objects that acted as a kind of physical encyclopedia,

showcasing artifacts.

Just step into the wardrobe here. There you go. Mind the coats.

And we'll tour Ole Worm's cabinet,

One of the most notable Wunderkammers

belonged to a wealthy 17th-century naturalist,

antiquarian, and physician Ole Worm.

Ole Worm collected natural specimens,

human skeletons,

ancient runic texts,

and artifacts from the New World.

In other curiosity cabinets,

you could find genetic anomalies,

precious stones,

works of art,

and religious and historic relics.

Oh my. You might not want to touch that.

These cabinets were private, again, often in residencies,

curated by their owners, rulers and aristocrats,

as well as merchants and early scientists.

Now, who hears a circus organ?

In the 1840s,

an enterprising young showman named Phineas T. Barnum

purchased some of the more famous cabinets of curiosity from Europe

and started Barnum's American Museum in New York City.

A spectacular hodgepodge of zoo,

lecture hall,

wax museum,

theater,

and freak show that was known for its eclectic residents,

such as bears,

elephants,

acrobats,

giants,

Siamese twins,

a Fiji mermaid,

and a bearded lady,

along with a host of modern machinery and scientific instruments.

Museums open to the public are a relatively new phenomenon.

Before Barnum, the first public museums

were only accessible by the upper and middle classes,

and only on certain days.

Visitors would have to apply to visit the museum

in writing prior to admision,

and only small groups could visit the museum each day.

The Louvre famously allowed all members of the public into the museum

but only three days a week.

In the 19th century,

the museum as we know it began to take shape.

Institutions like the Smithsonian were started

so that objects could be seen and studied, not just locked away.

American museums, in particular,

commissioned experiments

and hired explorers to seek out and retrieve natural samples.

Museums became centers for scholarship and artistic and scientific discovery.

This is often called the Museum Age.

Nowadays, museums are open to everybody,

are centers of learning and research,

and are turning into more hands-on institutions.

But the question of who gets to go is still relevant

as ticket prices can sometimes bar admission

to those future scholars, artists and targets of divine inspiration

who can't afford to satisfy their curiosity.

Thank you all for coming, and please,

feel free to stop by the gift shop of gift shops on your way out.