What is Alzheimer's disease? - Ivan Seah Yu Jun

1,323,933 views ・ 2014-04-03

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Translator: Daban Q Jaff Reviewer: Razaw Bor
00:06
Every four seconds,
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Serê çar sanîyan,
00:08
someone is diagnosed with
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mirovek teşhîsa nexweşiya Alzheimer
00:09
Alzheimer's disease.
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distîne.
00:11
It's the most common cause of dementia,
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Sedema herî berbalav a xurîfinê ye,
00:13
affecting over 40 million people worldwide,
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li seranserê dinyayê li 40 mîlyon însanî bandorê dike,
00:16
and yet finding a cure is something that still
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li gor lêkolînên îro tedawiya we
00:19
eludes researchers today.
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nehatiye fahm kirin.
00:21
Dr. Alois Alzheimer, a German psychiatrist,
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Dr. Alois Alzheimer, derûnnasê alman,
00:24
first described the symptoms in 1901
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cara yekem semptoman diyar dike.[1901]
00:27
when he noticed that a particular hospital patient
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Li nexweşxanê bi nexweşekî re
00:30
had some peculiar problems,
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astengiyên wek
00:32
including difficulty sleeping,
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pirsgirêkên xewê,
00:34
disturbed memory, drastic mood changes,
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kêmbûna hiş, xirabûna rewşa psîkolojîk,
00:37
and increasing confusion.
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û zêdebûna konfuzyonê diyar dibin.
00:39
When the patient passed away,
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Dema nexweş dimire
00:41
Alzheimer was able to do an autopsy
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Alzheimer otopsiya wî dike
00:43
and test his idea that perhaps
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u fikrê xwe yê ku
00:45
her symptoms were caused by irregularities
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ev nexweşî avaniya mêjî diguherîne,
00:48
in the brain's structure.
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test dike.
00:50
What he found beneath the microscope
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Dema bi mîkroskopê dinihêre,
00:52
were visible differences in brain tissue
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di mêjî de guhertinên eşkere yên wek;
00:54
in the form of misfolded proteins
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proteînên ku bi awayê xelet berhev bûnê
00:56
called plaques,
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(navê wan plak e) û
00:58
and neurofibrillary tangles.
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girêkên norofibriller dibîne.
01:00
Those plaques and tangles work together
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Ev plak û girêk bi hev re
01:02
to break down the brain's structure.
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avaniya mêjî têk dibin.
01:05
Plaques arise when another protein
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Dema proteînen membrana ku
01:07
in the fatty membrane surrounding nerve cells
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şaneyên tûreyê dorpeç dikin,
01:09
gets sliced up by a particular enzyme,
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ji aliyê enzîmên taybet ve tên hûrkirin,
01:12
resulting in beta-amyloid proteins,
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beta-amyloid çêdibin.
01:15
which are sticky and have a tendency
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Ev beta amyloid jî mezeloqî ne
01:16
to clump together.
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û li hev kom dibin.
01:18
That clumping is what forms the things
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Ji van komikên beta amyloid re
01:20
we know as plaques.
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plak tê gotin.
01:22
These clumps block signaling
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Ev kom sînyalan blok dikin
01:24
and, therefore, communication
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lewre têkiliya navbera şaneyan jî xera dibe
01:25
between cells, and also seem to trigger
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û dûv re şaneyên parastinê
01:28
immune reactions that cause the destruction
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êrîşî van şaneyên tûre yên xirabûyî
01:30
of disabled nerve cells.
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dikin.
01:32
In Alzheimer's disease, neurofibrillary tangles
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Di nexweşiya Alzheimerê de girekên norofibrîler
01:35
are built from a protein known as tau.
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ji proteînên bi navê ''tau'' çêdibin.
01:38
The brain's nerve cells contain a network of tubes
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Di navbera şaneyên mêjî de torekê ji boriyan pêk tê heye.
01:41
that act like a highway for food molecules
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Ev tor wek rêyeke ji bo xurek û
01:43
among other things.
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pêdiviyan dişixule.
01:45
Usually, the tau protein ensures that these tubes
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Di rewşa asayî de proteînên tau
01:47
are straight, allowing molecules
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van boriyan rast dikin û
01:49
to pass through freely.
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molekul bi hêsanî derbas dibin.
01:51
But in Alzheimer's disease,
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Lê di nexweşiya Alzheimer de
01:53
the protein collapses into twisted strands or tangles,
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proteîn xera dibin dibin girek,
01:57
making the tubes disintegrate,
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ev borî hildiweşin
01:58
obstructing nutrients from reaching the nerve cell
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lewre xurekên pewist nagihin şaneyan
02:01
and leading to cell death.
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û dike ku şane bimirin.
02:04
The destructive pairing of plaques and tangles
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Ev plak û girekên patolojîk
02:06
starts in a region called the hippocampus,
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ji hipokampus dest pê dikin ku
02:08
which is responsible for forming memories.
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hipokampus ji tomarkirina bîranînan berpirsiyar e.
02:11
That's why short-term memory loss
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Lewre hafizaya dema kurt xira dibe û
02:12
is usually the first symptom of Alzheimer's.
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ev semptoma yekem a Alzheimerê ye.
02:15
The proteins then progressively invade
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Proteîn li heremên mêjî yen din jî
02:17
other parts of the brain,
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belav dibin,
02:19
creating unique changes that signal
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guhertinên girîng çê dike
02:20
various stages of the disease.
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û nexweşi pêş de diçe.
02:23
At the front of the brain,
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Li mêjiyê pêş proteîn
02:24
the proteins destroy the ability to process logical thoughts.
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hêza ramanê ya mêjî têk dibin.
02:28
Next, they shift to the region that controls emotions,
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Duv re li herema ku hestên mirov kontrol dike belav dibin
02:31
resulting in erratic mood changes.
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û rewşa derunî jî digihure.
02:33
At the top of the brain,
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Di lutkeya mêjî de
02:34
they cause paranoia and hallucinations,
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dibin sedema halusînasyonan,
02:37
and once they reach the brain's rear,
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dema ku digihin pişta mêjî
02:39
the plaques and tangles work together
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plak û girek bi hev re
02:41
to erase the mind's deepest memories.
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bîranînen kur ên mêjî jî jê dibin.
02:43
Eventually the control centers governing
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Di dawiyê de navendên ku
02:45
heart rate and breathing are overpowered as well
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lexistina dil û kezeba spî kontrol dikin jî
02:48
resulting in death.
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xera dibin û dimirin.
02:49
The immensely destructive nature of this disease
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Ji bo ku ev nexweşî dijwar e û zû pêş de diçe,
02:51
has inspired many researchers to look for a cure
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gelek lêkolîner ji bo çareya wê xebitîn
02:54
but currently they're focused on slowing its progression.
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lê niha li ser pêşveçûna nexweşiyê hêdî bikin dişixulin.
02:58
One temporary treatment
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Çareyeke demkî ev e ku
03:00
helps reduce the break down of acetylcholine,
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hûrkirina asetîlkolînê kêmtir dike.
03:02
an important chemical messenger in the brain
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Asetîlkolîn peyamnerekê girîng a kîmyevî ye.
03:05
which is decreased in Alzheimer's patients
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Şaneyên asetîlkolînê çêdikin bi nexweşiya Alzheimerê dimirin,
03:07
due to the death of the nerve cells that make it.
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radeya asetîlkolîne kêm dibe.
03:10
Another possible solution is a vaccine
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Çareyeke din jî derzî ye ku
03:13
that trains the body's immune system to attack
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şaneyên parastine
03:15
beta-amyloid plaques before they can form clumps.
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beyî plakên beta amyloid kom bibin, êrîşî wan dike.
03:19
But we still need to find an actual cure.
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Lê hê jî dive çareyeke rastî bê dîtin.
03:22
Alzheimer's disease was discovered
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Nexweşiya Alzheimerê berî sedsalî
03:23
more than a century ago,
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hat pênase kirin,
03:25
and yet still it is not well understood.
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lê hê jî tam nehatiya fahm kirin.
03:28
Perhaps one day we'll grasp
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Belkî rojeke mekanîzmaya vê nexweşiyê
03:29
the exact mechanisms at work behind this threat
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bi temamî bê fahmkirin û
03:32
and a solution will be unearthed.
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çareyeke wê bê dîtin.
[Werger: Xulamê Mîr]
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