How good are you at calculating risk? - Gerd Gigerenzer

643,026 views ใƒป 2020-02-25

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: SeokHeon Lyoo ๊ฒ€ํ† : Minji Kim
00:06
A new drug reduces the risk of heart attacks by 40%.
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[์‹ ์•ฝ์ด ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋งˆ๋น„๋ฅผ 40% ์ค„์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค]
00:10
Shark attacks are up by a factor of two.
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[์ƒ์–ด ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ด 2๋ฐฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค]
00:14
Drinking a liter of soda per day doubles your chance of developing cancer.
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[1๋ฆฌํ„ฐ์˜ ํƒ„์‚ฐ์Œ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋งค์ผ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋ฉด ์•” ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด 2๋ฐฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค]
00:18
These are all examples of relative risk,
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๋Œ€ ์œ„ํ—˜์˜ ์˜ˆ์‹œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
a common way risk is presented in news articles.
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๋‰ด์Šค ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์•Œ๋ฆด ๋•Œ ํ”ํžˆ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์ฃ .
00:26
Risk evaluation is a complicated tangle of statistical thinking
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์œ„ํ—˜์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์™€ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ทจํ–ฅ์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์–ฝํž™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
and personal preference.
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00:31
One common stumbling block is the difference between
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ”ํ•œ ํ•จ์ •์€
00:34
relative risks like these and what are called absolute risks.
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์ƒ๋Œ€ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ณผ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์œ„ํ—˜์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
Risk is the likelihood that an event will occur.
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์œ„ํ—˜์€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:42
It can be expressed as either a percentageโ€”
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์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฑ๋ถ„์œจ๋กœ๋„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:45
for example, that heart attacks occur in 11% of men
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋งˆ๋น„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ฅ ์€ 11%์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:48
between the ages of 60 and 79โ€”
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60์„ธ์—์„œ 79์„ธ ์‚ฌ์ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:51
or as a rateโ€” that one in two million divers along Australiaโ€™s western coast
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๋กœ, ํ˜ธ์ฃผ ์„œ๋ถ€ ํ•ด์•ˆ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋งค๋…„ ๋‹ค์ด๋ฒ„ 200๋งŒ๋ช… ์ค‘ 1๋ช…๊ผด๋กœ
00:57
will suffer a fatal shark bite each year.
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์ƒ์–ด์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ๋ ค ์น˜๋ช…์ƒ์„ ์ž…์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
These numbers express the absolute risk of heart attacks
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์ด ์ˆ˜์น˜๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋งˆ๋น„์™€ ์ƒ์–ด์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
01:04
and shark attacks in these groups.
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์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
Changes in risk can be expressed in relative or absolute terms.
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์œ„ํ—˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ํ‘œํ˜„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
For example, a review in 2009 found that mammography screenings
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด 2009๋…„์— ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๋ฐ”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
์œ ๋ฐฉ ์ดฌ์˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์ด
01:16
reduced the number of breast cancer deaths from five women in one thousand to four.
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1,000๋ช… ์ค‘ 5๋ช…์—์„œ 4๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ค„์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. .
01:22
The absolute risk reduction was about .1%.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์œ„ํ—˜์€ 0.1% ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
01:26
But the relative risk reduction from 5 cases of cancer mortality to four
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒ๋Œ€ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์œจ์€
์•”์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๊ฐ€ 5๋ช…์—์„œ 4๋ช…์ผ ๋•Œ 20%๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
is 20%.
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01:32
Based on reports of this higher number,
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์ˆซ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋” ํฐ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ
01:34
people overestimated the impact of screening.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
To see why the difference between the two ways of expressing risk matters,
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์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
01:42
letโ€™s consider the hypothetical example of a drug
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ค๋กœ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ฃ .
์–ด๋–ค ์•ฝ์ด ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋งˆ๋น„์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ 40%๋กœ ์ค„์ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
01:45
that reduces heart attack risk by 40%.
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01:49
Imagine that out of a group of 1,000 people
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1,000๋ช…์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๊ณ 
01:51
who didnโ€™t take the new drug, 10 would have heart attacks.
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ์„ ๋จน์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ 10๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋งˆ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
The absolute risk is 10 out of 1,000, or 1%.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์œ„ํ—˜์€ 1,000๋ช… ์ค‘ 10๋ช…์œผ๋กœ 1%์ด์ฃ .
01:59
If a similar group of 1,000 people did take the drug,
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๋น„์Šทํ•œ 1,000๋ช…์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ ์•ฝ์„ ๋จน์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:03
the number of heart attacks would be six.
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์‹ฌ์žฅ๋งˆ๋น„์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ 6๋ช…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
In other words, the drug could prevent four out of ten heart attacksโ€”
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๋ฐ”๊ฟ” ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ฝ์€ 10๋ช… ์ค‘ 4๋ช…์˜ ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋งˆ๋น„๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
a relative risk reduction of 40%.
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์ƒ๋Œ€ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์œจ์€ 40%๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ฃ .
02:13
Meanwhile, the absolute risk only dropped from 1% to 0.6%โ€”
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์œ„ํ—˜์€ 1%์—์„œ ๋‹จ์ง€ 0.6%๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
but the 40% relative risk decrease sounds a lot more significant.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒ๋Œ€ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์œจ 40%๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
02:23
Surely preventing even a handful of heart attacks,
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋งˆ๋น„๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
02:26
or any other negative outcome, is worthwhileโ€” isnโ€™t it?
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€์ •์  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:30
Not necessarily.
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๊ผญ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
The problem is that choices that reduce some risks
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ค„์ธ ์„ ํƒ์ด
02:36
can put you in the path of others.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธธ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
Suppose the heart-attack drug caused cancer in one half of 1% of patients.
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์‹ฌ์žฅ๋งˆ๋น„์•ฝ์ด ํ™˜์ž 1%์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์—์„œ ์•”์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
02:44
In our group of 1,000 people,
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1,000๋ช…์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ๋Š”
02:46
four heart attacks would be prevented by taking the drug,
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4๋ช…์˜ ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋งˆ๋น„๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
02:50
but there would be five new cases of cancer.
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5๋ช…์ด ์•”์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
The relative reduction in heart attack risk sounds substantial
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์‹ฌ์žฅ๋งˆ๋น„ ์œ„ํ—˜์—์„œ ์ƒ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ์†Œ์œจ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Š๊ปด์ง€๊ณ 
02:57
and the absolute risk of cancer sounds small,
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์•”์˜ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์œ„ํ—˜์€ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ค‘์š”์น˜ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋Š๊ปด์ง€์ฃ .
03:00
but they work out to about the same number of cases.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋‘˜์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
In real life,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์œ„ํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š”
03:05
everyoneโ€™s individual evaluation of risk will vary
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์ €๋งˆ๋‹ค์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
depending on their personal circumstances.
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03:11
If you know you have a family history of heart disease
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๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ ฅ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:13
you might be more strongly motivated to take a medication
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์•ฝ์„ ๋จน์–ด์•ผ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ณ 
03:16
that would lower your heart-attack risk,
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์‹ฌ์žฅ๋งˆ๋น„ ์œ„ํ—˜๋ฅ ์„ ์ค„์ด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
even knowing it provided only a small reduction in absolute risk.
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์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์œ„ํ—˜์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ฐ„๋งŒ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•„๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:23
Sometimes, we have to decide between exposing ourselves to risks
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
that arenโ€™t directly comparable.
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์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
03:30
If, for example, the heart attack drug carried a higher risk
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด
์‹ฌ์žฅ๋งˆ๋น„ ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์‡ ์•ฝํ•ด์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์— ์ง€์žฅ ์—†๋Š” ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:33
of a debilitating, but not life-threatening,
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03:35
side effect like migraines rather than cancer,
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์ฆ‰, ์•” ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ํŽธ๋‘ํ†ต ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:39
our evaluation of whether that risk is worth taking might change.
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๊ทธ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
And sometimes there isnโ€™t necessarily a correct choice:
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
some might say even a minuscule risk of shark attack is worth avoiding,
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์ƒ์–ด์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ์•„๋„ ํ”ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์ข‹๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:51
because all youโ€™d miss out on is an ocean swim,
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๊ธฐ๊ปํ•ด์•ผ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์˜์„ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
03:54
while others wouldnโ€™t even consider skipping a swim
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜์˜์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
to avoid an objectively tiny risk of shark attack.
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๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ƒ์–ด์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋‚ฎ์œผ๋‹ˆ ํ”ผํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:00
For all these reasons, risk evaluation is tricky at baseline,
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์ด๋ ‡๋“ฏ ์œ„ํ—˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กญ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
and reporting on risk can be misleading,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ„ํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋Š” ์˜คํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
especially when it shares some numbers in absolute terms
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ํŠนํžˆ ์–ด๋–ค ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
04:11
and others in relative terms.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:13
Understanding how these measures work
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ถ”์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:15
will help you cut through some of the confusion
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์–ด๋Š์ •๋„ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ , ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—
04:18
and better evaluate risk.
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๋„์›€์„ ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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