The myth of Hades and Persephone - Iseult Gillespie

3,188,747 views ใƒป 2022-04-14

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: hila scherba ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Naama Lieberman
00:06
Every year before the ancient Greeks sowed their seeds of grain,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื–ืจืขื• ืืช ื–ืจืขื™ ื”ื“ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
00:11
they celebrated Demeter, the goddess of agriculture.
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ื”ื ื”ืœืœื• ืืช ื“ืžื˜ืจ, ืืœืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
00:15
On Earth, each morsel of food was sweet sustenance,
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”, ื›ืœ ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืจื ืกื” ืžืชื•ืงื”,
00:20
while in the land of the dead, it ensured a permanent stay.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ืžืชื™ื, ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื ืฆื—ื™ืช.
00:24
Demeter tended to Earthโ€™s fields with her beloved daughter, Persephone,
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ื“ืžื˜ืจ ื“ืื’ื” ืœืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ืชื” ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื”, ืคืจืกืคื•ื ื”,
00:30
who inherited her motherโ€™s passions and grew into a bright young woman.
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ืฉื™ืจืฉื” ืืช ืชื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืžื” ื•ื’ื“ืœื” ืœืื™ืฉื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื•ื ื‘ื•ื ื”.
00:35
But all the while, a shadowy figure watched from below.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขืช, ื“ืžื•ืช ืžื”ืฆืœืœื™ื ืฆืคืชื” ืžืœืžื˜ื”.
00:40
One day, Persephone was frolicking in a meadow
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืคืจืกืคื•ื ื” ืคื™ื–ื–ื” ื‘ืื—ื•
00:43
with a freshwater nymph, Cyane.
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ืขื ื ื™ืžืคืช ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื, ืกื™ืื ื™.
00:45
As they admired a blooming narcissus flower,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”i ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ื‘ื”ืขืจืฆื” ืขืœ ืคืจื— ื ืจืงื™ืก,
00:49
they noticed it tremble in the ground.
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ื”ื ื–ื™ื”ื• ืชื–ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืื“ืžื”.
00:51
Suddenly, the earth split, and a terrifying figure arose.
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ืคืชืื•ื, ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ืชื‘ืงืขื”, ื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืžื‘ื”ื™ืœื” ืขืœืชื”.
00:57
It was Hades, god of the dead and the underworld.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื“ืก, ืืœ ื”ืžืชื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืื•ืœ.
01:01
He wrenched Persephone from Cyane, dragged her into his inky chariot,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื˜ืฃ ืืช ืคืจืกืคื•ื ื” ืžืกื™ืื ื™, ื’ืจืจ ืื•ืชื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžืจื›ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื•,
01:06
and blasted back through the earth.
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ื•ื ื›ื ืก ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืื“ืžื”.
01:10
Cyane wept so hard she dissolved, becoming one with the river.
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ืกื™ืื ื™ ื‘ื›ืชื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืชืžื•ืกืกื”, ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื ื”ืจ.
01:15
By the time Demeter arrived at the scene of the abduction,
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ืขื“ ืฉื“ืžื˜ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ืคื”,
01:18
the crater in the meadow had closedโ€” and Cyane and Persephone had vanished.
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ื”ืคืชื— ื‘ืื—ื• ื ืกื’ืจ ื•ืกื™ืื ื™ ื•ืคืจืกืคื•ื ื” ื ืขืœืžื•.
01:24
Demeter sped to Mount Olympus for help.
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ื“ืžื˜ืจ ืžื™ื”ืจื” ืœื”ืจ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื•ืก ืœืขื–ืจื”.
01:27
Many of the gods had witnessed the scene.
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ืืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื“ื™ื ืœืžืงืจื”.
01:30
And they knew about the deal that paved the way for it:
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ืขืกืงื” ืฉืกืœืœื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืืœื™ื•:
01:35
Zeus, Persephoneโ€™s father, had granted Hades her hand in marriage
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ื–ืื•ืก, ืื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืกืคื•ื ื”, ื ืชืŸ ืœื”ืื“ืก ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ืœื”
01:40
without her consentโ€” or Demeterโ€™s.
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ืœืœื ื”ืกื›ืžืชื” ืื• ื”ืกื›ืžืชื” ืฉืœ ื“ืžื˜ืจ.
01:44
But when faced with Demeterโ€™s pleas, the other gods stayed silent,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ืชื—ื™ื ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืžื˜ืจ, ื”ืืœื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื ืฉืืจื• ืฉืงื˜ื™ื,
01:49
So, she searched alone.
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ืื–, ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ืคืฉื” ืœื‘ื“ื”.
01:51
In her grief and desperation, she neglected her usual tasks.
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ื‘ืื‘ืœื” ื•ื™ื™ืื•ืฉื”, ื”ื™ื ื–ื ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
01:56
Crops withered, and a great famine plagued the Earth.
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ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื ื‘ืœื•, ื•ืจืขื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ.
02:00
As mortals began to perish, the gods grew wary.
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ื›ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืžื•ืช, ื”ืืœื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ.
02:04
Who would worship them and offer tributes if the humans disappeared?
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ืžื™ ื™ืกื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ื ื•ื™ืฆื™ืข ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื ืื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื™ื™ืขืœืžื•?
02:09
So, Zeus ordered Demeter to stop her crusade and returned to her duties.
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ืื–, ื–ืื•ืก ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื“ืžื˜ืจ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืžืกืขื” ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
02:15
But she refused.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืจื‘ื”.
02:17
Deep below, across the frigid river Styx, and through the halls of the underworld,
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ืขืžื•ืง ืœืžื˜ื”, ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ืจ ื”ืฆื•ื ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืงืก, ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื™ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืื•ืœ,
02:23
Persephone was waging her own protest.
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ืคืจืกืคื•ื ื” ืขืฉืชื” ืืช ื”ืžื—ืื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื”.
02:27
Hades expected her to serve as his wife and queen.
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ื”ืื“ืก ืฆื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืฉืจืช ื›ืืฉืชื• ื•ื›ืžืœื›ืชื•.
02:31
But Persephone rebuffed the godโ€™s advances and refused food.
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ืื‘ืœ ืคืจืกืคื•ื ื” ื“ื—ืชื” ืืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœ ื•ืกื™ืจื‘ื” ืœืื•ื›ืœ.
02:36
As she longed for her motherโ€™s company,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ืžื”ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ืืžื”,
02:39
her friendsโ€™ laughter, and the sunโ€™s warmth,
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ืฆื—ื•ืง ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”, ื•ื—ื•ื ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
02:42
Persephone grew colder and lonelier.
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ืœืคืจืกืคื•ื ื” ื ื”ื™ื” ืงืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:45
And she was starving.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืจืขื‘ื”.
02:48
She hungered for satisfying grains, crisp vegetables and fresh fruit.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจืขื‘ื” ืœื“ื’ื ื™ื ืžืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ื, ื™ืจืงื•ืช ืคืจื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ื™ื.
02:54
Wandering the ghostly gardens,
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ืžืฉื•ื˜ื˜ืช ื‘ื’ื ื™ ื”ืจืคืื™ื,
02:56
she contemplated the pomegranates that hung heavily on their branches...
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื”ืจื” ื‘ืจื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ืชืœื• ื‘ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื ืคื™ื ืฉืœื”ื...
03:02
Meanwhile, Demeter continued her hunt.
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื“ืžื˜ืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ืฆื™ื“ ืฉืœื”.
03:05
She appealed to the all-seeing sun god, Helios,
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืžืืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืจื•ืื”-ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ืœื™ื•ืก,
03:09
whose rays had long warmed her crops.
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ืฉืงืจื ื™ื• ื—ื™ืžืžื• ืืช ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื” ืžื–ื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื”.
03:12
Indeed, when Helios drew his golden chariot across the sky that fateful day,
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ื‘ืืžืช, ื›ืฉื”ืœื™ื•ืก ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืžืจื›ื‘ืชื• ื”ื–ื”ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื’ื•ืจืœื™,
03:18
he saw what happenedโ€” and he knew of the deal.
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ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ืžื” ืงืจื” -- ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืขืกืงื”.
03:22
Out of respect and sympathy for Demeter,
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ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืกื™ืžืคืชื™ื” ืœื“ืžื˜ืจ,
03:25
Helios told her of Hadesโ€™ demands, Zeusโ€™ betrayal and Persephoneโ€™s abduction.
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ื”ืœื™ื•ืก ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื” ืขืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื“ืก, ื‘ื’ื™ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื–ืื•ืก ื•ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ืคืจืกืคื•ื ื”.
03:32
Furious and heartbroken, Demeter sped to Mount Olympus and confronted Zeus,
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ื–ื•ืขืžืช ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืจืช ืœื‘, ื“ืžื˜ืจ ืžื™ื”ืจื” ืœื”ืจ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื•ืก ื•ื”ืชืขืžืชื” ืขื ื–ืื•ืก,
03:38
demanding their daughterโ€™s return.
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ื•ื“ืจืฉื” ืืช ื—ื–ืจืช ื‘ืชื.
03:40
But Zeus declined: in her ravenous hunger,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ืื•ืก ืกื™ืจื‘.
ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืจืขื‘ ืฉืœื”
03:44
Persephone had eaten a few seeds from the pomegranate that grew in the underworld.
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ืคืจืกืคื•ื ื” ืื›ืœื” ืžืกืคืจ ื–ืจืขื™ื ืžื”ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื˜ื”.
03:50
Though a meager amount, it was enough to ensnare her in Hades forever.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื˜ื”, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืื•ืชื” ืืฆืœ ื”ืื“ืก ืœื ืฆื—.
03:56
Demeter wouldn't accept this fate.
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ื“ืžื˜ืจ ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ื–ื”.
03:58
She swore that if she wasnโ€™t reunited with Persephone,
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ื”ื™ื ื ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฉืื ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชืชืื—ื“ ืขื ืคืจืกืคื•ื ื”,
04:01
the fields would never be fertile again,
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ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘,
04:04
and the distinction between the Earth and the underworld would soon dissolve.
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ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉืœืžื˜ื” ื™ื™ืขืœื ื‘ืžื”ืจื”.
04:10
So, they made a pact.
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ืื–, ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื”ืกื›ื.
04:12
For two thirds of every year, Persephone would return to the land of the living,
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ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ืคืจืกืคื•ื ื” ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
04:18
But for the remainder, she would stay in the world of the dead.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืฉืืจื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื”, ื”ื™ื ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชื™ื.
04:23
When Persephone ascended to Earth, she and her mother rejoiced.
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ื›ืฉืคืจืกืคื•ื ื” ืขืœืชื” ืœืื“ืžื”, ื”ื™ื ื•ืืžื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ืฉืจื•ืช.
04:28
Together, they showered the fields with rain and nurtured them with sun.
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ื™ื—ื“, ื”ื ื”ืžื˜ื™ืจื• ื’ืฉืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื–ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื ืขื ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
04:33
For mortals, Persephoneโ€™s arrival came to herald the start of spring.
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ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื”, ื”ื’ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืกืคื•ื ื” ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืขืœ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘.
04:38
But her descent always came too soon.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื–ื™ื‘ืชื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืžื“ื™.
04:42
Each time she returned to Hades, Demeter mourned,
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ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื”ืื“ืก, ื“ืžื˜ืจ ื”ืชืื‘ืœื”,
04:45
and the earth grew cold, dark, and unyielding,
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ื•ื”ืืจืฅ ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืจื”, ื—ืฉื•ื›ื”, ื•ืขืงืจื”,
04:49
ushering in the winter months.
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ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ.
04:52
Knowing Demeter couldnโ€™t be roused from her grief,
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ื‘ื™ื•ื“ืขื ืฉื“ืžื˜ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืขื•ื“ื“ ืžื”ืื‘ืœ ืฉืœื”,
04:55
the humans stored their crops, stoked their fires,
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ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืื—ืกื ื• ืืช ื™ื‘ื•ืœื, ื”ื“ืœื™ืงื• ืืช ื”ืืฉ ืฉืœื”ื,
04:59
and awaited Persephoneโ€™s safe return.
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ื•ื”ืžืชื™ื ื• ืœื—ื–ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืกืคื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ื.
05:03
And so it was that her transit marked the gradual turning of the seasons
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื” ืกื™ืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช
05:08
and the bittersweet compromise between life and death.
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ื•ื”ืคืฉืจื” ื”ื—ืžื•ืฆื”-ืžืชื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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