Why is Mount Everest so tall? - Michele Koppes

2,876,424 views ใƒป 2016-04-07

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
Every spring,
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ื›ืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘,
00:08
hundreds of adventure-seekers dream of climbing Qomolangma,
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ืžืื•ืช ื”ืจืคืชืงื ื™ื ื—ื•ืœืžื™ื ืœื˜ืคืก ืขืœ ืฆ'ื•ืžื•ืœื ื’ืžื”,
00:12
also known as Mount Everest.
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ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื ื›ื”ืจ ืื•ื•ืจืกื˜.
00:14
At base camp, they hunker down for months
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ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก, ื”ื ืžื—ื›ื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
00:17
waiting for the chance to scale the mountain's lofty, lethal peak.
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ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืขืคื™ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื’ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช.
00:22
But why do people risk life and limb to climb Everest?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื›ื ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืก ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื•ืจืกื˜?
00:26
Is it the challenge?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ืืชื’ืจ?
00:27
The view?
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ื”ื ื•ืฃ?
00:28
The chance to touch the sky?
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ื?
00:32
For many, the draw is Everest's status as the highest mountain on Earth.
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ืœื”ืจื‘ื”, ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื•ืจืกื˜ ื›ื”ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:37
There's an important distinction to make here.
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ื™ืฉ ืื‘ื—ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคื”.
00:40
Mauna Kea is actually the tallest from base to summit,
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ืžืื•ื ื” ืงืื” ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืคืกื’ื”,
00:44
but at 8850 meters above sea level,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 8850 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื,
00:47
Everest has the highest altitude on the planet.
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ืœืื•ื•ืจืกื˜ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”.
00:51
To understand how this towering formation was born,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืชื ืฉื ื”ื–ื” ื ื•ืœื“,
00:54
we have to peer deep into our planet's crust,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืขืžื•ืง ืœืชื•ืš ืงืจื•ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
00:57
where continental plates collide.
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ืฉื ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื.
01:00
The Earth's surface is like an armadillo's armor.
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ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจืžื“ื™ืœื•.
01:03
Pieces of crust constantly move over,
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ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ื ื ืขื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืขืœ,
01:06
under,
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ืชื—ืช,
01:07
and around each other.
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ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื”.
01:08
For such huge continental plates, the motion is relatively quick.
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ืœื›ืืœื” ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื”.
01:13
They move two to four centimeters per year,
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ื”ื ื ืขื™ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืฉื ื”,
01:16
about as fast as fingernails grow.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื.
01:18
When two plates collide,
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ื›ืฉืฉื ื™ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื,
01:20
one pushes into or underneath the other, buckling at the margins,
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ืื—ื“ ื“ื•ื—ืฃ ืœืชื•ืš ืื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉื ื™, ืžืชืงืคืœ ื‘ืงืฆื•ื•ืช,
01:25
and causing what's known as uplift to accomodate the extra crust.
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ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื”ืจืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืงืจื•ื ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ.
01:29
That's how Everest came about.
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ื›ืš ื”ืื•ื•ืจืกื˜ ื ื•ืฆืจ.
01:32
50 million years ago, the Earth's Indian Plate drifted north,
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ืœืคื ื™ 50 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”, ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื ืกื—ืฃ ืฆืคื•ื ื”,
01:36
bumped into the bigger Eurasian Plate,
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ื•ื”ืชื ื’ืฉ ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืืกื™ืืชื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:38
and the crust crumpled, creating huge uplift.
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ื•ื”ืงืจื•ื ื”ืชืงืคืœ, ื•ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืžื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
01:42
Mountain Everest lies at the heart of this action,
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ื”ืจ ื”ืื•ื•ืจืกื˜ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื•,
01:45
on the edge of the Indian-Eurasian collision zone.
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ืขืœ ืงืฆื” ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื• ืืกื™ืืชื™.
01:49
But mountains are shaped by forces other than uplift.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื”ืจืžื”.
01:52
As the land is pushed up, air masses are forced to rise as well.
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ื›ืฉื”ืื“ืžื” ื ื“ื—ืคืช ืœืžืขืœื”, ื’ื•ืฉื™ ืื•ื™ืจ ื ื“ื—ืคื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ื’ื ื”ื.
01:58
Rising air cools, causing any water vapor within it to condense
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ืื•ื™ืจ ืขื•ืœื” ืžืชืงืจืจ, ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœืื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืœื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืช
02:02
and form rain or snow.
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ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ืฉื ื•ืฉืœื’.
02:05
As that falls, it wears down the landscape,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืคืœ, ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื—ืง ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข,
02:07
dissolving rocks or breaking them down in a process known as weathering.
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ืžืคื•ืจืจ ืกืœืขื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื‘ืœื™ื”.
02:12
Water moving downhill carries the weathered material
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ืžื™ื ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื‘ืœื•ื™
02:15
and erodes the landscape,
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ื•ืฉื•ื—ืงื™ื ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
02:17
carving out deep valleys and jagged peaks.
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ืฉื•ื—ืงื™ื ืขืžืงื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื•ืคืกื’ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ื ื•ืช.
02:20
This balance between uplift and erosion gives a mountain its shape.
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ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืžื” ืœืฉื—ื™ืงื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœื•.
02:25
But compare the celestial peaks of the Himalayas
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื• ืืช ื”ืคืกื’ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืžืœื™ื”
02:28
to the comforting hills of Appalachia.
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ืœื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื ื—ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืคืœืฆ'ื™ื.
02:30
Clearly, all mountains are not alike.
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ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื.
02:33
That's because time comes into the equation, too.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ื’ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžืฉื•ื•ืื”.
02:35
When continental plates first collide, uplift happens fast.
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ื›ืฉืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื, ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื”ืจืžื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
02:40
The peaks grow tall with steep slopes.
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ื”ืคืกื’ื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืขื ืžื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืชืœื•ืœื™ื.
02:43
Over time, however, gravity and water wear them down.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื—ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื.
02:46
Eventually, erosion overtakes uplift,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ืžืชื’ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจืžื”,
02:49
wearing down peaks faster than they're pushed up.
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ืฉื•ื—ืงืช ืืช ื”ืคืกื’ื•ืช ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื”ืŸ ื ื“ื—ืงื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื”.
02:52
A third factor shapes mountains: climate.
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ื’ื•ืจื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืžืขืฆื‘ ืืช ืคืกื’ื•ืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื: ืืงืœื™ื.
02:55
In subzero temperatures, some snowfall doesn't completely melt away,
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ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืืคืก, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉืœื’ ืœื ื ืžืก ืœื’ืžืจื™,
03:00
instead slowly compacting until it becomes ice.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ื ื“ื—ืก ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื”ืคืš ืœืงืจื—.
03:03
That forms the snowline, which occurs at different heights around the planet
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ืงื• ื”ืฉืœื’, ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื
03:08
depending on climate.
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ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ.
03:11
At the freezing poles, the snowline is at sea level.
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ื‘ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ื”ืงืคื•ืื™ื, ืงื• ื”ืฉืœื’ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื.
03:14
Near the equator, you have to climb five kilometers before it gets cold enough
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ืœื™ื“ ืงื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื”, ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื˜ืคืก ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืงืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง
03:19
for ice to form.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืงืจื— ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ.
03:21
Gathered ice starts flowing under its own immense weight
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ืงืจื— ืฉื ืืกืฃ ื–ื•ืจื ืชื—ืช ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•
03:24
forming a slow-moving frozen river known as a glacier,
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ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื ื”ืจ ืงืคื•ื ืฉื ืข ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ,
03:28
which grinds the rocks below.
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ืฉื˜ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกืœืขื™ื ืชื—ืชื™ื•.
03:30
The steeper the mountains, the faster ice flows,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื”ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืงืจื— ื ืข ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:33
and the quicker it carves the underlying rock.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืชืš ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืกืœืข ืฉืžืชื—ืช.
03:37
Glaciers can erode landscapes swifter than rain and rivers.
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ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ื•ืง ืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ืฉื ื•ื ื”ืจื•ืช.
03:41
Where glaciers cling to mountain peaks, they sand them down so fast,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ื ืฆืžื“ื™ื ืœืคืกื’ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื, ื”ื ืžืฉื™ื™ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ืจ,
03:45
they lop the tops off like giant snowy buzzsaws.
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ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืชื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืกื’ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžืกื•ืจื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื.
03:49
So then, how did the icy Mount Everest come to be so tall?
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ืื–, ืื™ืš ื”ืจ ืื•ื•ืจืกื˜ ื”ืงืคื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื‘ื•ื”?
03:54
The cataclysmic continental clash from which it arose
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ื”ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืงื˜ืงืœื™ื–ืžื™ืช ืžืžื ื” ื”ื•ื ืขืœื”
03:57
made it huge to begin with.
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ืขืฉืชื” ืื•ืชื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืจืืฉ.
04:00
Secondly, the mountain lies near the tropics,
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™,
04:03
so the snowline is high, and the glaciers relatively small,
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ื›ืš ืฉืงื• ื”ืฉืœื’ ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื•ื”ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
04:07
barely big enough to widdle it down.
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ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืฉื—ื•ืง ืื•ืชื•.
04:10
The mountain exists in a perfect storm of conditions
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ื”ื”ืจื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืกืขืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืฉืœ ืชื ืื™ื
04:13
that maintain its impressive stature.
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ืฉืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื•.
04:15
But that won't always be the case.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘.
04:17
We live in a changing world where the continental plates,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื• ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื,
04:20
Earth's climate,
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ืืงืœื™ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
04:22
and the planet's erosive power
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ื•ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”
04:23
might one day conspire to cut Mount Everest down to size.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื™ืชืื—ื“ื• ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ื”ืจ ื”ืื•ื•ืจืกื˜.
04:28
For now, at least, it remains legendary in the minds of hikers,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืœืคื—ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืืจ ืื’ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื,
04:32
adventurers,
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ื”ื”ืจืคืชืงื ื™ื,
04:33
and dreamers alike.
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ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœืžื™ื ื›ื•ืœื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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